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HYPOCRISIE

« Les hypocrites ne se contentent pas d'être méchants comme le reste des impies ; ils veulent encore passer pour bons, et font, par leur fausse vertu, que les hommes n'osent plus se fier à la véritable » (Fénelon).

Hypocrisie et hypocrite sont deux mots grec hupokrisis, hupokritès qui signifient d'abord, au sens pr., « rôle joué » et « comédien » ; mais la Bible ne les emploie qu'au sens figuré. La traduction des LXX (A.T. en grec) a « hypocrites » dans Job 34:30 36:13, pour l'hébreu khâneph, qui désigne les impies (Job 8:13, Pr 11:9, Esa 9:16 etc.) ; la Vers, Syn. a « hypocrisie » dans Da 11:34, pour l'hébreu khâlaq, qui désigne la flatterie ; ces deux termes hébreux sont réunis dans Da 11:32 pour la « séduction par flatterie ». Mais sans posséder de vocable particulier pour ce vice, l'A. T, caractérise très nettement l'hypocrite : pervers dissimulé (Ps 26:4, Pr 10:18 26:23,27 etc.), coeur double, langue mensongère (Ps 12:3-5), il cherche à tromper Dieu (Ps 78:36 et suivant), mais vainement (Job 5:12 15:31,34) ; tous les prophètes ont dû s'élever contre lui (Os 10:2 etc.), et les faux prophètes sont à leurs yeux des flatteurs hypocrites lorsqu'ils proclament le message agréable au lieu du véritable (Jer 6:13 et suivants, Eze 13, etc.) ; quant à l'hypocrisie dans le culte, elle est dénoncée par Ésaïe dans une page devenue classique (Esa 1:10 et suivants).

Les apocryphes la condamnent à leur tour dans Sir 32:15, et dans l'héroïque refus du vieillard Éléazar de « faire semblant » de manger la viande impure : « Il ne convient pas, à mon âge, de faire l'hypocrite et d'égarer la jeunesse... » (2Ma 6:21,24). Le Talmud est aussi sévère : « Dieu hait celui dont la bouche parle d'une manière et le coeur d'une autre... Une société qui compte des hypocrites en son sein est abominable et finit dans l'exil, etc. »

Ce péché n'était donc point nouveau à l'époque de Jésus ; même, il possédait en maître bien des maîtres de la religion juive, et il n'est pas étonnant que l'imposante personnalité du Christ, inattaquable dans son caractère, ait soulevé contre elle toutes les ressources d'une duplicité qui se sentait pénétrée et menacée. (cf. Lu 20:20 etc.) C'est que l'hypocrisie représente le degré le plus profond du péché : par essence elle consiste à cacher l'être intérieur et à tromper le prochain sur son compte, et pour la combattre il faut d'abord l'étaler au grand jour (Lu 12:1 et suivants) ; elle prend position dans le mensonge, délibérément et progressivement, aussi logique en ses efforts contre la vérité que la foi est conséquente dans sa recherche de la vérité, et c'est pourquoi les condamnations prononcées par Jésus sur les chefs, d'après les évang, synoptiques (Mt 23:1 et suivants, etc.), et complétées dans le quatrième évang, par le discours sur le « mensonge », adressé aux mêmes chefs (Jn 8:44), prennent un ton si direct et impitoyable ; l'hypocrisie endort la conscience en substituant aux exigences de Dieu des pratiques mécaniques destinées à la vue des hommes (Mt 15:6, Lu 11:42 etc.), ce qui étouffe tout élan intime vers le bien ; elle agit comme un ferment interne de dégradation, comme une puissance continuellement à l'oeuvre contre le Royaume de Dieu (Lu 11:52 etc.) ; dans l'individu, elle a pour résultat final cette insensibilité définitive à l'impératif du devoir comme à l'appel de l'amour divin, que certains passages appellent le « péché contre le Saint-Esprit » (voy. le rapport entre Lu 12:1 et suivants et Lu 12:10, cf. Mr 3:20 et suivants, Mt 12:22 et suivants) ; dans la société même où le Christ fondait le Royaume, l'hypocrisie allait commencer à corrompre le christianisme comme elle avait fait du judaïsme. Voilà pourquoi, alors que le Seigneur ne lance pas d'attaques directes contre les péchés de la passion, mais leur oppose la foi et l'amour, au contraire il multiplie les assauts de front contre le péché médité, entretenu, et qui se dérobe en se couvrant des dehors de la vie religieuse. Dans le discours sur la montagne, l'hypocrisie apparaît comme la négation même du Royaume : (Mt 6:1 et suivant) l'une vise les apparences, l'autre le coeur ; l'une cherche le public, l'autre le secret de la prière ; l'une éteint l'oeil intérieur, l'autre en ravive la lumière ; ce sont les deux maîtres entre lesquels il faut choisir, les deux genres de jugements, de prophètes, d'arbres, de fondations (Mt 7:1-5,15-28,24-27). Dans les controverses avec les chefs juifs, faux dévots responsables du formalisme, de l'indifférence et de la souffrance de leur époque, Jésus les démasque avec une suprême énergie : « Hypocrites ! », c'est-à-dire « comédiens ! » (Mr 7:6, Lu 6:42 12:56 13:15, Mt 22:18 23:13-15,23,25,27,29) Et sa malédiction du figuier (Mr 11:12-14), leçon symbolique, n'était pas tant une condamnation de la stérilité que de l'hypocrisie (voir Figuier).

