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HAUT-LIEU

1. Ce terme traduit l'hébreu bâmâh (plur, bâmoth), dont le sens doit avoir évolué au cours des âges. Sans doute il désigna d'abord une éminence, hauteur, colline, sommet, etc. (De 32:13,2Sa 1:19,25, Am 4:13, Mich, 1:3), parfois au sens fig (Esa 14:14). Les Sémites virent avec prédilection dans ces sommets le lieu favori de la résidence et des manifestations de leurs divinités, et ils en firent par excellence l'emplacement de leurs cultes. Les bâmoth deviennent donc des autels, des sanctuaires (Am 7:9) érigés sur les hauteurs, soit aux dieux païens, soit même à Jéhovah (No 22:41,2Ro 21:3 etc.) ; et l'on dit couramment : « monter au haut-lieu », « descendre du haut-lieu » (1Sa 9:13 et suivant, 1Ro 11:7, Eze 20:28 et suivant). Quand les hauts-lieux se furent multipliés, leur nom s'appliqua fréquemment aux sanctuaires locaux, dépendant des bourgades et des villes, même lorsqu'ils furent plus tard érigés au fond des vallées (Jer 7:31 32:35) ou à l'intérieur des cités (2Ro 17:9, Eze 16:24).

2. Quand les Hébreux pénétrèrent en Canaan, ils s'approprièrent graduellement pour leur culte les hauts-lieux païens du pays, dont la plupart étaient très antérieurs à l'arrivée d'Israël ; rarement ils en créèrent de nouveaux (1Sa 7:17,2Sa 24:16,25). Il n'y avait pas d'ailleurs, à l'origine, d'incompatibilité de principe entre la religion de Jéhovah et la notion du haut-lieu (Ex 20:24,1Ro 19:14).

(a) A l'époque de la conquête, les Hébreux eurent des hauts-lieux notoires à Guilgal (Jos 9:6 10:6,1Sa 10:8 15:21), Béthel (Jug 20:18,26,1Sa 10:3), Mitspa (Jug 20:1), Rama (1Sa 7:17), Nob (1Sa 21:1 22:9). C'est Silo qui paraît avoir été le plus réputé (Jos 18:1 19:51, Jug 21:19,1Sa 1:3, etc.).

(b) On présume que sous la royauté, dans une stabilité politique relative, les Israélites eurent des hauts-lieux dans toutes leurs localités (ex. Bethléhem, 1Sa 20:6,29), tout en conservant une ferveur particulière pour les plus célèbres bâmoth de leurs débuts en Canaan. La préférence d'un roi pour tel ou tel sanctuaire lui conférait l'épithète caractéristique de « royal » ; ex. : Hébron sous David (2Sa 5:1 15:7), Gabaon sous Salomon (1Ro 3:4,2Ch 1:3), Béthel sous Jéroboam II (1Ro 12:26,29, Am 7:13)

(c) Après le schisme, les Hébreux, dévoyés par des monarques et des prêtres infidèles, subirent la contagion croissante du paganisme ambiant : l'idolâtrie l'emporta sur le spiritualisme jéhoviste. Elle envahit d'abord le royaume du Nord, où elle ne rencontra l'opposition d'aucune institution sociale ou religieuse ; alors refleurirent sur les bâmoth d'Israël, principalement à Béthel et à Dan, les rites grossiers et cruels des Baals et des Astartés (Am 7:13 8:14). C'est contre cette dépossession de Jéhovah que protestèrent avec indignation les deux vaillants prophètes du VIII e siècle, Amos et Osée (Am 2:7 4:4, Os 5:11 11:1 et suivant). La paganisation fut plus lente dans le royaume du Sud (Juda), où elle se heurta à l'influence exceptionnelle et régulatrice du temple bâti par Salomon à la gloire de Jéhovah, mais où elle finit aussi par triompher (Am 8:14,2Ro 23, Jer 2:20 3:1 7:30 et suivant). Ici, pourtant, et grâce au temple, se fit jour dans l'élite religieuse un mouvement centralisateur, visant à adorer le Dieu unique d'Israël dans un sanctuaire « unique ». Ce mouvement, capital dans l'évolution spirituelle du peuple élu, et dont le Deutéronome (De 12:1,13) et les livres des Rois nous apportent l'écho, allait à l'encontre même du principe de la légitimité et de la nécessité des hauts-lieux, jusqu'alors admise sans conteste. Mais il touchait à des traditions et des usages si profondément établis qu'il ne progressa qu'avec d'extrêmes difficultés. Vigoureusement encouragé par Ézéchias (2Ro 18:4), intégré par Josias dans la réforme qui porte son nom (2Ro 23), il ne s'affirma nettement victorieux qu'après la ruine de Jérusalem et le retour de l'exil aux VI e et V e siècles.

3. Jusque vers cette époque, les hauts-lieux furent donc intimement mêlés à l'histoire d'Israël ; ils concentraient en quelque sorte sa vie publique sociale et religieuse. C'est auprès de ces sanctuaires populaires, desservis par des sacrificateurs et des prophètes ou voyants (Jug 20:28,1Sa 2:11,17 9:11,14,2Sa 15:32,37), qu'on adorait Jéhovah et qu'on le consultait dans les difficultés personnelles, familiales et collectives (1Sa 1:3 10:3 20:6,29) ; c'est là qu'on déposait l'arche de l'alliance (Jug 20:27,1Sa 4:4), et qu'au milieu des fêtes et des réjouissances on apportait dîmes et offrandes ; là qu'était rendue la justice (1Sa 7:15-17) et qu'accouraient les guerriers avant le combat. Malheureusement les cérémonies qui s'y déroulaient provoquèrent souvent de déplorables excès (1Sa 1:13), et aboutirent aux plus licencieuses dépravations des idolâtries païennes (De 23:18,1Ro 14:24, Am 2:8, Esa 28:7).

4. Des fouilles fort importantes ont permis de retrouver quelques bâmoth de Palestine ; à Guézer et Thaanac principalt, ont été découverts des sanctuaires assez bien conservés. En confrontant les données de l'A. T, avec les résultats de ces recherches scientifiques, on a pu reconstituer la physionomie approximative d'un haut-lieu (fig. 112 à 114). Ce dernier consistait généralement en un entablement plus ou moins spacieux de rochers ou de terre battue, creusé de cupules ou rigoles destinées à recueillir le sang des sacrifices : c'est là qu'il faut voir l'autel. Des piliers (voir Colonne), pierres dressées ou troncs d'arbres, figuration symbolique de la divinité, en complétaient l'ordonnance. On présume qu'à ces éléments fondamentaux s'ajoutaient un bassin pour les ablutions rituelles et même un réfectoire pour les repas sacrés (1Sa 9:11,14). Une espèce de construction devait aussi, en certains cas, abriter le haut-lieu et les reliques qu'il renfermait (Jug 17:5,1Sa 1:9 3:3).

Voir H. Vincent, Canaan ; Macalister, Gezer ; Bertholet, Hist. Civ. Isr., pp. 115SS ; A. Lods, Israël, etc. JN R,

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