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ÉTERNEL DES ARMÉES

Définition biblique de Éternel des Armées :

(Yahveh Tsebaoth). Nom divin qui apparaît 282 fois dans l'A.T., surtout dans les écrits prophétiques. Le sens de cette expression a fait l'objet de nombreuses recherches, qui n'ont pas abouti à des conclusions unanimes. Ce qui est certain, pour qui envisage le problème au point de vue historique, c'est que ce sens s'est modifié au cours des siècles dans la littérature biblique.

Sommaire

I. LE DIEU, PUISSANT DÉFENSEUR DE SON PEUPLE.

A son origine, (dès 1Sa 1:3) le nom Yahveh Tsebaoth a un sens guerrier et national, il sert à « exalter JHVH comme le puissant et victorieux défenseur de son peuple, comme son Dieu tutélaire » (H. Vuilleumier). Sur la part que JHVH prend aux combats des Israélites, voyez le cantique de Moïse (Ex 15:3), celui de Débora (Jug 5:13), la mention du « Livre des guerres de JHVH » (No 21:14, cf. 1Sa 18:17 25:28) et des textes comme 1Sa 17:45 et suivant, 2Sa 5:24, De 23:11, Ps 44:10. L'arche de l'alliance est considérée comme un gage de sa présence redoutable et victorieuse (No 10:35 et suivant No 14:44 et suivant, Jos 6:6,1Sa 4,5,6) ; quand l'arche est ramenée en triomphe à Jérusalem, David et le peuple acclament l'Éternel des armées (2Sa 6:2, Ps 24:7).

De quelles armées s'agit-il ? Il est à remarquer que le pluriel tsebaoth sert toujours à désigner des armées terrestres et qu'Israël est parfois expressément appelé « les armées de l'Éternel » (Ex 7:4 12:41,51). David dit à Goliath : « Je marche contre toi au nom de l'Éternel des armées, le Dieu des bataillons d'Israël » (1Sa 17:45). Est-ce à dire que les armées de l'Éternel sont les armées israélites ? Oui, niais elles sont plus encore. Elles comprennent aussi des « anges de Dieu » (Ge 32:2), de « saintes myriades » (De 33:2), des créatures célestes prêtes au combat (Jos 5:13,15,1Ro 22:19,2Ro 6:16 et suivant). Le N.T. parle aussi de l'armée des anges (Mt 26:53, Lu 2:13). Aux bataillons d'Israël et aux légions d'anges, il faut ajouter toutes les forces de la nature dans le ciel et sur la terre (Jug 5:20 et suivant). Jérusalem sera défendue contre la multitude de ses ennemis « par l'Éternel des armées, avec tonnerre, tremblements de terre et grand fracas, avec tempête, tourbillons et flammes d'un feu dévorant » (Esa 29:6,13:13 51:15 Am 4:13 9:5 et suivant, etc.). Les astres sont tout spécialement « l'armée des cieux » ; objets d'un culte idolâtre chez les païens (Jer 8:2 19:13,2Ro 17:16 21:3,5, De 4:19 17:3), ils sont en réalité les serviteurs dociles de l'Éternel (Esa 40:26 45:12).

II. LE DIEU, MAÎTRE DE L'UNIVERS.

A mesure que se développe la conscience religieuse d'Israël, le nom « Éternel des armées » prend une signification toujours plus haute, plus vaste ; il perd son sens guerrier et national et devient le nom suprême signifiant : « Dieu unique et vivant, maître de l'univers » (A. Westphal). Le culte de l'Éternel des armées atteint son point culminant dans la splendide vision d'Ésaïe (Esa 6:8) et dans le (Ps 103:18-22).

Il semble que le sens primitif de l'expression a été perdu de vue au point que Tsebaoth est devenu un nom propre évoquant l'idée de majesté et de puissance divine. Cela expliquerait que la version grec des LXX traduise Yahveh Tsebaoth par « Seigneur tout-puissant » ou « Seigneur des puissances » et qu'elle transcrive parfois le mot hébreu sans le traduire (Seigneur Sabaoth). C'est sous cette dernière forme (Kurios Sabaoth) qu'il se trouve deux fois dans le N.T., dans Ro 9:29 (citation de Esa 1:9) et Jas 5:4. Voir Dieu (les noms de) parag. 4. V B.

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      Genèse 32

      2 When he saw them, Jacob said, "This is God's army." He called the name of that place Mahanaim.

      Exode 7

      4 But Pharaoh will not listen to you, and I will lay my hand on Egypt, and bring out my armies, my people the children of Israel, out of the land of Egypt by great judgments.

      Exode 12

      41 It happened at the end of four hundred thirty years, even the same day it happened, that all the armies of Yahweh went out from the land of Egypt.
      51 It happened the same day, that Yahweh brought the children of Israel out of the land of Egypt by their armies.

