Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

FORTIFICATIONS ET GUERRE DE SIÈGE

I Fortifications.

Leur existence en Palestine, liée à l'existence des guerres elles-mêmes, remonte aux temps les plus reculés : un rempart de terre de Guézer peut dater de l'an 4000 av. J. -C, et les forteresses cananéennes de Méguiddo et de Thaanac, d'entre 2500 et 2000. La défense des villes, assurée déjà par le choix de fortes positions naturelles (montagnes, éminences ou tells, rochers, bois, cf. 1Sa 23:14,19, Esa 33:16), était complétée par l'érection de murs. Si bien que, quand les nomades hébreux envahirent Canaan, à côté des cités ouvertes visées dans De 3:5, un grand nombre de villes fortifiées leur inspirèrent la crainte (No 13:28, De 1:28). Devenus les maîtres du pays, ils continuèrent par leurs travaux à fortifier leurs villes, à assurer la défense des frontières et la surveillance des points dangereux (oeuvre d'Asa, 2Ch 14:6 ; d'Ozias, 2Ch 26:9 et suivant ; de Jotham, 2Ch 27:4). Les vicissitudes du peuple se retrouvent dans celles des murs de Jérusalem. Au temps des Macchabées et des Romains, de nouvelles forteresses dominèrent le pays (Bethsoura, Machéronte, Masada). Dans ces diverses fortifications apparaissent les `éléments suivants :

1.

Remparts et murs.

Innombrables sont dans la Bible les allusions à cet élément essentiel de toute fortification. Se rappeler Jérico et Aphek, dont les murailles tombèrent (Jos 6:5-20,1Ro 20:30) ; Beth-Séan, qui vit sur son rempart la dépouille de Saül, et la ville moabite où fut offert un sanglant holocauste (1Sa 31:10,2Ro 3:27) ; Babylone et Tyr, aux murailles légendaires (Jer 51:44, Am 1:10) ; Damas, dont Paul franchit le mur au péril de sa vie (Ac 9:25) ; et surtout Jérusalem (1Ro 9:16), dont la muraille était double en certains endroits (Esa 22:11,2Ro 25:4) ; la description la plus détaillée s'en trouve dans Ne 3 et Ne 12:31-39 (voir les plans, carte n° VII). Les murs étaient faits de briques (séchées au soleil ou cuites au four, Ge 11:3, Na 3:14), ou de pierres (Esa 9:9 22:10) ; quelquefois de pierres énormes, comme celles qui dans l'enceinte du Temple pèsent plus de quatre-vingts tonnes ! On renforçait les murs de brique, de fondations ou de revêtements en pierre. La hauteur des murs était au minimum de 10 m. et la largeur variait du tiers aux deux tiers de la hauteur : le mur extérieur de Guézer a près de 5 m. d'épaisseur et l'un des murs de Méguiddo, sans doute le plus ancien, atteint 9 m. à la base. On conçoit quelle sensation de sécurité de pareilles masses inspiraient aux habitants. La muraille était souvent doublée par un mur extérieur établi un peu en avant, et moins élevé. Son nom hébreu est traduit ordinairement par « rempart » (Sg., Vers. Syn.). C'est de lui qu'il s'agit dans 2Sa 20:15 (Abel-Beth-Maaca), 1Ro 21:23 (Jizréel), Ps 48:14, Esa 26:1, Na 3:8, La 2:8 (Sion).

2.

Tours.

Un grand nombre de murs étaient flanqués de tours, en particulier à tous leurs saillants (Sop 1:16,2Ch 14:6). On était fier, en parcourant l'enceinte de Sion, de compter ses nombreuses tours (Ps 48:13,2Ch 26:9). Les noms de certaines d'entre elles sont donnés dans Ne 3:1,11,25,26,27 Jer 31:38 (tours de Méa, d'Hananéel, tour des Fours, tour supérieure, etc.), plus tard dans Lu 13:4 (tour de Siloé). L'avantage de ces tours était que du sommet, crénelé (Esa 54:12), les assiégés prenaient à revers la section de murailles où l'on donnait l'assaut : à Guézer, l'intervalle entre les tours est de 30 m., correspondant à la portée habituelle de la flèche ou de la fronde. Les tours étaient aussi fréquemment établies de chaque côté d'une porte, ou au-dessus d'elle (2Ch 26:9). Elles servaient bien entendu de postes d'observation (2Sa 18:24, voir 2Sa 18:33, Hab 2:1) ; il arrivait qu'on y établît des dépôts de provisions, surveillés par des inspecteurs (1Ch 27:25, Esa 33:18).

