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EPHRAÏM

Fils cadet de Joseph, né en Egypte comme Manassé ; leur mère s'appelait Asnath, fille de Poti-Phéra, prêtre d'On (Ge 41:50-52, E ; Ge 41:45, J). Son nom dérive d'un verbe hébreu qui signifie « être fécond ». Les bénédictions de Jacob (Ge 49:22-26) parlent de Joseph et nullement de ses deux fils. Certains commentateurs voient dans ce texte une allusion générale au clan éphraïmite. Ce qui est plus certain, c'est que Ge 48:14 place Éphraïm avant Manassé (J) au moment de la bénédiction que leur donne Jacob : le cadet passe avant l'aîné. Ge 48:5 présente le même fait et Ge 50:23 le cite dans le même ordre, mais place Makir, fils de Manassé, immédiatement après ; ici Manassé ne figure pas dans le texte. Que conclure de ces indications ? Est-on en présence d'une allusion qui affirmerait le rôle prééminent de cette tribu ? Il est de fait qu'Éphraïm a donné à l'histoire israélite Josué (No 13:8) et le prophète Samuel (1Sa 1). La portion du territoire qui échut à Éphraïm était productive : c'était la moitié S. de la future province de Samarie. (cf. Jos 16:5 et suivants) D'après les chiffres de recensements, dont nous avons déjà marqué le peu de valeur historique, dans les passages sacerdotaux, la population de la tribu représentait environ les 5 ou 7 pour cent d'Israël, non compris Lévi (No 1:33 26:37).

D'après le cantique de Débora, il se pourrait que les Éphraïmites se fussent adjoint des Amalécites (Jug 5:14 12:15). Jéroboam I er (1Ro 11:26) devait être originaire de la même tribu : les villes de Sichem, Thirtsa et Samarie appartenaient à son territoire ; après la folle équipée de Roboam, elles passèrent au royaume du N. ou d'Israël, dont la tribu d'Éphraïm fut toujours le centre politique et militaire : d'où la désignation, fréquente chez les prophètes, de ce royaume du N. sous le nom d'Éphraïm (Os 4:17 6:4, Jer 31:18, etc.). Avant le schisme, toutefois, la tribu d'Éphraïm avait dû entretenir d'étroites relations avec Benjamin et Makir, car les textes englobent l'une et l'autre sous l'expression « maison de Joseph » 1Sa 19:20, ce qui suppose une séparation politique d'avec Manassé qui s'esquissa très tôt (Ge 48:5,13), pour s'achever tardivement. La tradition du Deutéronome consacre ce fait (De 33:17). Le livre des Juges reproche à Éphraïm son libéralisme à l'égard des Cananéens (Jug 1:29) et à l'occasion de l'histoire de Sichem (Jug 8-9). La tendance belliqueuse de ce clan se manifesta en particulier au lendemain de la mort de Saül ; son successeur David dut recourir à la contrainte afin d'établir l'unité nationale compromise par Ephraïm qui témoignait un réel attachement à l'ancienne dynastie benjamite « de la maison de Joseph » (2Sa 2:9 à 2Sa 5:1). Deux indications retiennent encore l'attention : c'est en Éphraïm que se trouvait le sanctuaire national de Silo où Josué tint ses conciliabules au sujet du partage du pays (Jos 18:1 21:1 et suivant, etc.), et où le jeune Samuel s'initia à sa vocation prophétique sous la direction du prêtre attitré Héli (1Sa 1 ss). P. W.

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      Genèse 41

      45 Pharaoh called Joseph's name Zaphenath-Paneah; and he gave him Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On as a wife. Joseph went out over the land of Egypt.
      50 To Joseph were born two sons before the year of famine came, whom Asenath, the daughter of Potiphera priest of On, bore to him.
      51 Joseph called the name of the firstborn Manasseh, "For," he said, "God has made me forget all my toil, and all my father's house."
      52 The name of the second, he called Ephraim : "For God has made me fruitful in the land of my affliction."