      Exode 15

      3 Yahweh is a man of war. Yahweh is his name.

      Nombres 10

      35 It happened, when the ark went forward, that Moses said, "Rise up, Yahweh, and let your enemies be scattered! Let those who hate you flee before you!"

      Nombres 14

      44 But they presumed to go up to the top of the mountain: nevertheless the ark of the covenant of Yahweh, and Moses, didn't depart out of the camp.

      Nombres 21

      14 Therefore it is said in the book of the Wars of Yahweh, "Vaheb in Suphah, the valleys of the Arnon,

      Josué 5

      1 It happened, when all the kings of the Amorites, who were beyond the Jordan westward, and all the kings of the Canaanites, who were by the sea, heard how that Yahweh had dried up the waters of the Jordan from before the children of Israel, until we had passed over, that their heart melted, neither was there spirit in them any more, because of the children of Israel.
      13 It happened, when Joshua was by Jericho, that he lifted up his eyes and looked, and behold, a man stood in front of him with his sword drawn in his hand. Joshua went to him, and said to him, "Are you for us, or for our adversaries?"
      15 The prince of Yahweh's army said to Joshua, "Take your shoes off of your feet; for the place on which you stand is holy." Joshua did so.

      Josué 6

      6 Joshua the son of Nun called the priests, and said to them, "Take up the ark of the covenant, and let seven priests bear seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of Yahweh."

      Juges 5

      13 "Then a remnant of the nobles and the people came down. Yahweh came down for me against the mighty.
      20 From the sky the stars fought. From their courses, they fought against Sisera.

      1 Samuel 1

      3 This man went up out of his city from year to year to worship and to sacrifice to Yahweh of Armies in Shiloh. The two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, priests to Yahweh, were there.

      1 Samuel 4

      1 The word of Samuel came to all Israel. Now Israel went out against the Philistines to battle, and encamped beside Ebenezer: and the Philistines encamped in Aphek.
      2 The Philistines put themselves in array against Israel: and when they joined battle, Israel was struck before the Philistines; and they killed of the army in the field about four thousand men.
      3 When the people had come into the camp, the elders of Israel said, "Why has Yahweh struck us today before the Philistines? Let us get the ark of the covenant of Yahweh out of Shiloh to us, that it may come among us, and save us out of the hand of our enemies."
      4 So the people sent to Shiloh; and they brought from there the ark of the covenant of Yahweh of Armies, who sits above the cherubim: and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with the ark of the covenant of God.
      5 When the ark of the covenant of Yahweh came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a great shout, so that the earth rang again.
      6 When the Philistines heard the noise of the shout, they said, "What does the noise of this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews mean?" They understood that the ark of Yahweh had come into the camp.
      7 The Philistines were afraid, for they said, "God has come into the camp." They said, "Woe to us! For there has not been such a thing before.
      8 Woe to us! Who shall deliver us out of the hand of these mighty gods? These are the gods that struck the Egyptians with all kinds of plagues in the wilderness.
      9 Be strong, and behave like men, O you Philistines, that you not be servants to the Hebrews, as they have been to you. Strengthen yourselves like men, and fight!"
      10 The Philistines fought, and Israel was struck, and they fled every man to his tent: and there was a very great slaughter; for there fell of Israel thirty thousand footmen.
      11 The ark of God was taken; and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were slain.
      12 There ran a man of Benjamin out of the army, and came to Shiloh the same day, with his clothes torn, and with earth on his head.
      13 When he came, behold, Eli was sitting on his seat by the road watching; for his heart trembled for the ark of God. When the man came into the city, and told it, all the city cried out.
      14 When Eli heard the noise of the crying, he said, "What does the noise of this tumult mean?" The man hurried, and came and told Eli.
      15 Now Eli was ninety-eight years old; and his eyes were set, so that he could not see.
      16 The man said to Eli, "I am he who came out of the army, and I fled today out of the army." He said, "How did the matter go, my son?"
      17 He who brought the news answered, "Israel has fled before the Philistines, and there has been also a great slaughter among the people. Your two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, and the ark of God has been captured."
      18 It happened, when he made mention of the ark of God, that Eli fell from off his seat backward by the side of the gate; and his neck broke, and he died; for he was an old man, and heavy. He had judged Israel forty years.
      19 His daughter-in-law, Phinehas' wife, was with child, near to be delivered. When she heard the news that the ark of God was taken, and that her father-in-law and her husband were dead, she bowed herself and gave birth; for her pains came on her.
      20 About the time of her death the women who stood by her said to her, "Don't be afraid; for you have given birth to a son." But she didn't answer, neither did she regard it.
      21 She named the child Ichabod, saying, "The glory has departed from Israel"; because the ark of God was taken, and because of her father-in-law and her husband.
      22 She said, "The glory has departed from Israel; for the ark of God is taken."

