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FOLIE

I Au sens propre.

La Bible renferme fort peu de cas de démence caractérisée. Saül semble avoir été atteint d'une psychose mélancolique avec crises homicides (1Sa 16:14 18:10 19:9 20:33 22:17) ; à Nébucadnetsar sont attribués les symptômes d'une lycanthropie momentanée (Da 4:33). Les prédictions de châtiments pour l'Israélite infidèle le menacent de devenir fou à la vue de tant de malheurs (De 28:34, cf. Jer 25:16). David, chez les Philistins, simule la folie (1Sa 21:13-15, Ps 34:1). Rhode la servante est traitée de folle parce qu'elle annonce le retour de Pierre qui était en prison (Ac 12:15). Festus prétend que Paul a perdu le sens (Ac 26:24). L'apôtre avait lui-même prévu que la surexcitation des chrétiens dans les assemblées (voir Langues, don des) les ferait passer pour fous aux yeux des étrangers (1Co 14:23).

D'après Mr 3:21, les proches de Jésus craignent pour sa raison et veulent l'arracher à l'exaltation du début de son ministère ; Marc seul ose conserver ce souvenir, mais les trois synoptiques reproduisent la réponse du Seigneur, en la même circonstance, à sa mère et à ses frères (Mr 3:31-35, Mt 12:46-50, Lu 8:19-21). Il est vrai que certains critiques traduisent Mr 3:21 : « Car on disait (et non : ils disaient) qu'il avait perdu l'esprit. » En ce cas, il s'agirait de l'accusation des scribes, reproduite au verset 22 : « il est possédé de Béelzébul », et qui reparaîtra dans Jn 10:20 : « possédé d'un démon et hors de sens ». La thèse de la « folie de Jésus », soutenue naguère d'une façon quelque peu sensationnelle, n'a plus aucun crédit aujourd'hui.

(Pour les diverses maladies nerveuses, voir Maladie, Possession démoniaque.)

II Au sens figuré

1.

Dans l'A.T.

Très nombreuses sont les mentions de la folie ou de l'égarement, en particulier dans les livres sapientiaux ; elles ne se rapportent guère à des troubles intellectuels d'origine psychique, mais dénoncent le plus souvent des anomalies ou des désordres du domaine moral et religieux. C'est le contraire de la sagesse (voir ce mot), laquelle représente les principes de vie prescrits par les moralistes hébreux, non d'un point de vue théorique, mais sur le terrain des applications toutes pratiques : sont sages ceux qui veulent et savent se conformer aux règles de bonne vie et moeurs, sont fous ceux qui s'en écartent (Pr 1:7 10:28 13:19, Sir 21:11-26) ; sages, ceux qui reconnaissent en Dieu l'auteur de ces lois du bien-vivre ; fous, ceux qui le nient ou le blasphèment (Ps 14:1, Job 2:10, Sir 16:23). Cette antithèse entre sages et fous, ou, ce qui revient à peu près au même en termes plus religieux, entre justes et pécheurs, porte sur l'âme profonde ainsi que sur ses multiples manifestations dans la vie ordinaire ; c'est pourquoi il en est si fréquemment question dans l'Écriture, et c'est aussi pourquoi la langue hébraïque de l'A.T., si pauvre qu'elle soit de termes abstraits, possède une dizaine de désignations différentes pour la privation de sens (racines : èvîl ou iâal =fou, kâsal =stupide, sâkal =amoral, nâbal =ignoble, hâlal =arrogant, tâphal = inconvenant, baav-- brute, etc.). Nos versions rendent ces divers termes et leurs dérivés par : fou (Pr 27:3), folie (Ec 1:17), égarement (Ps 85:9), insensé (Pr 14:8,16), gens dépourvus de sens (Ps 92:7), sot (Pr 17:7,21), etc., ou encore, lorsqu'il faut préciser par des traductions plus nuancées les manifestations de cet état d'esprit : erreurs ou fautes (Job 4:18), orgueil (Ps 5:6 73:3), blasphème (Job 1:22, cf. 2Ma 15:32 et suivant), impiété (Esa 32:5 et suivant), infamie (Ge 34:7, De 22:21, Jos 7:15, Job 24:12), etc. La folie est attachée au coeur de l'homme (Eccl, 9:3, Pr 22:15), parce qu'elle représente son péché (2Sa 24:10, Ps 69:6). Les sentences morales multiplient les descriptions des défauts et des vices des fous (Pr 7:22 10:18 15:5,20 18:6 20:3, Ec 4:5 etc.) ; elles recommandent de les éviter (Pr 13:20 14:7, Sir 22:13) et, en deux distiques en apparence contradictoires, mais entre lesquels il faut choisir suivant les circonstances, elles prescrivent, soit de ne pas répondre à l'insensé dans le même esprit que sa folie, soit de lui répondre de façon à ce qu'il en ait conscience (Pr 26:4 et suivant, cf. Pr 29:9) ; elles annoncent les châtiments réservés aux insensés (Pr 5:23 10:8,10,21 18:7). Les prophètes raillent la folie des idolâtres (Jer 10:8, Esa 44:20, cf. Sag 12:23 15:14 et suivant) et blâment la déraison des infidèles (Esa 19:11 et suivants, Jer 4:22). Pour le délire des prophètes exaltés (Os 9:7 etc.), voir Dionysos.

