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HOSPITALITÉ

(du latin hospes =hôte, probablement tiré du sanscrit : ghosha =groupe d'habitations autour de l'étable, jet pati =maître). L'étymologie nous montre ce qu'a été l'hospitalité à ses débuts, alors que les auberges étaient inconnues. De tout temps les peuples pasteurs ont été hospitaliers ; cette qualité découle tout naturellement de leur genre de vie. Plus ou moins isolé du reste du monde, surtout aux époques primitives, le pasteur, entouré de sa famille, voyait arriver tout étranger avec une curiosité bienveillante et lui offrait asile volontiers. En effet, les voyages alors étaient de longues et périlleuses entreprises ; l'hôte arrivait presque toujours fatigué et affamé, parfois même blessé ; c'était un devoir de le restaurer par la nourriture et le repos, après quoi on s'enquérait auprès de lui de ses origines, on lui demandait ses intentions, on lui faisait raconter ses aventures. Ces mêmes coutumes se retrouvent aussi bien dans les épopées de l'Inde et de la Grèce que dans la Bible ; on y voit le chef de famille mettant à la disposition de l'arrivant toutes les ressources de sa maison, le priant de s'en considérer le maître.

Dès l'antiquité la plus reculée, le chef de famille accueille l'arrivant comme un être sacré ; celui-ci devient pour un temps membre honoré de la famille ; chacun s'empresse à son service. C'était un point d'honneur que de satisfaire tous ses besoins, de veiller en particulier à sa sûreté, au cas fréquent où il se trouvait être poursuivi par un ennemi, même si ce dernier était l'ami de celui qui recevait. Les héros d'Homère connaissent l'hospitalité sous une forme très perfectionnée et les tribus barbares des Germains avaient cette loi : « Si quelqu'un a refusé le couvert ou le foyer à un voyageur, qu'il soit frappé d'une amende de trois sous. » (Grand Larousse). Cependant c'est en Orient que l'hospitalité est pratiquée de la façon la plus large. Chez les Hébreux, l'hospitalité est une vertu courante. La réception des étrangers pour le vivre et le couvert était presque imposée par les circonstances, puisque les caravansérails étaient rares même dans les villes. Abraham (Ge 18:1-8) est un hôte plein de bonté et de mansuétude : quand des inconnus se présentent chez lui, il court à leur rencontre (verset 2), se prosterne à leurs pieds, leur offre le meilleur de ses provisions, les sert de ses propres mains (verset 8). Voir aussi Lot (Ge 19:1,3), Rébecca, qui s'occupe même des chameaux (Ge 24:24 et suivants), Réuel (Ex 2:20), les espions cachés par Rahab (Jos 2:4,7). Autant il était naturel d'offrir l'hospitalité (Jug 19:3,9), autant il était honteux de la refuser (Jug 19:16-21).

« D'autre part, il est évident que l'hospitalité accordée à l'étranger ne peut pas durer éternellement. Les moeurs arabes font durer le privilège de l'hôte trois jours et quatre heures. S'il reste plus longtemps, ce n'est plus à titre gratuit ; il doit participer aux soins du ménage. Il a dû en être à peu près de même dans les premiers temps d'Israël. » (Bertholet, Hist. Civ. Isr., p. 136.)

Le N.T. mentionne le khân (voir Hôtellerie) ou caravansérail (Lu 2:7 10:34). Nous aimons à nous représenter Jésus reçu partout où il se présente. Sur le seuil de la porte il prononce le chalôm ou salâm, c'est-à-dire le souhait de bonheur ; (comp. Lu 24:36, Jn 20:26) on l'entoure, on l'écoute, on lui reconnaît de l'autorité. Cette humble habitation attire vite l'intérêt de tous les habitants du village, par curiosité petits et grands s'y rendent, les portes sont ouvertes, chacun peut entrer (Lu 7:36 et suivant), assister au repas, pris souvent en plein air, écouter renseignement du visiteur, que pendant son séjour on appellera le Maître (Ed. Stapfer, Pal., pp. 229s.). Sont à citer pour leur hospitalité : Marthe et Marie de Béthanie (Lu 10:38-42), Zachée le péager (Lu 19:6), Simon Pierre (Mr 1:31), Matthieu (Mr 2:15). Jésus recommande aux Douze d'user de l'hospitalité des gens de bien, mais sans changer d'hôte au gré de leurs préférences (Mt 10:11 et suivant) ; dans ses paraboles il montre l'hospitalité exercée non seulement envers les pairs, mais envers les petits et les déshérités de la terre (Lu 14:12 et suivant, Mt 22:8 et suivant).