3.

Portes.

Les portes constituaient les points vitaux de l'enceinte : qui tenait les portes tenait la ville (Ge 22:17). Les petites cités n'en avaient sans doute qu'une (Ge 19:1 34:20, Ru 4:1,1Ch 11:17), tandis qu'elles étaient relativement nombreuses à Jérusalem : une dizaine, semble-t-il, au temps de Jésus. Jérémie mentionne les noms de quelques-unes (Jer 19:2 26:10 31:38 38:7, cf. 2Ch 25:23). Néhémie, décrivant la nouvelle enceinte, en nomme dix (Ne 2 et Ne 3). Quand le passage était surmonté d'une tour, il se formait une sorte de couloir, quelques fois en ligne brisée, afin qu'on ne pût voir de dehors à l'intérieur de la ville (voy. fig. 127 et 128, la porte actuelle de Damas à Jérusalem) ; et il y avait une porte à chaque extrémité : David à Mahanaïm est assis « entre les deux portes » (2Sa 18:24). Un escalier conduisait à l'étage supérieur de la tour, où observait la sentinelle (2Ro 9:17). La porte proprement dite se composait de deux battants de bois (Ne 7:3), qu'on recouvrait souvent d'airain (Ps 107:16, Esa 42:2), en prévision des assauts et des tentatives d'incendie. Des verrous et des barres complétaient la fermeture (De 3:5, Jug 16:3, Ne 3:3, Ps 147:13). Les abords de la porte étaient un des endroits les plus animés de la cité : là s'asseyaient les vieillards (Job 29:7 et suivant), là se concluaient certaines affaires (Ru 4:1-12), là se réglaient les litiges, là s'établissait la bonne ou la mauvaise réputation (Pr 31:23,31 Ps 69:13 Am 5:10).

4.

Citadelle.

Dans un siège malheureux, le dernier espoir de la cité, l'ultime refuge de ses habitants, c'était la citadelle, la tour centrale, la position particulièrement forte qu'on s'était préparée. Gédéon prend la tour de Pénuel (Jug 8:17). Abimélec incendie la citadelle de Sichem (Jug 9:46-49), et trouve la mort au pied de la tour de Thébets (Jug 9:50-53). Zimri se réfugie dans la citadelle de Thirtsa (1Ro 16:18). David s'empara de l'imprenable forteresse de Sion, qui, sur sa colline (Ophel), fut sans cesse renforcée (2Sa 5:7 2Ch 27:3 33:14, Ne 3:27). Les Syriens d'Antiochus Épiphane dressèrent au même endroit une puissante citadelle, abhorrée des patriotes juifs dont elle dominait le Temple (1Ma 1:33-40) Quant à la citadelle mentionnée dans Ne 7:2, c'est elle qui fut remplacée par la forteresse Antonia, où Paul fut emprisonné pendant quelques jours après son arrestation à Jérusalem (Ac 21:34,37 22:24 23:10-16).

Voir JÉRUSALEM.

II Guerre de siège.

1.

Chez l'assaillant.

Son premier travail, s'il ne croyait pas pouvoir emporter la ville de suite, était d'installer son camp, ville de tentes parfois remplies de butin (1Ro 16:15,2Ro 7:8, Jer 1:15). Puis on établissait des retranchements (De 20:20,2Ro 19:32 25:1, cf. Lu 19:43, « tranchées »), ou encore des terrasses, masses de terre qu'on avançait peu à peu vers la muraille pour être à la hauteur de l'assiégé et pour le combattre plus à l'abri (2Sa 20:15, Jer 6:6 32:24). On cherchait à saper la muraille (2Sa 20:15) et on se protégeait quelques fois, semble-t-il, derrière des machines de guerre, (cf. Eze 26:9) pour la construction desquelles une loi juive proscrivait l'emploi des arbres fruitiers (De 20:19 et suivant). Il arrivait d'ailleurs que grâce à la trahison (Jug 1:24) ou grâce à la ruse, tactique de l'embuscade, employée par Josué et Abimélec (Jos 8:10-23, Jug 9:42-45), voire même grâce à l'incendie de l'enceinte ou des portes (Jug 9:49,52), l'assaillant s'épargnât les retards d'un long siège. On pouvait au contraire patienter et prendre la ville par la famine ou la soif : ainsi tomba Rabba d'Ammon, dès que fut prise sa « ville des eaux » (2Sa 12:26-29). Mais, quelque tactique qu'on suivît, le moment décisif de l'assaut arrivait (fig. 93 et 94) : avec acharnement on se battait à l'arc et à la fronde, et (à partir d'une certaine époque) des béliers, masses de bois abritées sous des tours roulantes, entraient en action pour ébranler et désagréger les murs (2Ro 3:25, Eze 4:2 21:27, 2Ma 12:16). On visait ainsi à l'écroulement de l'enceinte (Esa 30:13-25 25:12) et à l'ouverture de plusieurs brèches (2Ro 25:4,2Ch 25:23, Pr 25:28), par lesquelles on « montait » dans la ville (Jos 6:20). Il fallait quelques fois pour l'escalade avoir recours à des échelles (Joe 2:7) qu'on appliquait contre les murs (1Ma 5:30, cf. 1Ch 11:6). La ville, une fois prise, était souvent détruite (Lu 19:44). Abimélec rasa Sichem et y sema du sel (Jug 9:45). La ruine de Sion fut l'opprobre des Juifs (Ne 2:3, Ps 137:7).

