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EXCLUSIVISME

Un des caractères spécifiques de la religion de Jéhovah. Les autres dieux, d'origine ancestrale, tribale ou naturiste, étaient liés au destin du peuple qui les honorait. Les circonstances les appelaient à s'associer, à se combattre, parfois à se supplanter. Tout ce monde divin projeté dans le ciel par l'imagination des hommes, sans réalité historique et sans stabilité morale, ne pouvait prétendre qu'à un exclusivisme relatif et devait un jour disparaître, soit par désuétude, soit dans un panthéon. Tout autre est la façon dont Jéhovah se présente à l'adoration d'Israël. Jéhovah entre dans l'histoire des Hébreux à l'occasion de faits précis (Ex 1-2), se présente à eux par l'intermédiaire d'une personnalité qui les domine, et traite avec eux une alliance (voir ce mot), fondée dès les premiers jours sur la toute-puissance du Dieu juste et sur la fidélité morale de l'adorateur. L'exclusivisme est donc la condition même du culte de Jéhovah.

On sait le rôle que jouaient les alliances dans la vie nationale des milieux apparentés à Israël. Un contrat que rien ne devait déchirer, un rite institué pour manifester l'observation scrupuleuse du contrat, tel était, dans le Proche-Orient sémitique, le commencement de toute vie morale et sociale. Tel fut le commencement de la religion nationale qui avait pour but d'unir Israël au vrai Dieu.

Israël s'engage, sans comprendre tout ce que portait en germe le culte auquel il se vouait. Son histoire montre, qu'il continuait à croire à l'existence des autres dieux, et que, lorsqu'il le jugeait opportun, il invoquait leur secours, abandonnait même Jéhovah pour les mettre en son lieu (Jug 11:24, Ru 1:15,2Ro 3:27, Jer 16:13, etc.). Mais le fondement posé par Moïse le ramenait toujours à la notion du Dieu seul vivant, maître souverain des destinées d'Israël et, par Israël, du destin de l'humanité (voir Jalousie, II).

Admettre que la religion donnée par Moïse à Israël ne différait pas essentiellement de celle des nations voisines de même race que lui, serait aller à l'encontre des témoignages du peuple hébreu lui-même, lequel, dans ses éléments pieux, a toujours manifesté le sentiment que la culture étrangère lui avait été plus nuisible qu'utile, et que son âge d'or avait été l'époque du désert, c-à-d, le temps le plus rapproché de la révélation du Sinaï, le temps où la vie nomade de ses pères le tenait à l'abri des séductions de la civilisation païenne et le groupait sous la forte main de Moïse, dans la dépendance exclusive de Jéhovah, dans l'observation de la charte qu'il leur avait donnée (Os 9:10 10:1, De 4:4, Jer 2:2 etc.). On ne saurait refuser le Décalogue primitif à Moïse sans porter un coup fatal à la vraie notion de l'exclusivisme jéhoviste et, proprement, lui ôter son véritable fondement.

Quand Jésus parut, les Juifs ne songeaient plus à associer à Jéhovah les divinités étrangères ni à contester l'unité et l'universalité du Dieu qu'ils adoraient ; mais la raison profonde de l'exclusivisme de son culte leur échappait. Jésus l'a rétablie quand, après avoir proclamé à son tour l'exclusivisme de la religion de son Père (Lu 4:8, cf. De 6:13), il lui donna pour assise définitive le fondement moral : le service. « Nul ne peut servir deux maîtres... » (Mt 6:24). Le choix de ses disciples, son attitude vis-à-vis des foules, ses affirmations sur la valeur unique du culte en esprit, montrent que l'exclusivisme dogmatique ou ecclésiastique qui amène des chrétiens à condamner d'autres chrétiens aussi fidèles qu'eux dans le service du Maître, n'est qu'une déviation de l'exclusivisme biblique et relève, non de la fidélité, mais de l'étroitesse. Cet exclusivisme, lorsqu'il sévit dans les Églises, y est l'origine de calomnies, de divisions, de persécutions, et, loin d'aider au Royaume de Dieu, met obstacle à son avancement. Voir Dieu (les noms de). Alex. W.