Dans les Actes des apôtres, de nombreux exemples montrent les Juifs hospitaliers, même hors de Palestine (Ac 10:6 16:15 18:3). C'est à Lystre, où Paul et Barnabas sont pris pour les visiteurs divins Jupiter et Mercure (Ac 13 et suivants), qu'était née la fameuse légende de la visite de ces dieux : ils n'avaient été accueillis que par le pauvre couple paysan, Philémon et Baucis, qui fut récompensé en échappant à l'inondation où périrent les riches inhospitaliers, puis en mourant ensemble à l'extrême vieillesse (Ovide, Métam.  ; La Fontaine). Les épîtres recommandent vivement l'exercice de l'hospitalité (Ro 12:13,1Ti 3:2, Tit 1:8, Heb 13:2,1Pi 4:9), continuant en cela d'appliquer la loi de Moïse (Ex 22:21, Le 19:34, De 10:19). Opprimer l'étranger a toujours été considéré comme un crime (Jer 7:6, Mal 3:5). Être hospitalier était donc un des ordres les plus précis de Dieu (Esa 58:7, Ga 6:10), et Jésus en fait une des vertus principales (Mt 10:40,42 25:35,46). Et si les conditions de la vie moderne sont peu favorables à cette coutume obligeante envers autrui, on la retrouve encore parfois, dans toute sa grandeur et sa simplicité, chez les peuplades éloignées de notre civilisation. Ml M.

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      Genèse 18

      1 Yahweh appeared to him by the oaks of Mamre, as he sat in the tent door in the heat of the day.
      2 He lifted up his eyes and looked, and saw that three men stood opposite him. When he saw them, he ran to meet them from the tent door, and bowed himself to the earth,
      3 and said, "My lord, if now I have found favor in your sight, please don't go away from your servant.
      4 Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.
      5 I will get a morsel of bread so you can refresh your heart. After that you may go your way, now that you have come to your servant." They said, "Very well, do as you have said."
      6 Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah, and said, "Quickly prepare three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes."
      7 Abraham ran to the herd, and fetched a tender and good calf, and gave it to the servant. He hurried to dress it.
      8 He took butter, milk, and the calf which he had dressed, and set it before them. He stood by them under the tree, and they ate.

      Genèse 19

      1 The two angels came to Sodom at evening. Lot sat in the gate of Sodom. Lot saw them, and rose up to meet them. He bowed himself with his face to the earth,
      3 He urged them greatly, and they came in with him, and entered into his house. He made them a feast, and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.

      Genèse 24

      24 She said to him, "I am the daughter of Bethuel the son of Milcah, whom she bore to Nahor."

      Exode 2

      20 He said to his daughters, "Where is he? Why is it that you have left the man? Call him, that he may eat bread."

      Exode 22

      21 "You shall not wrong an alien, neither shall you oppress him, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt.

      Lévitique 19

      34 The stranger who lives as a foreigner with you shall be to you as the native-born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for you lived as foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am Yahweh your God.

      Josué 2

      4 The woman took the two men and hid them. Then she said, "Yes, the men came to me, but I didn't know where they came from.
      7 The men pursued them the way to the Jordan to the fords: and as soon as those who pursued them had gone out, they shut the gate.

      Juges 19

      3 Her husband arose, and went after her, to speak kindly to her, to bring her again, having his servant with him, and a couple of donkeys: and she brought him into her father's house; and when the father of the young lady saw him, he rejoiced to meet him.
      9 When the man rose up to depart, he, and his concubine, and his servant, his father-in-law, the young lady's father, said to him, "Behold, now the day draws toward evening, please stay all night: behold, the day grows to an end, lodge here, that your heart may be merry; and tomorrow go on your way early, that you may go home."
      16 Behold, there came an old man from his work out of the field at evening: now the man was of the hill country of Ephraim, and he lived in Gibeah; but the men of the place were Benjamites.
      17 He lifted up his eyes, and saw the wayfaring man in the street of the city; and the old man said, "Where are you going? Where did you come from?"
      18 He said to him, "We are passing from Bethlehem Judah to the farther side of the hill country of Ephraim. I am from there, and I went to Bethlehem Judah. I am going to the house of Yahweh; and there is no man who takes me into his house.
      19 Yet there is both straw and provender for our donkeys; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for your handmaid, and for the young man who is with your servants: there is no want of anything."
      20 The old man said, "Peace be to you; howsoever let all your wants lie on me; only don't lodge in the street."
      21 So he brought him into his house, and gave the donkeys fodder; and they washed their feet, and ate and drink.