2.

Dans le N.T.

Le terme grec qui correspond le mieux à la plupart de ces passages est aphrôn =privé de sens ; on trouve aussi môros (litt., stupide) et ses dérivés, et anoètos =inintelligent. Jésus, parlant de la vengeance (Mt 5:22), condamne l'insulte de colère méprisante lancée à un frère : fou ! (parall. à l'injure en araméen : raca [v. ce mot]). Mais il ne proscrit pas pour cela le reproche de folie lorsqu'il est mérité et prononcé avec équité : lui-même a été l'objet de la folie furieuse des chefs religieux (c'est le sens litt, du mot fureur dans Lu 6:11), et plus d'une fois dans son enseignement il apostrophe ou caractérise les insensés.

Les esclaves de la vie matérielle et de l'amour du monde, comme le riche insensé (Lu 12:20).

Les formalistes, aveuglés sur les valeurs spirituelles, comme les pharisiens, hypocrites et méchants (Mt 23:17, Lu 11:40).

Les disciples ignorants, manquant de pénétration, « sans intelligence et d'un coeur lent à croire », comme les disciples d'Emmaüs (Lu 24:25).

Les disciples inconséquents, soit qu'ils écoutent sans pratiquer, comme le constructeur insensé (Mt 7:26), soit qu'ils ne se tiennent pas toujours prêts au service du Seigneur, comme les vierges folles (Mt 25:2,3,8).

La source de toutes ces fautes, c'est le coeur pécheur, d'où provient finalement « le dérèglement de l'esprit » (Mr 7:22).

Dans les épîtres de saint Paul, insensés ou fous sont aussi les infidèles (Ro 1:22), les adversaires de Dieu et de ses enfants (2Ti 3:9, cf. 1Pi 2:15) ; c'est un caractère de l'homme naturel avant sa conversion (Tit 3:3), comme aussi des désirs asservis par l'amour de l'argent (1Ti 6:9). Dans Eph 5:15, l'apôtre oppose sages à non-sages (grec aso-phoï). Dans 1Co 15:38, il appelle insensé celui qui ne sait pas tirer de l'observation et de l'expérience un raisonnement par analogie favorable à la réalité de la résurrection. Dans les ép. aux Corinthiens (voir art.), il développe deux thèmes particuliers sur la folie :

La 1 re ép., document du premier conflit du christianisme avec la haute culture païenne, retourne le contraste de l'A. T, entre les croyants qui étaient les sages et les incrédules qui étaient les fous ; avec l'Évangile d'un Messie crucifié, les croyants de la nouvelle alliance passent pour fous aux yeux des sages de ce monde, mais c'est cette « folie de Dieu » qui est la véritable sagesse, la sagesse raffinée du monde n'étant en réalité que folie (1Co 1:18-29 2:14 3:18 4:10).