      1 Samuel 5

      1 Now the Philistines had taken the ark of God, and they brought it from Ebenezer to Ashdod.
      2 The Philistines took the ark of God, and brought it into the house of Dagon, and set it by Dagon.
      3 When they of Ashdod arose early on the next day, behold, Dagon was fallen on his face to the ground before the ark of Yahweh. They took Dagon, and set him in his place again.
      4 When they arose early on the next day morning, behold, Dagon was fallen on his face to the ground before the ark of Yahweh; and the head of Dagon and both the palms of his hands were cut off on the threshold. Only Dagon's torso was intact.
      5 Therefore neither the priests of Dagon, nor any who come into Dagon's house, tread on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod, to this day.
      6 But the hand of Yahweh was heavy on them of Ashdod, and he destroyed them, and struck them with tumors, even Ashdod and its borders.
      7 When the men of Ashdod saw that it was so, they said, "The ark of the God of Israel shall not stay with us; for his hand is severe on us, and on Dagon our god."
      8 They sent therefore and gathered all the lords of the Philistines to them, and said, "What shall we do with the ark of the God of Israel?" They answered, "Let the ark of the God of Israel be carried over to Gath." They carried the ark of the God of Israel there.
      9 It was so, that after they had carried it about, the hand of Yahweh was against the city with a very great confusion: and he struck the men of the city, both small and great; and tumors broke out on them.
      10 So they sent the ark of God to Ekron. It happened, as the ark of God came to Ekron, that the Ekronites cried out, saying, "They have brought about the ark of the God of Israel to us, to kill us and our people."
      11 They sent therefore and gathered together all the lords of the Philistines, and they said, "Send away the ark of the God of Israel, and let it go again to its own place, that it not kill us and our people." For there was a deadly confusion throughout all the city; the hand of God was very heavy there.
      12 The men who didn't die were struck with the tumors; and the cry of the city went up to heaven.

      1 Samuel 6

      1 The ark of Yahweh was in the country of the Philistines seven months.
      2 The Philistines called for the priests and the diviners, saying, "What shall we do with the ark of Yahweh? Show us with which we shall send it to its place."
      3 They said, "If you send away the ark of the God of Israel, don't send it empty; but by all means return him a trespass offering: then you shall be healed, and it shall be known to you why his hand is not removed from you."
      4 Then they said, "What shall be the trespass offering which we shall return to him?" They said, "Five golden tumors, and five golden mice, for the number of the lords of the Philistines; for one plague was on you all, and on your lords.
      5 Therefore you shall make images of your tumors, and images of your mice that mar the land; and you shall give glory to the God of Israel: perhaps he will lighten his hand from off you, and from off your gods, and from off your land.
      6 Why then do you harden your hearts, as the Egyptians and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had worked wonderfully among them, didn't they let the people go, and they departed?
      7 "Now therefore take and prepare yourselves a new cart, and two milk cows, on which there has come no yoke; and tie the cows to the cart, and bring their calves home from them;
      8 and take the ark of Yahweh, and lay it on the cart; and put the jewels of gold, which you return him for a trespass offering, in a coffer by its side; and send it away, that it may go.
      9 Behold; if it goes up by the way of its own border to Beth Shemesh, then he has done us this great evil: but if not, then we shall know that it is not his hand that struck us; it was a chance that happened to us."
      10 The men did so, and took two milk cows, and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves at home;
      11 and they put the ark of Yahweh on the cart, and the coffer with the mice of gold and the images of their tumors.
      12 The cows took the straight way by the way to Beth Shemesh; they went along the highway, lowing as they went, and didn't turn aside to the right hand or to the left; and the lords of the Philistines went after them to the border of Beth Shemesh.
      13 They of Beth Shemesh were reaping their wheat harvest in the valley; and they lifted up their eyes, and saw the ark, and rejoiced to see it.
      14 The cart came into the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh, and stood there, where there was a great stone: and they split the wood of the cart, and offered up the cows for a burnt offering to Yahweh.
      15 The Levites took down the ark of Yahweh, and the coffer that was with it, in which the jewels of gold were, and put them on the great stone: and the men of Beth Shemesh offered burnt offerings and sacrificed sacrifices the same day to Yahweh.
      16 When the five lords of the Philistines had seen it, they returned to Ekron the same day.
      17 These are the golden tumors which the Philistines returned for a trespass offering to Yahweh: for Ashdod one, for Gaza one, for Ashkelon one, for Gath one, for Ekron one;
      18 and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even to the great stone, whereon they set down the ark of Yahweh. That stone remains to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh.
      19 He struck of the men of Beth Shemesh, because they had looked into the ark of Yahweh, he struck of the people fifty thousand seventy men; and the people mourned, because Yahweh had struck the people with a great slaughter.
      20 The men of Beth Shemesh said, "Who is able to stand before Yahweh, this holy God? To whom shall he go up from us?"
      21 They sent messengers to the inhabitants of Kiriath Jearim, saying, "The Philistines have brought back the ark of Yahweh; come down, and bring it up to yourselves."