      Esaïe 58

      7 Isn't it to distribute your bread to the hungry, and that you bring the poor who are cast out to your house? When you see the naked, that you cover him; and that you not hide yourself from your own flesh?

      Jérémie 7

      6 if you don't oppress the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow, and don't shed innocent blood in this place, neither walk after other gods to your own hurt:

      Malachie 3

      5 I will come near to you to judgment; and I will be a swift witness against the sorcerers, and against the adulterers, and against the perjurers, and against those who oppress the hireling in his wages, the widow, and the fatherless, and who deprive the foreigner of justice, and don't fear me," says Yahweh of Armies.

      Matthieu 10

      11 Into whatever city or village you enter, find out who in it is worthy; and stay there until you go on.
      40 He who receives you receives me, and he who receives me receives him who sent me.
      42 Whoever gives one of these little ones just a cup of cold water to drink in the name of a disciple, most certainly I tell you he will in no way lose his reward."

      Matthieu 22

      8 "Then he said to his servants, 'The wedding is ready, but those who were invited weren't worthy.

      Matthieu 25

      35 for I was hungry, and you gave me food to eat. I was thirsty, and you gave me drink. I was a stranger, and you took me in.
      46 These will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."

      Marc 1

      31 He came and took her by the hand, and raised her up. The fever left her, and she served them.

      Marc 2

      15 It happened, that he was reclining at the table in his house, and many tax collectors and sinners sat down with Jesus and his disciples, for there were many, and they followed him.

      Luc 2

      7 She brought forth her firstborn son, and she wrapped him in bands of cloth, and laid him in a feeding trough, because there was no room for them in the inn.

      Luc 7

      36 One of the Pharisees invited him to eat with him. He entered into the Pharisee's house, and sat at the table.

      Luc 10

      34 came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.
      38 It happened as they went on their way, he entered into a certain village, and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house.
      39 She had a sister called Mary, who also sat at Jesus' feet, and heard his word.
      40 But Martha was distracted with much serving, and she came up to him, and said, "Lord, don't you care that my sister left me to serve alone? Ask her therefore to help me."
      41 Jesus answered her, "Martha, Martha, you are anxious and troubled about many things,
      42 but one thing is needed. Mary has chosen the good part, which will not be taken away from her."

      Luc 14

      12 He also said to the one who had invited him, "When you make a dinner or a supper, don't call your friends, nor your brothers, nor your kinsmen, nor rich neighbors, or perhaps they might also return the favor, and pay you back.

      Luc 19

      6 He hurried, came down, and received him joyfully.

      Luc 24

      36 As they said these things, Jesus himself stood among them, and said to them, "Peace be to you."

      Jean 20

      26 After eight days again his disciples were inside, and Thomas was with them. Jesus came, the doors being locked, and stood in the midst, and said, "Peace be to you."