La 2 e ép. aux Cor., écrite à la suite d'une crise de confiance entre le missionnaire et l'Église où certains contestaient son intelligence (2Co 10:12 et suivants), marque avec ironie la folie que les chrétiens de Corinthe pourraient bien supporter chez lui (2Co 11 1,18-21 12:6-11).

Les déclarations bibliques sur la folie, morale ou religieuse, se ramènent, en somme, à la constatation que la résistance de l'homme au devoir et à Dieu, si rationnelle qu'elle ose se prétendre, est devant l'appel de la conscience, l'amour du Père et la grâce du Sauveur, l'attitude illogique par excellence. L'attitude « logique » est au contraire le don complet de la vie, corps, esprit, âme, décrit dans Ro 12:1 et suivants. Jn L.

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      Genèse 34

      7 The sons of Jacob came in from the field when they heard it. The men were grieved, and they were very angry, because he had done folly in Israel in lying with Jacob's daughter; a which thing ought not to be done.

      Josué 7

      15 It shall be, that he who is taken with the devoted thing shall be burnt with fire, he and all that he has, because he has transgressed the covenant of Yahweh, and because he has done a disgraceful thing in Israel.'"

      1 Samuel 16

      14 Now the Spirit of Yahweh departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Yahweh troubled him.

      1 Samuel 21

      13 He changed his behavior before them, and pretended to be mad in their hands, and scrabbled on the doors of the gate, and let his spittle fall down on his beard.
      14 Then Achish said to his servants, "Look, you see the man is mad. Why then have you brought him to me?
      15 Do I lack madmen, that you have brought this fellow to play the madman in my presence? Shall this fellow come into my house?"

      2 Samuel 24

      10 David's heart struck him after that he had numbered the people. David said to Yahweh, "I have sinned greatly in that which I have done. But now, Yahweh, put away, I beg you, the iniquity of your servant; for I have done very foolishly."

      Job 1

      22 In all this, Job did not sin, nor charge God with wrongdoing.

      Job 2

      10 But he said to her, "You speak as one of the foolish women would speak. What? Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not receive evil?" In all this Job didn't sin with his lips.

      Job 4

      18 Behold, he puts no trust in his servants. He charges his angels with error.

      Job 24

      12 From out of the populous city, men groan. The soul of the wounded cries out, yet God doesn't regard the folly.

      Psaumes 5

      6 You will destroy those who speak lies. Yahweh abhors the bloodthirsty and deceitful man.

      Psaumes 14

      1 <> The fool has said in his heart, "There is no God." They are corrupt. They have done abominable works. There is none who does good.

      Psaumes 34

      1 <> I will bless Yahweh at all times. His praise will always be in my mouth.

      Psaumes 69

      6 Don't let those who wait for you be shamed through me, Lord Yahweh of Armies. Don't let those who seek you be brought to dishonor through me, God of Israel.

      Psaumes 73

      3 For I was envious of the arrogant, when I saw the prosperity of the wicked.

      Psaumes 85

      9 Surely his salvation is near those who fear him, that glory may dwell in our land.

      Psaumes 92

      7 though the wicked spring up as the grass, and all the evildoers flourish, they will be destroyed forever.