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      Exode 1

      1 Now these are the names of the sons of Israel, who came into Egypt (every man and his household came with Jacob):
      2 Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah,
      3 Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin,
      4 Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher.
      5 All the souls who came out of Jacob's body were seventy souls, and Joseph was in Egypt already.
      6 Joseph died, as did all his brothers, and all that generation.
      7 The children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and grew exceedingly mighty; and the land was filled with them.
      8 Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who didn't know Joseph.
      9 He said to his people, "Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we.
      10 Come, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply, and it happen that when any war breaks out, they also join themselves to our enemies, and fight against us, and escape out of the land."
      11 Therefore they set taskmasters over them to afflict them with their burdens. They built storage cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses.
      12 But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and the more they spread out. They were grieved because of the children of Israel.
      13 The Egyptians ruthlessly made the children of Israel serve,
      14 and they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all kinds of service in the field, all their service, in which they ruthlessly made them serve.
      15 The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah,
      16 and he said, "When you perform the duty of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them on the birth stool; if it is a son, then you shall kill him; but if it is a daughter, then she shall live."
      17 But the midwives feared God, and didn't do what the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the baby boys alive.
      18 The king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said to them, "Why have you done this thing, and have saved the boys alive?"
      19 The midwives said to Pharaoh, "Because the Hebrew women aren't like the Egyptian women; for they are vigorous, and give birth before the midwife comes to them."
      20 God dealt well with the midwives, and the people multiplied, and grew very mighty.
      21 It happened, because the midwives feared God, that he gave them families.
      22 Pharaoh commanded all his people, saying, "You shall cast every son who is born into the river, and every daughter you shall save alive."

      Exode 2

      1 A man of the house of Levi went and took a daughter of Levi as his wife.
      2 The woman conceived, and bore a son. When she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him three months.
      3 When she could no longer hide him, she took a papyrus basket for him, and coated it with tar and with pitch. She put the child in it, and laid it in the reeds by the river's bank.
      4 His sister stood far off, to see what would be done to him.
      5 Pharaoh's daughter came down to bathe at the river. Her maidens walked along by the riverside. She saw the basket among the reeds, and sent her handmaid to get it.
      6 She opened it, and saw the child, and behold, the baby cried. She had compassion on him, and said, "This is one of the Hebrews' children."
      7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh's daughter, "Should I go and call a nurse for you from the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for you?"
      8 Pharaoh's daughter said to her, "Go." The maiden went and called the child's mother.
      9 Pharaoh's daughter said to her, "Take this child away, and nurse him for me, and I will give you your wages." The woman took the child, and nursed it.
      10 The child grew, and she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses, and said, "Because I drew him out of the water."
      11 It happened in those days, when Moses had grown up, that he went out to his brothers, and looked at their burdens. He saw an Egyptian striking a Hebrew, one of his brothers.
      12 He looked this way and that way, and when he saw that there was no one, he killed the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand.
      13 He went out the second day, and behold, two men of the Hebrews were fighting with each other. He said to him who did the wrong, "Why do you strike your fellow?"
      14 He said, "Who made you a prince and a judge over us? Do you plan to kill me, as you killed the Egyptian?" Moses was afraid, and said, "Surely this thing is known."
      15 Now when Pharaoh heard this thing, he sought to kill Moses. But Moses fled from the face of Pharaoh, and lived in the land of Midian, and he sat down by a well.
      16 Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came and drew water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock.
      17 The shepherds came and drove them away; but Moses stood up and helped them, and watered their flock.
      18 When they came to Reuel, their father, he said, "How is it that you have returned so early today?"
      19 They said, "An Egyptian delivered us out of the hand of the shepherds, and moreover he drew water for us, and watered the flock."
      20 He said to his daughters, "Where is he? Why is it that you have left the man? Call him, that he may eat bread."
      21 Moses was content to dwell with the man. He gave Moses Zipporah, his daughter.
      22 She bore a son, and he named him Gershom, for he said, "I have lived as a foreigner in a foreign land."
      23 It happened in the course of those many days, that the king of Egypt died, and the children of Israel sighed because of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up to God because of the bondage.
      24 God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.
      25 God saw the children of Israel, and God was concerned about them.

      Juges 11

      24 Won't you possess that which Chemosh your god gives you to possess? So whoever Yahweh our God has dispossessed from before us, them will we possess.

      Ruth 1

      2 The name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the name of his two sons Mahlon and Chilion, Ephrathites of Bethlehem Judah. They came into the country of Moab, and continued there.
      15 She said, "Behold, your sister-in-law has gone back to her people, and to her god. Follow your sister-in-law."

      Jérémie 2

      2 "Go, and cry in the ears of Jerusalem, saying, 'Thus says Yahweh, "I remember for you the kindness of your youth, the love of your weddings; how you went after me in the wilderness, in a land that was not sown.

      Jérémie 16

      13 therefore will I cast you forth out of this land into the land that you have not known, neither you nor your fathers; and there you shall serve other gods day and night; for I will show you no favor.

      Osée 9

      10 I found Israel like grapes in the wilderness. I saw your fathers as the first ripe in the fig tree at its first season; but they came to Baal Peor, and consecrated themselves to the shameful thing, and became abominable like that which they loved.

      Osée 10

      1 Israel is a luxuriant vine that puts forth his fruit. According to the abundance of his fruit he has multiplied his altars. As their land has prospered, they have adorned their sacred stones.

      Matthieu 6

      24 "No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other; or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You can't serve both God and Mammon.

      Luc 4

      8 Jesus answered him, "Get behind me Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"

      Romains 3

      27 Where then is the boasting? It is excluded. By what kind of law? Of works? No, but by a law of faith.
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