      Actes 10

      6 He lodges with one Simon, a tanner, whose house is by the seaside. "

      Actes 13

      1 Now in the assembly that was at Antioch there were some prophets and teachers: Barnabas, Simeon who was called Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen the foster brother of Herod the tetrarch, and Saul.
      2 As they served the Lord and fasted, the Holy Spirit said, "Separate Barnabas and Saul for me, for the work to which I have called them."
      3 Then, when they had fasted and prayed and laid their hands on them, they sent them away.
      4 So, being sent out by the Holy Spirit, they went down to Seleucia. From there they sailed to Cyprus.
      5 When they were at Salamis, they proclaimed the word of God in the Jewish synagogues. They had also John as their attendant.
      6 When they had gone through the island to Paphos, they found a certain sorcerer, a false prophet, a Jew, whose name was Bar Jesus,
      7 who was with the proconsul, Sergius Paulus, a man of understanding. This man summoned Barnabas and Saul, and sought to hear the word of God.
      8 But Elymas the sorcerer (for so is his name by interpretation) withstood them, seeking to turn aside the proconsul from the faith.
      9 But Saul, who is also called Paul, filled with the Holy Spirit, fastened his eyes on him,
      10 and said, "Full of all deceit and all cunning, you son of the devil, you enemy of all righteousness, will you not cease to pervert the right ways of the Lord?
      11 Now, behold, the hand of the Lord is on you, and you will be blind, not seeing the sun for a season!" Immediately a mist and darkness fell on him. He went around seeking someone to lead him by the hand.
      12 Then the proconsul, when he saw what was done, believed, being astonished at the teaching of the Lord.
      13 Now Paul and his company set sail from Paphos, and came to Perga in Pamphylia. John departed from them and returned to Jerusalem.
      14 But they, passing on from Perga, came to Antioch of Pisidia. They went into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and sat down.
      15 After the reading of the law and the prophets, the rulers of the synagogue sent to them, saying, "Brothers, if you have any word of exhortation for the people, speak."
      16 Paul stood up, and beckoning with his hand said, "Men of Israel, and you who fear God, listen.
      17 The God of this people chose our fathers, and exalted the people when they stayed as aliens in the land of Egypt, and with an uplifted arm, he led them out of it.
      18 For a period of about forty years he put up with them in the wilderness.
      19 When he had destroyed seven nations in the land of Canaan, he gave them their land for an inheritance, for about four hundred fifty years.
      20 After these things he gave them judges until Samuel the prophet.
      21 Afterward they asked for a king, and God gave to them Saul the son of Kish, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, for forty years.
      22 When he had removed him, he raised up David to be their king, to whom he also testified, 'I have found David the son of Jesse, a man after my heart, who will do all my will.'
      23 From this man's seed, God has brought salvation to Israel according to his promise,
      24 before his coming, when John had first preached the baptism of repentance to Israel.
      25 As John was fulfilling his course, he said, 'What do you suppose that I am? I am not he. But behold, one comes after me the sandals of whose feet I am not worthy to untie.'
      26 Brothers, children of the stock of Abraham, and those among you who fear God, the word of this salvation is sent out to you.
      27 For those who dwell in Jerusalem, and their rulers, because they didn't know him, nor the voices of the prophets which are read every Sabbath, fulfilled them by condemning him.
      28 Though they found no cause for death, they still asked Pilate to have him killed.
      29 When they had fulfilled all things that were written about him, they took him down from the tree, and laid him in a tomb.
      30 But God raised him from the dead,
      31 and he was seen for many days by those who came up with him from Galilee to Jerusalem, who are his witnesses to the people.
      32 We bring you good news of the promise made to the fathers,
      33 that God has fulfilled the same to us, their children, in that he raised up Jesus. As it is also written in the second psalm, 'You are my Son. Today I have become your father.'
      34 "Concerning that he raised him up from the dead, now no more to return to corruption, he has spoken thus: 'I will give you the holy and sure blessings of David.'
      35 Therefore he says also in another psalm, 'You will not allow your Holy One to see decay.'
      36 For David, after he had in his own generation served the counsel of God, fell asleep, and was laid with his fathers, and saw decay.
      37 But he whom God raised up saw no decay.
      38 Be it known to you therefore, brothers , that through this man is proclaimed to you remission of sins,
      39 and by him everyone who believes is justified from all things, from which you could not be justified by the law of Moses.
      40 Beware therefore, lest that come on you which is spoken in the prophets:
      41 'Behold, you scoffers, and wonder, and perish; for I work a work in your days, a work which you will in no way believe, if one declares it to you.'"
      42 So when the Jews went out of the synagogue, the Gentiles begged that these words might be preached to them the next Sabbath.
      43 Now when the synagogue broke up, many of the Jews and of the devout proselytes followed Paul and Barnabas; who, speaking to them, urged them to continue in the grace of God.
      44 The next Sabbath almost the whole city was gathered together to hear the word of God.
      45 But when the Jews saw the multitudes, they were filled with jealousy, and contradicted the things which were spoken by Paul, and blasphemed.
      46 Paul and Barnabas spoke out boldly, and said, "It was necessary that God's word should be spoken to you first. Since indeed you thrust it from you, and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, behold, we turn to the Gentiles.
      47 For so has the Lord commanded us, saying, 'I have set you as a light for the Gentiles, that you should bring salvation to the uttermost parts of the earth.'"
      48 As the Gentiles heard this, they were glad, and glorified the word of God. As many as were appointed to eternal life believed.
      49 The Lord's word was spread abroad throughout all the region.
      50 But the Jews stirred up the devout and prominent women and the chief men of the city, and stirred up a persecution against Paul and Barnabas, and threw them out of their borders.
      51 But they shook off the dust of their feet against them, and came to Iconium.
      52 The disciples were filled with joy with the Holy Spirit.
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