      Proverbes 1

      7 The fear of Yahweh is the beginning of knowledge; but the foolish despise wisdom and instruction.

      Proverbes 5

      23 He will die for lack of instruction. In the greatness of his folly, he will go astray.

      Proverbes 7

      22 He followed her immediately, as an ox goes to the slaughter, as a fool stepping into a noose.

      Proverbes 10

      8 The wise in heart accept commandments, but a chattering fool will fall.
      10 One winking with the eye causes sorrow, but a chattering fool will fall.
      18 He who hides hatred has lying lips. He who utters a slander is a fool.
      21 The lips of the righteous feed many, but the foolish die for lack of understanding.
      28 The prospect of the righteous is joy, but the hope of the wicked will perish.

      Proverbes 13

      19 Longing fulfilled is sweet to the soul, but fools detest turning from evil.
      20 One who walks with wise men grows wise, but a companion of fools suffers harm.

      Proverbes 14

      7 Stay away from a foolish man, for you won't find knowledge on his lips.
      8 The wisdom of the prudent is to think about his way, but the folly of fools is deceit.
      16 A wise man fears, and shuns evil, but the fool is hotheaded and reckless.

      Proverbes 15

      5 A fool despises his father's correction, but he who heeds reproof shows prudence.
      20 A wise son makes a father glad, but a foolish man despises his mother.

      Proverbes 17

      7 Arrogant speech isn't fitting for a fool, much less do lying lips fit a prince.
      21 He who becomes the father of a fool grieves. The father of a fool has no joy.

      Proverbes 18

      6 A fool's lips come into strife, and his mouth invites beatings.
      7 A fool's mouth is his destruction, and his lips are a snare to his soul.

      Proverbes 20

      3 It is an honor for a man to keep aloof from strife; but every fool will be quarreling.

      Proverbes 22

      15 Folly is bound up in the heart of a child: the rod of discipline drives it far from him.

      Proverbes 26

      4 Don't answer a fool according to his folly, lest you also be like him.

      Proverbes 27

      3 A stone is heavy, and sand is a burden; but a fool's provocation is heavier than both.

      Proverbes 29

      9 If a wise man goes to court with a foolish man, the fool rages or scoffs, and there is no peace.

      Ecclésiaste 1

      17 I applied my heart to know wisdom, and to know madness and folly. I perceived that this also was a chasing after wind.

      Ecclésiaste 4

      5 The fool folds his hands together and ruins himself.

      Ecclésiaste 9

      3 This is an evil in all that is done under the sun, that there is one event to all: yes also, the heart of the sons of men is full of evil, and madness is in their heart while they live, and after that they go to the dead.

      Esaïe 19

      11 The princes of Zoan are utterly foolish. The counsel of the wisest counselors of Pharaoh has become stupid. How do you say to Pharaoh, "I am the son of the wise, the son of ancient kings?"

      Esaïe 32

      5 The fool will no longer be called noble, nor the scoundrel be highly respected.

      Esaïe 44

      20 He feeds on ashes. A deceived heart has turned him aside; and he can't deliver his soul, nor say, "Isn't there a lie in my right hand?"

      Jérémie 4

      22 "For my people are foolish, they don't know me. They are foolish children, and they have no understanding. They are skillful in doing evil, but to do good they have no knowledge."

