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HÉBRON

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(=association).

1. Aujourd'hui el-Khâlil (=l'ami, en mémoire d'Abraham, « ami de Dieu », Esa 41:8, Jas 2:23), à 35 km. au Sud-S. -O. de Jérusalem. Une des plus anciennes cités palestiniennes, bâtie sept ans avant Tsoan (Tanis), capitale de la basse Egypte (No 13:22) ; appelée d'abord Kirjath-Arba (=la ville des quatre). L'explication de ce nom est difficile et les traditions diffèrent. Arba aurait été l'homme le plus grand parmi les Anakim (Jos 14:15). Peut-être la ville des quatre Anakim : Ahiman, Sésaï, Talmaï et Anak ? (No 13:22) ou mieux, la ville des quatre quartiers ?

Les patriarches (Abraham, Isaac, Jacob) avaient campé à proximité d'Hébron, aux chênes de Mamré (Ge 13:18 35:27). et Abraham acheta à Éphron, le Hittite, pour y enterrer Sara, sa femme, la caverne de Mac-péla, vis-à-vis de Mamré (Ge 23:19). Ce fut d'ailleurs leur sépulture familiale (Ge 25:9 49:31 50:13).

Les espions envoyés par Moïse rapportèrent de la vallée d'Escol, proche d'Hébron, la fameuse grappe de raisin, mais aussi le renseignement que le pays était peuplé de géants (No 13:21,33), ce qui n'en empêcha pas la conquête au temps de Josué (Jos 10:36,37), ni l'attribution à Caleb (Jos 14:14 15:13,14). Hébron est citée de même dans les villes de refuge (Jos 20:7 21:13).

Au début de la royauté, et avant la prise de Jébus (Jérusalem), elle fut la capitale de David (2Sa 2:1-4 5:3-5). On y procéda à quelques exécutions : celle d'Abner (2Sa 3:27), celle des meurtriers d'Isboseth (2Sa 4:12) ; on montre encore « l'étang » qui vit leur pendaison. Hébron fut un moment le centre de la révolte d'Absalom (2Sa 15:7 et suivants).

Fortifiée par Roboam (2Ch 11:10), elle fut repeuplée après l'exil (Ne 11:26), mais Judas Macchabée la reprit aux « enfants d'Ésaü » (Édomites) et la démantela (1Ma 5:65). Lors de la révolte juive, Cerealis, général de Vespasien, prit Hébron et la brûla. Les croisés, qui l'avaient occupée en 1100, ne purent la défendre devant Saladin (1187) et le « château d'Abraham » tomba aux mains des musulmans.

Outre son site, le plus grand intérêt d'Hébron est aujourd'hui celui que lui donne sa mosquée. Celle-ci a succédé à des églises médiévales et byzantines construites au centre d'une enceinte monumentale élevée par le roi Hérode sur ce que l'on croit être « la caverne de Macpéla ». Le fanatisme musulman qui, ici, « prend un caractère spécialement odieux », a jusqu'à présent compliqué l'étude du monument, dont un relevé rapide a pu être opéré en 1920 (le P. Vincent, Cap. Mackay). Mais aucun savant n'a réussi à pénétrer dans la caverne que recouvre la mosquée. Si rien n'affirme d'une façon péremptoire l'exactitude de l'identification, rien non plus ne l'infirme, et les textes bibliques s'accordent très bien avec la topographie. Si les fameux chênes se trouvaient au lieu dit maintenant Nimra, Mamré était bien en face de la caverne (Ge 23:19), elle-même en face du site primitif d'Hébron, à chercher vraisemblablement sur le versant d'er-Rou-meidé (pour la question du campement d'Abraham, voir Mamré). A. P.

2. Petit-fils de Lévi (Ex 6:18, No 3:19,1Ch 6:2,18 23:12,19) ancêtre des Hébronites (No 3:27 26:58,1Ch 26:23,30 et suivant) ou « enfants d'Hébron » (1Ch 15:9).

3. Descendant de Caleb (1Ch 2:42 et suivant)

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 13

      18 Abram moved his tent, and came and lived by the oaks of Mamre, which are in Hebron, and built an altar there to Yahweh.

      Genèse 23

      2 Sarah died in Kiriath Arba (the same is Hebron), in the land of Canaan. Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.
      19 After this, Abraham buried Sarah his wife in the cave of the field of Machpelah before Mamre (that is, Hebron), in the land of Canaan.

      Genèse 25

      9 Isaac and Ishmael, his sons, buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron, the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before Mamre,

      Genèse 35

      27 Jacob came to Isaac his father, to Mamre, to Kiriath Arba (which is Hebron), where Abraham and Isaac lived as foreigners.