2.

Chez l'assiégé.

A en juger par les mesures que prit Ézéchias à l'approche de l'armée assyrienne (2Ch 32:1-8), les défenseurs préparaient le siège en remettant en état murailles et citadelles, en rassemblant les réserves d'armes, en se donnant un commandement organisé ; on bouchait également aux environs les sources utilisables par l'ennemi, et pour soi-même on faisait des provisions d'eau (Na 3:14). On établissait de fortes gardes aux portes, et des sentinelles sur les murs (2Ro 7:10, Esa 62:6). Pendant le siège proprement dit, il s'agissait d'entraver par tous les moyens les travaux d'approche et, à plus forte raison, les assauts de l'ennemi. On projetait sur lui flèches et traits en grand nombre (2Sa 11:20) ; on lançait même des pierres, témoin ce morceau de meule de moulin avec lequel une femme blessa mortellement Abimélec (Jug 9:53) ; on cherchait à détruire les machines et les béliers en y mettant le feu ou en les entravant par des chaînes. On en vint même à disposer de machines (2Ch 26:15) qui lançaient du haut des tours des flèches et des pierres (fig. 95). A l'époque des Macchabées, les deux camps dans les sièges usaient d'une véritable artillerie : catapultes et balistes (1Ma 6:51 et suivant 13:43, hélépole, machine « prend-ville »). Il arrivait que les assiégés, s'enhardissant, tentassent une sortie, qui parfois dégageait la place (2Sa 11:17,1Ro 20:16).

3.

Récits.

La Bible, qui fait mention d'innombrables sièges, contient des récits détaillés et très vivants de certains d'entre eux. Si l'on veut avoir une idée des négociations prudentes et rusées qui précédaient parfois le siège, paroles des assiégés feignant la soumission, puis conciliabules inquiets quand sont connues les exigences de l'ennemi, essais de froide intimidation, tentés par les envoyés des puissants rois qui « s'enivrent sous les tentes », il faut lire les récits des sièges de Jérusalem dans 1Ro 20 et 1Ro 22 et 2Ro 18 et 2Ro 19. Si l'on veut des détails sur le terrible état et les épouvantables extrémités où l'on pouvait être réduit par la famine, et sur ce régime d'horreur où les hommes devenaient des bêtes, qu'on lise les menaces de De 28:62-57 ou les récits de 2Ro 6:24-7:20 18:27. Dans Jer 51:30-33 se trouve une description saisissante des derniers moments de la résistance : guerriers épuisés, qui « sont comme des femmes », portes brisées, assaillants qui arrivent de partout, incendie qui gagne, courriers et messagers qui se croisent pour aller l'annoncer au roi, pauvre cité pour laquelle « le moment de la moisson est venu ». Quant aux destructions et aux massacres qui s'ensuivaient alors presque inévitablement, le livre de Josué les présente comme ayant été bien des fois implacables (voir Interdit) ; le livre des Lamentations en décrit les effets dans Jérusalem ruinée ; les Macchabées étaient aussi impitoyables dans leurs conquêtes (1Ma 5:28,35,51).

III Littérature.