      Jérémie 10

      8 But they are together brutish and foolish: the instruction of idols! it is but a stock.

      Jérémie 25

      16 They shall drink, and reel back and forth, and be mad, because of the sword that I will send among them.

      Lamentations 1

      1 How the city sits solitary, that was full of people! She has become as a widow, who was great among the nations! She who was a princess among the provinces has become tributary!
      2 She weeps bitterly in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; among all her lovers she has none to comfort her: All her friends have dealt treacherously with her; they are become her enemies.
      3 Judah is gone into captivity because of affliction, and because of great servitude; she dwells among the nations, she finds no rest: all her persecutors overtook her within the straits.
      4 The ways of Zion do mourn, because none come to the solemn assembly; all her gates are desolate, her priests do sigh: her virgins are afflicted, and she herself is in bitterness.
      5 Her adversaries are become the head, her enemies prosper; for Yahweh has afflicted her for the multitude of her transgressions: her young children are gone into captivity before the adversary.
      6 From the daughter of Zion all her majesty is departed: her princes are become like harts that find no pasture, they are gone without strength before the pursuer.
      7 Jerusalem remembers in the days of her affliction and of her miseries all her pleasant things that were from the days of old: when her people fell into the hand of the adversary, and no one helped her, The adversaries saw her, they mocked at her desolations.
      8 Jerusalem has grievously sinned; therefore she has become as an unclean thing; all who honored her despise her, because they have seen her nakedness: yes, she sighs, and turns backward.
      9 Her filthiness was in her skirts; she didn't remember her latter end; therefore is she come down wonderfully; she has no comforter: see, Yahweh, my affliction; for the enemy has magnified himself.
      10 The adversary has spread out his hand on all her pleasant things: for she has seen that the nations are entered into her sanctuary, concerning whom you commanded that they should not enter into your assembly.
      11 All her people sigh, they seek bread; they have given their pleasant things for food to refresh the soul: look, Yahweh, and see; for I am become abject.
      12 Is it nothing to you, all you who pass by? Look, and see if there is any sorrow like my sorrow, which is brought on me, With which Yahweh has afflicted me in the day of his fierce anger.
      13 From on high has he sent fire into my bones, and it prevails against them; He has spread a net for my feet, he has turned me back: He has made me desolate and faint all the day.
      14 The yoke of my transgressions is bound by his hand; They are knit together, they have come up on my neck; he has made my strength to fail: The Lord has delivered me into their hands, against whom I am not able to stand.
      15 The Lord has set at nothing all my mighty men in the midst of me; He has called a solemn assembly against me to crush my young men: The Lord has trodden as in a winepress the virgin daughter of Judah.
      16 For these things I weep; my eye, my eye runs down with water; Because the comforter who should refresh my soul is far from me: My children are desolate, because the enemy has prevailed.
      17 Zion spreads forth her hands; there is none to comfort her; Yahweh has commanded concerning Jacob, that those who are around him should be his adversaries: Jerusalem is among them as an unclean thing.
      18 Yahweh is righteous; for I have rebelled against his commandment: Please hear all you peoples, and see my sorrow: My virgins and my young men are gone into captivity.
      19 I called for my lovers, but they deceived me: My priests and my elders gave up the spirit in the city, While they sought them food to refresh their souls.
      20 See, Yahweh; for I am in distress; my heart is troubled; My heart is turned within me; for I have grievously rebelled: Abroad the sword bereaves, at home there is as death.
      21 They have heard that I sigh; there is none to comfort me; All my enemies have heard of my trouble; they are glad that you have done it: You will bring the day that you have proclaimed, and they shall be like me.
      22 Let all their wickedness come before you; Do to them, as you have done to me for all my transgressions: For my sighs are many, and my heart is faint.