      Genèse 37

      14 He said to him, "Go now, see whether it is well with your brothers, and well with the flock; and bring me word again." So he sent him out of the valley of Hebron, and he came to Shechem.

      Genèse 49

      31 There they buried Abraham and Sarah, his wife. There they buried Isaac and Rebekah, his wife, and there I buried Leah:

      Genèse 50

      13 for his sons carried him into the land of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of the field of Machpelah, which Abraham bought with the field, for a possession of a burial site, from Ephron the Hittite, before Mamre.

      Exode 6

      18 The sons of Kohath: Amram, and Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel; and the years of the life of Kohath were one hundred thirty-three years.

      Nombres 3

      19 The sons of Kohath by their families: Amram, and Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel.
      27 Of Kohath was the family of the Amramites, and the family of the Izharites, and the family of the Hebronites, and the family of the Uzzielites: these are the families of the Kohathites.

      Nombres 13

      21 So they went up, and spied out the land from the wilderness of Zin to Rehob, to the entrance of Hamath.
      22 They went up by the South, and came to Hebron; and Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were there. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.)
      33 There we saw the Nephilim, the sons of Anak, who come of the Nephilim: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight."

      Nombres 26

      58 These are the families of Levi: the family of the Libnites, the family of the Hebronites, the family of the Mahlites, the family of the Mushites, the family of the Korahites. Kohath became the father of Amram.

      Josué 10

      3 Therefore Adoni-Zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Hoham king of Hebron, to Piram king of Jarmuth, to Japhia king of Lachish, and to Debir king of Eglon, saying,
      5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their armies, and encamped against Gibeon, and made war against it.
      23 They did so, and brought those five kings out of the cave to him: the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, and the king of Eglon.
      36 Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, to Hebron; and they fought against it.
      37 They took it, and struck it with the edge of the sword, with its king and all its cities, and all the souls who were in it. He left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but he utterly destroyed it, and all the souls who were in it.
      39 He took it, with its king and all its cities. They struck them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls who were in it. He left none remaining. As he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to its king; as he had done also to Libnah, and to its king.

      Josué 11

      21 Joshua came at that time, and cut off the Anakim from the hill country, from Hebron, from Debir, from Anab, and from all the hill country of Judah, and from all the hill country of Israel: Joshua utterly destroyed them with their cities.

      Josué 12

      10 the king of Jerusalem, one; the king of Hebron, one;

      Josué 14

      13 Joshua blessed him; and he gave Hebron to Caleb the son of Jephunneh for an inheritance.
      14 Therefore Hebron became the inheritance of Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite to this day; because he wholly followed Yahweh, the God of Israel.
      15 Now the name of Hebron before was Kiriath Arba, after the greatest man among the Anakim. The land had rest from war.

      Josué 15

      13 To Caleb the son of Jephunneh he gave a portion among the children of Judah, according to the commandment of Yahweh to Joshua, even Kiriath Arba, named after the father of Anak (the same is Hebron).
      54 Humtah, Kiriath Arba (the same is Hebron), and Zior; nine cities with their villages.

      Josué 20

      7 They set apart Kedesh in Galilee in the hill country of Naphtali, Shechem in the hill country of Ephraim, and Kiriath Arba (the same is Hebron) in the hill country of Judah.

      Josué 21

      11 They gave them Kiriath Arba, named after the father of Anak (the same is Hebron), in the hill country of Judah, with its suburbs around it.
      13 To the children of Aaron the priest they gave Hebron with its suburbs, the city of refuge for the manslayer, Libnah with its suburbs,

      Juges 1

      10 Judah went against the Canaanites who lived in Hebron (now the name of Hebron before was Kiriath Arba); and they struck Sheshai, and Ahiman, and Talmai.
      20 They gave Hebron to Caleb, as Moses had spoken: and he drove out there the three sons of Anak.

      Juges 16

      3 Samson lay until midnight, and arose at midnight, and laid hold of the doors of the gate of the city, and the two posts, and plucked them up, bar and all, and put them on his shoulders, and carried them up to the top of the mountain that is before Hebron.

      1 Samuel 30

      31 and to those who were in Hebron, and to all the places where David himself and his men used to stay.

      2 Samuel 2

      1 It happened after this, that David inquired of Yahweh, saying, "Shall I go up into any of the cities of Judah?" Yahweh said to him, "Go up." David said, "Where shall I go up?" He said, "To Hebron."
      2 So David went up there, and his two wives also, Ahinoam the Jezreelitess, and Abigail the wife of Nabal the Carmelite.
      3 David brought up his men who were with him, every man with his household. They lived in the cities of Hebron.
      4 The men of Judah came, and there they anointed David king over the house of Judah. They told David, saying, "The men of Jabesh Gilead were those who buried Saul."
      11 The time that David was king in Hebron over the house of Judah was seven years and six months.
      32 They took up Asahel, and buried him in the tomb of his father, which was in Bethlehem. Joab and his men went all night, and the day broke on them at Hebron.