      Genèse 48

      5 Now your two sons, who were born to you in the land of Egypt before I came to you into Egypt, are mine; Ephraim and Manasseh, even as Reuben and Simeon, will be mine.
      13 Joseph took them both, Ephraim in his right hand toward Israel's left hand, and Manasseh in his left hand toward Israel's right hand, and brought them near to him.
      14 Israel stretched out his right hand, and laid it on Ephraim's head, who was the younger, and his left hand on Manasseh's head, guiding his hands knowingly, for Manasseh was the firstborn.

      Genèse 49

      22 "Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a spring. His branches run over the wall.
      23 The archers have severely grieved him, shot at him, and persecute him:
      24 But his bow remained strong. The arms of his hands were made strong, by the hands of the Mighty One of Jacob, (from there is the shepherd, the stone of Israel),
      25 even by the God of your father, who will help you; by the Almighty, who will bless you, with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lies below, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.
      26 The blessings of your father have prevailed above the blessings of your ancestors, above the boundaries of the ancient hills. They will be on the head of Joseph, on the crown of the head of him who is separated from his brothers.

      Genèse 50

      23 Joseph saw Ephraim's children to the third generation. The children also of Machir, the son of Manasseh, were born on Joseph's knees.

      Nombres 1

      33 those who were numbered of them, of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand five hundred.

      Nombres 13

      8 Of the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea the son of Nun.

      Nombres 26

      37 These are the families of the sons of Ephraim according to those who were numbered of them, thirty-two thousand five hundred. These are the sons of Joseph after their families.

      Josué 16

      5 This was the border of the children of Ephraim according to their families. The border of their inheritance eastward was Ataroth Addar, to Beth Horon the upper.

      Josué 18

      1 The whole congregation of the children of Israel assembled themselves together at Shiloh, and set up the Tent of Meeting there. The land was subdued before them.

      Josué 21

      1 Then the heads of fathers' houses of the Levites came near to Eleazar the priest, and to Joshua the son of Nun, and to the heads of fathers' houses of the tribes of the children of Israel.

      Juges 1

      29 Ephraim didn't drive out the Canaanites who lived in Gezer; but the Canaanites lived in Gezer among them.

      Juges 5

      14 Those whose root is in Amalek came out of Ephraim, after you, Benjamin, among your peoples. Governors come down out of Machir. Those who handle the marshal's staff came out of Zebulun.