      Lamentations 2

      1 How has the Lord covered the daughter of Zion with a cloud in his anger! He has cast down from heaven to the earth the beauty of Israel, And hasn't remembered his footstool in the day of his anger.
      2 The Lord has swallowed up all the habitations of Jacob, and has not pitied: He has thrown down in his wrath the strongholds of the daughter of Judah; He has brought them down to the ground; he has profaned the kingdom and its princes.
      3 He has cut off in fierce anger all the horn of Israel; He has drawn back his right hand from before the enemy: He has burned up Jacob like a flaming fire, which devours all around.
      4 He has bent his bow like an enemy, he has stood with his right hand as an adversary, Has killed all that were pleasant to the eye: In the tent of the daughter of Zion he has poured out his wrath like fire.
      5 The Lord has become as an enemy, he has swallowed up Israel; He has swallowed up all her palaces, he has destroyed his strongholds; He has multiplied in the daughter of Judah mourning and lamentation.
      6 He has violently taken away his tabernacle, as if it were of a garden; he has destroyed his place of assembly: Yahweh has caused solemn assembly and Sabbath to be forgotten in Zion, Has despised in the indignation of his anger the king and the priest.
      7 The Lord has cast off his altar, he has abhorred his sanctuary; He has given up into the hand of the enemy the walls of her palaces: They have made a noise in the house of Yahweh, as in the day of a solemn assembly.
      8 Yahweh has purposed to destroy the wall of the daughter of Zion; He has stretched out the line, he has not withdrawn his hand from destroying; He has made the rampart and wall to lament; they languish together.
      9 Her gates are sunk into the ground; he has destroyed and broken her bars: Her king and her princes are among the nations where the law is not; Yes, her prophets find no vision from Yahweh.
      10 The elders of the daughter of Zion sit on the ground, they keep silence; They have cast up dust on their heads; they have clothed themselves with sackcloth: The virgins of Jerusalem hang down their heads to the ground.
      11 My eyes do fail with tears, my heart is troubled; My liver is poured on the earth, because of the destruction of the daughter of my people, Because the young children and the infants swoon in the streets of the city.
      12 They tell their mothers, Where is grain and wine? When they swoon as the wounded in the streets of the city, When their soul is poured out into their mothers' bosom.
      13 What shall I testify to you? what shall I liken to you, daughter of Jerusalem? What shall I compare to you, that I may comfort you, virgin daughter of Zion? For your breach is great like the sea: who can heal you?
      14 Your prophets have seen for you false and foolish visions; They have not uncovered your iniquity, to bring back your captivity, but have seen for you false oracles and causes of banishment.
      15 All that pass by clap their hands at you. They hiss and wag their head at the daughter of Jerusalem, saying, Is this the city that men called The perfection of beauty, The joy of the whole earth?
      16 All your enemies have opened their mouth wide against you; They hiss and gnash the teeth; they say, We have swallowed her up; Certainly this is the day that we looked for; we have found, we have seen it.
      17 Yahweh has done that which he purposed; he has fulfilled his word that he commanded in the days of old; He has thrown down, and has not pitied: He has caused the enemy to rejoice over you; he has exalted the horn of your adversaries.
      18 Their heart cried to the Lord: wall of the daughter of Zion, let tears run down like a river day and night; Give yourself no respite; don't let the apple of your eye cease.
      19 Arise, cry out in the night, at the beginning of the watches; Pour out your heart like water before the face of the Lord: Lift up your hands toward him for the life of your young children, that faint for hunger at the head of every street.
      20 Look, Yahweh, and see to whom you have done thus! Shall the women eat their fruit, the children that are dandled in the hands? Shall the priest and the prophet be killed in the sanctuary of the Lord?
      21 The youth and the old man lie on the ground in the streets; My virgins and my young men are fallen by the sword: You have killed them in the day of your anger; you have slaughtered, and not pitied.
      22 You have called, as in the day of a solemn assembly, my terrors on every side; There was none that escaped or remained in the day of Yahweh's anger: Those that I have dandled and brought up has my enemy consumed.

      Daniel 4

      33 The same hour was the thing fulfilled on Nebuchadnezzar: and he was driven from men, and ate grass as oxen, and his body was wet with the dew of the sky, until his hair was grown like eagles' [feathers], and his nails like birds' [claws].

      Osée 9

      7 The days of visitation have come. The days of reckoning have come. Israel will consider the prophet to be a fool, and the man who is inspired to be insane, because of the abundance of your sins, and because your hostility is great.

      Matthieu 5

      22 But I tell you, that everyone who is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment; and whoever shall say to his brother, 'Raca !' shall be in danger of the council; and whoever shall say, 'You fool!' shall be in danger of the fire of Gehenna.

      Matthieu 7

      26 Everyone who hears these words of mine, and doesn't do them will be like a foolish man, who built his house on the sand.

      Matthieu 12

      46 While he was yet speaking to the multitudes, behold, his mother and his brothers stood outside, seeking to speak to him.
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