      2 Samuel 3

      2 To David were sons born in Hebron: and his firstborn was Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess;
      5 and the sixth, Ithream, of Eglah, David's wife. These were born to David in Hebron.
      19 Abner also spoke in the ears of Benjamin: and Abner went also to speak in the ears of David in Hebron all that seemed good to Israel, and to the whole house of Benjamin.
      20 So Abner came to David to Hebron, and twenty men with him. David made Abner and the men who were with him a feast.
      22 Behold, the servants of David and Joab came from a foray, and brought in a great spoil with them: but Abner was not with David in Hebron; for he had sent him away, and he was gone in peace.
      27 When Abner was returned to Hebron, Joab took him aside into the midst of the gate to speak with him quietly, and struck him there in the body, so that he died, for the blood of Asahel his brother.
      32 They buried Abner in Hebron: and the king lifted up his voice, and wept at the grave of Abner; and all the people wept.

      2 Samuel 4

      1 When Saul's son heard that Abner was dead in Hebron, his hands became feeble, and all the Israelites were troubled.
      8 They brought the head of Ishbosheth to David to Hebron, and said to the king, "Behold, the head of Ishbosheth, the son of Saul, your enemy, who sought your life! Yahweh has avenged my lord the king this day of Saul, and of his seed."
      12 David commanded his young men, and they killed them, and cut off their hands and their feet, and hanged them up beside the pool in Hebron. But they took the head of Ishbosheth, and buried it in the grave of Abner in Hebron.

      2 Samuel 5

      1 Then came all the tribes of Israel to David to Hebron, and spoke, saying, "Behold, we are your bone and your flesh.
      3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and king David made a covenant with them in Hebron before Yahweh; and they anointed David king over Israel.
      5 In Hebron he reigned over Judah seven years and six months; and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years over all Israel and Judah.
      13 David took him more concubines and wives out of Jerusalem, after he had come from Hebron; and there were yet sons and daughters born to David.

      2 Samuel 15

      7 It happened at the end of forty years, that Absalom said to the king, "Please let me go and pay my vow, which I have vowed to Yahweh, in Hebron.
      9 The king said to him, "Go in peace." So he arose, and went to Hebron.
      10 But Absalom sent spies throughout all the tribes of Israel, saying, "As soon as you hear the sound of the trumpet, then you shall say, 'Absalom is king in Hebron!'"

      1 Chroniques 2

      42 The sons of Caleb the brother of Jerahmeel were Mesha his firstborn, who was the father of Ziph; and the sons of Mareshah the father of Hebron.

      1 Chroniques 3

      1 Now these were the sons of David, who were born to him in Hebron: the firstborn, Amnon, of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the second, Daniel, of Abigail the Carmelitess;
      4 six were born to him in Hebron; and there he reigned seven years and six months. In Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years;

      1 Chroniques 6

      2 The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, and Hebron, and Uzziel.
      55 to them they gave Hebron in the land of Judah, and its suburbs around it;
      57 To the sons of Aaron they gave the cities of refuge, Hebron; Libnah also with its suburbs, and Jattir, and Eshtemoa with its suburbs,

      1 Chroniques 11

      1 Then all Israel gathered themselves to David to Hebron, saying, "Behold, we are your bone and your flesh.
      3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king to Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in Hebron before Yahweh; and they anointed David king over Israel, according to the word of Yahweh by Samuel.

      1 Chroniques 12

      23 These are the numbers of the heads of those who were armed for war, who came to David to Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul to him, according to the word of Yahweh.
      38 All these being men of war, who could order the battle array, came with a perfect heart to Hebron, to make David king over all Israel: and all the rest also of Israel were of one heart to make David king.

      1 Chroniques 15

      9 of the sons of Hebron, Eliel the chief, and his brothers eighty;

      1 Chroniques 26

      23 Of the Amramites, of the Izharites, of the Hebronites, of the Uzzielites:

      1 Chroniques 29

      27 The time that he reigned over Israel was forty years; he reigned seven years in Hebron, and he reigned thirty-three years in Jerusalem.

      2 Chroniques 11

      10 and Zorah, and Aijalon, and Hebron, which are in Judah and in Benjamin, fortified cities.

      Néhémie 11

      26 and in Jeshua, and in Moladah, and Beth Pelet,

      Esaïe 41

      8 "But you, Israel, my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham my friend,

      Jacques 2

      23 and the Scripture was fulfilled which says, "Abraham believed God, and it was accounted to him as righteousness"; and he was called the friend of God.
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