      Juges 8

      1 The men of Ephraim said to him, "Why have you treated us this way, that you didn't call us, when you went to fight with Midian?" They rebuked him sharply.
      2 He said to them, "What have I now done in comparison with you? Isn't the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than the vintage of Abiezer?
      3 God has delivered into your hand the princes of Midian, Oreb and Zeeb! What was I able to do in comparison with you?" Then their anger was abated toward him, when he had said that.
      4 Gideon came to the Jordan, and passed over, he, and the three hundred men who were with him, faint, yet pursuing.
      5 He said to the men of Succoth, "Please give loaves of bread to the people who follow me; for they are faint, and I am pursuing after Zebah and Zalmunna, the kings of Midian."
      6 The princes of Succoth said, "Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in your hand, that we should give bread to your army?"
      7 Gideon said, "Therefore when Yahweh has delivered Zebah and Zalmunna into my hand, then I will tear your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and with briers."
      8 He went up there to Penuel, and spoke to them in the same way; and the men of Penuel answered him as the men of Succoth had answered.
      9 He spoke also to the men of Penuel, saying, "When I come again in peace, I will break down this tower."
      10 Now Zebah and Zalmunna were in Karkor, and their armies with them, about fifteen thousand men, all who were left of all the army of the children of the east; for there fell one hundred twenty thousand men who drew sword.
      11 Gideon went up by the way of those who lived in tents on the east of Nobah and Jogbehah, and struck the army; for the army was secure.
      12 Zebah and Zalmunna fled; and he pursued after them; and he took the two kings of Midian, Zebah and Zalmunna, and confused all the army.
      13 Gideon the son of Joash returned from the battle from the ascent of Heres.
      14 He caught a young man of the men of Succoth, and inquired of him: and he described for him the princes of Succoth, and its elders, seventy-seven men.
      15 He came to the men of Succoth, and said, "See Zebah and Zalmunna, concerning whom you taunted me, saying, 'Are the hands of Zebah and Zalmunna now in your hand, that we should give bread to your men who are weary?'"
      16 He took the elders of the city, and thorns of the wilderness and briers, and with them he taught the men of Succoth.
      17 He broke down the tower of Penuel, and killed the men of the city.
      18 Then he said to Zebah and Zalmunna, "What kind of men were they whom you killed at Tabor?" They answered, "They were like you. Each one resembled the children of a king."
      19 He said, "They were my brothers, the sons of my mother. As Yahweh lives, if you had saved them alive, I would not kill you."
      20 He said to Jether his firstborn, "Get up, and kill them!" But the youth didn't draw his sword; for he was afraid, because he was yet a youth.
      21 Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, "Rise and fall on us; for as the man is, so is his strength." Gideon arose, and killed Zebah and Zalmunna, and took the crescents that were on their camels' necks.
      22 Then the men of Israel said to Gideon, "Rule over us, both you, and your son, and your son's son also; for you have saved us out of the hand of Midian."
      23 Gideon said to them, "I will not rule over you, neither shall my son rule over you. Yahweh shall rule over you."
      24 Gideon said to them, "I would make a request of you, that you would give me every man the earrings of his spoil." (For they had golden earrings, because they were Ishmaelites.)
      25 They answered, "We will willingly give them." They spread a garment, and every man threw the earrings of his spoil into it.
      26 The weight of the golden earrings that he requested was one thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold, besides the crescents, and the pendants, and the purple clothing that was on the kings of Midian, and besides the chains that were about their camels' necks.
      27 Gideon made an ephod of it, and put it in his city, even in Ophrah: and all Israel played the prostitute after it there; and it became a snare to Gideon, and to his house.
      28 So Midian was subdued before the children of Israel, and they lifted up their heads no more. The land had rest forty years in the days of Gideon.
      29 Jerubbaal the son of Joash went and lived in his own house.
      30 Gideon had seventy sons conceived from his body; for he had many wives.
      31 His concubine who was in Shechem, she also bore him a son, and he named him Abimelech.
      32 Gideon the son of Joash died in a good old age, and was buried in the tomb of Joash his father, in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
      33 It happened, as soon as Gideon was dead, that the children of Israel turned again, and played the prostitute after the Baals, and made Baal Berith their god.
      34 The children of Israel didn't remember Yahweh their God, who had delivered them out of the hand of all their enemies on every side;
      35 neither did they show kindness to the house of Jerubbaal, Gideon, according to all the goodness which he had shown to Israel.