Les écrivains bibliques trouvèrent dans les réalités de la guerre de siège un nombre infini d'images et de comparaisons. Comment les murailles et les tours ne seraient-elles pas le symbole de tout ce qui protège ? (1Sa 25:16, Ps 61:4) D'autre part, quoi de plus naturel que la transposition en termes de vie spirituelle de tous les événements de la vie guerrière ? « Celui qui est maître de son coeur est plus fort que celui qui prend des villes » (Pr 16:32), et l'homme que Dieu fortifie est une véritable citadelle (Jer 1:18). Le salut est un rempart (Esa 26:1) et quant à l'Éternel Lui-même, devant lequel un jour toutes les murailles s'abaisseront (Esa 2:16), Il est une forteresse pour l'âme croyante, Il est le vrai gardien de la ville assiégée, Il est le refuge où l'on est en sûreté (Ps 18:3 31:4 91:2, etc., Ps 127:1, Pr 18:10, Na 1:7). « C'est un rempart que notre Dieu », dira le cantique de Luther. J. Riv.

Voir Armes, Armée, Guerre.

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      11 So he caused the ark of Yahweh to go around the city, going about it once. Then they came into the camp, and lodged in the camp.
      12 Joshua rose early in the morning, and the priests took up the ark of Yahweh.
      13 The seven priests bearing the seven trumpets of rams' horns before the ark of Yahweh went on continually, and blew the trumpets: and the armed men went before them. The rear guard came after the ark of Yahweh. The trumpets sounded as they went.
      14 The second day they marched around the city once, and returned into the camp. They did this six days.
      15 It happened on the seventh day, that they rose early at the dawning of the day, and marched around the city in the same way seven times. Only on this day they marched around the city seven times.
      16 It happened at the seventh time, when the priests blew the trumpets, Joshua said to the people, "Shout, for Yahweh has given you the city!
      17 The city shall be devoted, even it and all that is in it, to Yahweh. Only Rahab the prostitute shall live, she and all who are with her in the house, because she hid the messengers that we sent.
      18 But as for you, only keep yourselves from the devoted thing, lest when you have devoted it, you take of the devoted thing; so would you make the camp of Israel accursed, and trouble it.
      19 But all the silver, and gold, and vessels of brass and iron, are holy to Yahweh. They shall come into Yahweh's treasury."
      20 So the people shouted, and the priests blew the trumpets. It happened, when the people heard the sound of the trumpet, that the people shouted with a great shout, and the wall fell down flat, so that the people went up into the city, every man straight before him, and they took the city.

      Josué 8

      10 Joshua rose up early in the morning, mustered the people, and went up, he and the elders of Israel, before the people to Ai.
      11 All the people, even the men of war who were with him, went up, and drew near, and came before the city, and encamped on the north side of Ai. Now there was a valley between him and Ai.
      12 He took about five thousand men, and set them in ambush between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the city.
      13 So they set the people, even all the army who was on the north of the city, and their ambush on the west of the city; and Joshua went that night into the midst of the valley.
      14 It happened, when the king of Ai saw it, that they hurried and rose up early, and the men of the city went out against Israel to battle, he and all his people, at the time appointed, before the Arabah; but he didn't know that there was an ambush against him behind the city.
      15 Joshua and all Israel made as if they were beaten before them, and fled by the way of the wilderness.
      16 All the people who were in the city were called together to pursue after them. They pursued Joshua, and were drawn away from the city.
      17 There was not a man left in Ai or Beth El who didn't go out after Israel. They left the city open, and pursued Israel.
      18 Yahweh said to Joshua, "Stretch out the javelin that is in your hand toward Ai, for I will give it into your hand." Joshua stretched out the javelin that was in his hand toward the city.
      19 The ambush arose quickly out of their place, and they ran as soon as he had stretched out his hand, and entered into the city, and took it. They hurried and set the city on fire.
      20 When the men of Ai looked behind them, they saw, and behold, the smoke of the city ascended up to heaven, and they had no power to flee this way or that way. The people who fled to the wilderness turned back on the pursuers.
      21 When Joshua and all Israel saw that the ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of the city ascended, then they turned again, and killed the men of Ai.
      22 The others came out of the city against them, so they were in the midst of Israel, some on this side, and some on that side. They struck them, so that they let none of them remain or escape.
      23 They captured the king of Ai alive, and brought him to Joshua.

      Juges 1

      24 The watchers saw a man come forth out of the city, and they said to him, "Please show us the entrance into the city, and we will deal kindly with you."