      1 Samuel 17

      45 Then David said to the Philistine, "You come to me with a sword, and with a spear, and with a javelin: but I come to you in the name of Yahweh of Armies, the God of the armies of Israel, whom you have defied.

      1 Samuel 18

      17 Saul said to David, "Behold, my elder daughter Merab, I will give her to you as wife. Only be valiant for me, and fight Yahweh's battles." For Saul said, "Don't let my hand be on him, but let the hand of the Philistines be on him."

      2 Samuel 5

      24 It shall be, when you hear the sound of marching in the tops of the mulberry trees, that then you shall stir yourself up; for then Yahweh has gone out before you to strike the army of the Philistines."

      2 Samuel 6

      2 David arose, and went with all the people who were with him, from Baale Judah, to bring up from there the ark of God, which is called by the Name, even the name of Yahweh of Armies who sits above the cherubim.

      Psaumes 24

      7 Lift up your heads, you gates! Be lifted up, you everlasting doors, and the King of glory will come in.

      Psaumes 44

      10 You make us turn back from the adversary. Those who hate us take spoil for themselves.

      Psaumes 103

      18 to those who keep his covenant, to those who remember to obey his precepts.
      19 Yahweh has established his throne in the heavens. His kingdom rules over all.
      20 Praise Yahweh, you angels of his, who are mighty in strength, who fulfill his word, obeying the voice of his word.
      21 Praise Yahweh, all you armies of his, you servants of his, who do his pleasure.
      22 Praise Yahweh, all you works of his, in all places of his dominion. Praise Yahweh, my soul!

      Esaïe 1

      9 Unless Yahweh of Armies had left to us a very small remnant, we would have been as Sodom; we would have been like Gomorrah.

      Esaïe 6

      8 I heard the Lord's voice, saying, "Whom shall I send, and who will go for us?" Then I said, "Here I am. Send me!"

      Esaïe 13

      13 Therefore I will make the heavens tremble, and the earth will be shaken out of its place in the wrath of Yahweh of Armies, and in the day of his fierce anger.

      Esaïe 29

      6 She will be visited by Yahweh of Armies with thunder, with earthquake, with great noise, with whirlwind and storm, and with the flame of a devouring fire.

      Esaïe 40

      26 Lift up your eyes on high, and see who has created these, who brings out their army by number. He calls them all by name. by the greatness of his might, and because he is strong in power, Not one is lacking.

      Esaïe 45

      12 I have made the earth, and created man on it. I, even my hands, have stretched out the heavens; and I have commanded all their army.

      Esaïe 51

      15 For I am Yahweh your God, who stirs up the sea, so that its waves roar: Yahweh of Armies is his name.

      Jérémie 8

      2 and they shall spread them before the sun, and the moon, and all the army of the sky, which they have loved, and which they have served, and after which they have walked, and which they have sought, and which they have worshiped: they shall not be gathered, nor be buried, they shall be for dung on the surface of the earth.

      Jérémie 19

      2 and go forth to the valley of the son of Hinnom, which is by the entry of the gate Harsith, and proclaim there the words that I shall tell you;
      13 and the houses of Jerusalem, and the houses of the kings of Judah, which are defiled, shall be as the place of Topheth, even all the houses on whose roofs they have burned incense to all the army of the sky, and have poured out drink offerings to other gods.

      Amos 4

      13 For, behold, he who forms the mountains, and creates the wind, and declares to man what is his thought; who makes the morning darkness, and treads on the high places of the earth: Yahweh, the God of Armies, is his name."

      Amos 9

      5 For the Lord, Yahweh of Armies, is he who touches the land and it melts, and all who dwell in it will mourn; and it will rise up wholly like the River, and will sink again, like the River of Egypt.

      Matthieu 26

      53 Or do you think that I couldn't ask my Father, and he would even now send me more than twelve legions of angels?

      Luc 2

      13 Suddenly, there was with the angel a multitude of the heavenly army praising God, and saying,

      Romains 6

      16 Don't you know that to whom you present yourselves as servants to obedience, his servants you are whom you obey; whether of sin to death, or of obedience to righteousness?

      Romains 9

      29 As Isaiah has said before, "Unless the Lord of Armies had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom, and would have been made like Gomorrah."

      Jacques 5

      4 Behold, the wages of the laborers who mowed your fields, which you have kept back by fraud, cry out, and the cries of those who reaped have entered into the ears of the Lord of Armies .
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