      Juges 9

      1 Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to Shechem to his mother's brothers, and spoke with them, and with all the family of the house of his mother's father, saying,
      2 "Please speak in the ears of all the men of Shechem, 'Is it better for you that all the sons of Jerubbaal, who are seventy persons, rule over you, or that one rule over you?' Remember also that I am your bone and your flesh."
      3 His mother's brothers spoke of him in the ears of all the men of Shechem all these words: and their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech; for they said, "He is our brother."
      4 They gave him seventy pieces of silver out of the house of Baal Berith, with which Abimelech hired vain and light fellows, who followed him.
      5 He went to his father's house at Ophrah, and killed his brothers the sons of Jerubbaal, being seventy persons, on one stone: but Jotham the youngest son of Jerubbaal was left; for he hid himself.
      6 All the men of Shechem assembled themselves together, and all the house of Millo, and went and made Abimelech king, by the oak of the pillar that was in Shechem.
      7 When they told it to Jotham, he went and stood on the top of Mount Gerizim, and lifted up his voice, and cried, and said to them, "Listen to me, you men of Shechem, that God may listen to you.
      8 The trees went forth on a time to anoint a king over them; and they said to the olive tree, 'Reign over us.'
      9 "But the olive tree said to them, 'Should I leave my fatness, with which by me they honor God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
      10 "The trees said to the fig tree, 'Come and reign over us.'
      11 "But the fig tree said to them, 'Should I leave my sweetness, and my good fruit, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
      12 "The trees said to the vine, 'Come and reign over us.'
      13 "The vine said to them, 'Should I leave my new wine, which cheers God and man, and go to wave back and forth over the trees?'
      14 "Then all the trees said to the bramble, 'Come and reign over us.'
      15 "The bramble said to the trees, 'If in truth you anoint me king over you, then come and take refuge in my shade; and if not, let fire come out of the bramble, and devour the cedars of Lebanon.'
      16 "Now therefore, if you have dealt truly and righteously, in that you have made Abimelech king, and if you have dealt well with Jerubbaal and his house, and have done to him according to the deserving of his hands
      17 (for my father fought for you, and risked his life, and delivered you out of the hand of Midian:
      18 and you have risen up against my father's house this day, and have slain his sons, seventy persons, on one stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of his female servant, king over the men of Shechem, because he is your brother);
      19 if you then have dealt truly and righteously with Jerubbaal and with his house this day, then rejoice in Abimelech, and let him also rejoice in you:
      20 but if not, let fire come out from Abimelech, and devour the men of Shechem, and the house of Millo; and let fire come out from the men of Shechem, and from the house of Millo, and devour Abimelech."
      21 Jotham ran away, and fled, and went to Beer, and lived there, for fear of Abimelech his brother.
      22 Abimelech was prince over Israel three years.
      23 God sent an evil spirit between Abimelech and the men of Shechem; and the men of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech:
      24 that the violence done to the seventy sons of Jerubbaal might come, and that their blood might be laid on Abimelech their brother, who killed them, and on the men of Shechem, who strengthened his hands to kill his brothers.
      25 The men of Shechem set an ambush for him on the tops of the mountains, and they robbed all who came along that way by them: and it was told Abimelech.
      26 Gaal the son of Ebed came with his brothers, and went over to Shechem; and the men of Shechem put their trust in him.
      27 They went out into the field, and harvested their vineyards, and trod the grapes, and held festival, and went into the house of their god, and ate and drank, and cursed Abimelech.
      28 Gaal the son of Ebed said, "Who is Abimelech, and who is Shechem, that we should serve him? Isn't he the son of Jerubbaal? and Zebul his officer? Serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem: but why should we serve him?
      29 Would that this people were under my hand! Then I would remove Abimelech." He said to Abimelech, "Increase your army, and come out!"
      30 When Zebul the ruler of the city heard the words of Gaal the son of Ebed, his anger was kindled.
      31 He sent messengers to Abimelech craftily, saying, "Behold, Gaal the son of Ebed and his brothers have come to Shechem; and behold, they incite the city against you.
      32 Now therefore, go up by night, you and the people who are with you, and lie in wait in the field:
      33 and it shall be, that in the morning, as soon as the sun is up, you shall rise early, and rush on the city; and behold, when he and the people who are with him come out against you, then may you do to them as you shall find occasion."
      34 Abimelech rose up, and all the people who were with him, by night, and they laid wait against Shechem in four companies.
      35 Gaal the son of Ebed went out, and stood in the entrance of the gate of the city: and Abimelech rose up, and the people who were with him, from the ambush.
      36 When Gaal saw the people, he said to Zebul, "Behold, people are coming down from the tops of the mountains." Zebul said to him, "You see the shadow of the mountains as if they were men."
      37 Gaal spoke again and said, "Behold, people are coming down by the middle of the land, and one company comes by the way of the oak of Meonenim."
      38 Then Zebul said to him, "Now where is your mouth, that you said, 'Who is Abimelech, that we should serve him?' Isn't this the people that you have despised? Please go out now and fight with them."
      39 Gaal went out before the men of Shechem, and fought with Abimelech.
      40 Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him, and many fell wounded, even to the entrance of the gate.
      41 Abimelech lived at Arumah: and Zebul drove out Gaal and his brothers, that they should not dwell in Shechem.
      42 It happened on the next day, that the people went out into the field; and they told Abimelech.
      43 He took the people, and divided them into three companies, and laid wait in the field; and he looked, and behold, the people came forth out of the city; He rose up against them, and struck them.
      44 Abimelech, and the companies that were with him, rushed forward, and stood in the entrance of the gate of the city: and the two companies rushed on all who were in the field, and struck them.
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