      Juges 8

      17 He broke down the tower of Penuel, and killed the men of the city.

      Juges 9

      42 It happened on the next day, that the people went out into the field; and they told Abimelech.
      43 He took the people, and divided them into three companies, and laid wait in the field; and he looked, and behold, the people came forth out of the city; He rose up against them, and struck them.
      44 Abimelech, and the companies that were with him, rushed forward, and stood in the entrance of the gate of the city: and the two companies rushed on all who were in the field, and struck them.
      45 Abimelech fought against the city all that day; and he took the city, and killed the people who were therein: and he beat down the city, and sowed it with salt.
      46 When all the men of the tower of Shechem heard of it, they entered into the stronghold of the house of Elberith.
      47 It was told Abimelech that all the men of the tower of Shechem were gathered together.
      48 Abimelech went up to Mount Zalmon, he and all the people who were with him; and Abimelech took an axe in his hand, and cut down a bough from the trees, and took it up, and laid it on his shoulder: and he said to the people who were with him, "What you have seen me do, make haste, and do as I have done!"
      49 All the people likewise each cut down his bough, and followed Abimelech, and put them at the base of the stronghold, and set the stronghold on fire on them; so that all the people of the tower of Shechem died also, about a thousand men and women.
      50 Then went Abimelech to Thebez, and encamped against Thebez, and took it.
      51 But there was a strong tower within the city, and there fled all the men and women, and all they of the city, and shut themselves in, and went up to the roof of the tower.
      52 Abimelech came to the tower, and fought against it, and drew near to the door of the tower to burn it with fire.
      53 A certain woman cast an upper millstone on Abimelech's head, and broke his skull.

      Juges 16

      3 Samson lay until midnight, and arose at midnight, and laid hold of the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and plucked them up, bar and all, and put them on his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of the mountain that is before Hebron.

      Ruth 4

      1 Now Boaz went up to the gate, and sat down there. Behold, the near kinsman of whom Boaz spoke came by; to whom he said, "Come over here, friend, and sit down!" He turned aside, and sat down.
      2 He took ten men of the elders of the city, and said, "Sit down here." They sat down.
      3 He said to the near kinsman, "Naomi, who has come back out of the country of Moab, is selling the parcel of land, which was our brother Elimelech's.
      4 I thought to disclose it to you, saying, 'Buy it before those who sit here, and before the elders of my people.' If you will redeem it, redeem it; but if you will not redeem it, then tell me, that I may know. For there is no one to redeem it besides you; and I am after you." He said, "I will redeem it."
      5 Then Boaz said, "On the day you buy the field from the hand of Naomi, you must buy it also from Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of the dead, to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance."
      6 The near kinsman said, "I can't redeem it for myself, lest I mar my own inheritance. Take my right of redemption for yourself; for I can't redeem it."
      7 Now this was the custom in former time in Israel concerning redeeming and concerning exchanging, to confirm all things: a man took off his shoe, and gave it to his neighbor; and this was the way of attestation in Israel.
      8 So the near kinsman said to Boaz, "Buy it for yourself." He took off his shoe.
      9 Boaz said to the elders, and to all the people, "You are witnesses this day, that I have bought all that was Elimelech's, and all that was Chilion's and Mahlon's, from the hand of Naomi.
      10 Moreover Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of Mahlon, I have purchased to be my wife, to raise up the name of the dead on his inheritance, that the name of the dead not be cut off from among his brothers, and from the gate of his place. You are witnesses this day."
      11 All the people who were in the gate, and the elders, said, "We are witnesses. May Yahweh make the woman who has come into your house like Rachel and like Leah, which two built the house of Israel; and treat you worthily in Ephrathah, and be famous in Bethlehem.
      12 Let your house be like the house of Perez, whom Tamar bore to Judah, of the seed which Yahweh shall give you of this young woman."

      1 Samuel 23

      14 David stayed in the wilderness in the strongholds, and remained in the hill country in the wilderness of Ziph. Saul sought him every day, but God didn't deliver him into his hand.

      1 Samuel 25

      16 They were a wall to us both by night and by day, all the while we were with them keeping the sheep.

      1 Samuel 31

      10 They put his armor in the house of the Ashtaroth; and they fastened his body to the wall of Beth Shan.

      2 Samuel 5

      7 Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion; the same is the city of David.

      2 Samuel 11

      17 The men of the city went out, and fought with Joab. Some of the people fell, even of the servants of David; and Uriah the Hittite died also.
      20 it shall be that, if the king's wrath arise, and he asks you, 'Why did you go so near to the city to fight? Didn't you know that they would shoot from the wall?

      2 Samuel 12

      26 Now Joab fought against Rabbah of the children of Ammon, and took the royal city.
      27 Joab sent messengers to David, and said, "I have fought against Rabbah. Yes, I have taken the city of waters.
      28 Now therefore gather the rest of the people together, and encamp against the city, and take it; lest I take the city, and it be called after my name."
      29 David gathered all the people together, and went to Rabbah, and fought against it, and took it.

      2 Samuel 18

      24 Now David was sitting between the two gates: and the watchman went up to the roof of the gate to the wall, and lifted up his eyes, and looked, and, behold, a man running alone.
      33 The king was much moved, and went up to the room over the gate, and wept. As he went, he said, "My son Absalom! My son, my son Absalom! I wish I had died for you, Absalom, my son, my son!"

      2 Samuel 20

      15 They came and besieged him in Abel of Beth Maacah, and they cast up a mound against the city, and it stood against the rampart; and all the people who were with Joab battered the wall, to throw it down.

      1 Chroniques 11

      6 David said, "Whoever strikes the Jebusites first shall be chief and captain." Joab the son of Zeruiah went up first, and was made chief.
      17 David longed, and said, "Oh that one would give me water to drink of the well of Bethlehem, which is by the gate!"

      1 Chroniques 27

      25 Over the king's treasures was Azmaveth the son of Adiel: and over the treasures in the fields, in the cities, and in the villages, and in the towers, was Jonathan the son of Uzziah:

      2 Chroniques 14

      6 He built fortified cities in Judah; for the land was quiet, and he had no war in those years, because Yahweh had given him rest.

      2 Chroniques 25

      23 Joash king of Israel took Amaziah king of Judah, the son of Joash the son of Jehoahaz, at Beth Shemesh, and brought him to Jerusalem, and broke down the wall of Jerusalem from the gate of Ephraim to the corner gate, four hundred cubits.

      2 Chroniques 26

      9 Moreover Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at the corner gate, and at the valley gate, and at the turning of the wall, and fortified them.
      15 He made in Jerusalem engines, invented by skillful men, to be on the towers and on the battlements, with which to shoot arrows and great stones. His name spread far abroad; for he was marvelously helped, until he was strong.

      2 Chroniques 27

      3 He built the upper gate of the house of Yahweh, and on the wall of Ophel he built much.
      4 Moreover he built cities in the hill country of Judah, and in the forests he built castles and towers.

      2 Chroniques 32

      1 After these things, and this faithfulness, Sennacherib king of Assyria came, and entered into Judah, and encamped against the fortified cities, and thought to win them for himself.
      2 When Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib had come, and that he was purposed to fight against Jerusalem,
      3 he took counsel with his princes and his mighty men to stop the waters of the springs which were outside of the city; and they helped him.
      4 So many people gathered together, and they stopped all the springs, and the brook that flowed through the midst of the land, saying, "Why should the kings of Assyria come, and find much water?"
      5 He took courage, and built up all the wall that was broken down, and raised it up to the towers, and the other wall outside, and strengthened Millo in the city of David, and made weapons and shields in abundance.
      6 He set captains of war over the people, and gathered them together to him in the broad place at the gate of the city, and spoke comfortably to them, saying,
      7 "Be strong and courageous, don't be afraid nor dismayed for the king of Assyria, nor for all the multitude who is with him; for there is a greater with us than with him.
      8 With him is an arm of flesh; but with us is Yahweh our God to help us, and to fight our battles." The people rested themselves on the words of Hezekiah king of Judah.

      Néhémie 2

      1 It happened in the month Nisan, in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes the king, when wine was before him, that I took up the wine, and gave it to the king. Now I had not been sad before in his presence.
      2 The king said to me, "Why is your face sad, since you are not sick? This is nothing else but sorrow of heart." Then I was very much afraid.
      3 I said to the king, "Let the king live forever! Why shouldn't my face be sad, when the city, the place of my fathers' tombs, lies waste, and its gates have been consumed with fire?"
      4 Then the king said to me, "For what do you make request?" So I prayed to the God of heaven.
      5 I said to the king, "If it pleases the king, and if your servant has found favor in your sight, that you would send me to Judah, to the city of my fathers' tombs, that I may build it."
      6 The king said to me (the queen was also sitting by him), "For how long shall your journey be? And when will you return?" So it pleased the king to send me; and I set him a time.
      7 Moreover I said to the king, "If it pleases the king, let letters be given me to the governors beyond the River, that they may let me pass through until I come to Judah;
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