Dès les débuts de l'Église, une hypocrisie provoque un terrible scandale (Ac 5:1,11). La grande discussion sur les rapports entre les convertis païens et les ordonnances judaïques entraîne Pierre et Barnabas à des accommodements que saint Paul traite d'hypocrisie (Ga 2:14), mais qui ne seront que passagers. L'apôtre prévoit le rôle de ce vice dans l'expansion des doctrines malfaisantes (1Ti 4:2) ; il estime la duplicité (litt., langage double) incompatible avec les fonctions de diacre (1Ti 3:8). Il répète que les vertus chrétiennes doivent se garder de ce risque, lorsqu'il veut qu'elles soient sincères, litt. « sans hypocrisie » : la charité (2Co 6:6, Ro 12:9), la foi (1Ti 1:5,2Ti 1:5) ; de même Pierre pour l'amour fraternel (1Pi 1:22) et Jacques pour la sagesse (Jas 3:17). Jn L.

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      Job 5

      12 He frustrates the devices of the crafty, So that their hands can't perform their enterprise.

      Job 8

      13 So are the paths of all who forget God. The hope of the godless man shall perish,

      Job 15

      31 Let him not trust in emptiness, deceiving himself; for emptiness shall be his reward.
      34 For the company of the godless shall be barren, and fire shall consume the tents of bribery.

      Job 34

      30 that the godless man may not reign, that there be no one to ensnare the people.

      Job 36

      13 "But those who are godless in heart lay up anger. They don't cry for help when he binds them.

      Psaumes 12

      3 May Yahweh cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that boasts,
      4 who have said, "With our tongue we will prevail. Our lips are our own. Who is lord over us?"
      5 "Because of the oppression of the weak and because of the groaning of the needy, I will now arise," says Yahweh; "I will set him in safety from those who malign him."

      Psaumes 26

      4 I have not sat with deceitful men, neither will I go in with hypocrites.

      Psaumes 78

      36 But they flattered him with their mouth, and lied to him with their tongue.

      Proverbes 10

      18 He who hides hatred has lying lips. He who utters a slander is a fool.

      Proverbes 11

      9 With his mouth the godless man destroys his neighbor, but the righteous will be delivered through knowledge.

      Proverbes 26

      23 Like silver dross on an earthen vessel are the lips of a fervent one with an evil heart.
      27 Whoever digs a pit shall fall into it. Whoever rolls a stone, it will come back on him.

      Esaïe 1

      10 Hear the word of Yahweh, you rulers of Sodom! Listen to the law of our God , you people of Gomorrah!

      Esaïe 9

      16 For those who lead this people lead them astray; and those who are led by them are destroyed.

      Jérémie 6

      13 "For from their least even to their greatest, everyone is given to covetousness; and from the prophet even to the priest, everyone deals falsely.

      Ezéchiel 13

      1 The word of Yahweh came to me, saying,
      2 Son of man, prophesy against the prophets of Israel who prophesy, and say to those who prophesy out of their own heart, Hear the word of Yahweh:
      3 Thus says the Lord Yahweh, Woe to the foolish prophets, who follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing!
      4 Israel, your prophets have been like foxes in the waste places.
      5 You have not gone up into the gaps, neither built up the wall for the house of Israel, to stand in the battle in the day of Yahweh.
      6 They have seen falsehood and lying divination, who say, Yahweh says; but Yahweh has not sent them: and they have made men to hope that the word would be confirmed.
      7 Haven't you seen a false vision, and haven't you spoken a lying divination, in that you say, Yahweh says; but I have not spoken?
      8 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Because you have spoken falsehood, and seen lies, therefore, behold, I am against you, says the Lord Yahweh.
      9 My hand shall be against the prophets who see false visions, and who divine lies: they shall not be in the council of my people, neither shall they be written in the writing of the house of Israel, neither shall they enter into the land of Israel; and you shall know that I am the Lord Yahweh.
      10 Because, even because they have seduced my people, saying, Peace; and there is no peace; and when one builds up a wall, behold, they plaster it with whitewash:
      11 tell those who plaster it with whitewash, that it shall fall: there shall be an overflowing shower; and you, great hailstones, shall fall; and a stormy wind shall tear it.
      12 Behold, when the wall has fallen, shall it not be said to you, Where is the plaster with which you have plastered it?
      13 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: I will even tear it with a stormy wind in my wrath; and there shall be an overflowing shower in my anger, and great hailstones in wrath to consume it.
      14 So will I break down the wall that you have plastered with whitewash, and bring it down to the ground, so that its foundation shall be uncovered; and it shall fall, and you shall be consumed in its midst: and you shall know that I am Yahweh.
      15 Thus will I accomplish my wrath on the wall, and on those who have plastered it with whitewash; and I will tell you, The wall is no more, neither those who plastered it;
      16 to wit, the prophets of Israel who prophesy concerning Jerusalem, and who see visions of peace for her, and there is no peace, says the Lord Yahweh.
      17 You, son of man, set your face against the daughters of your people, who prophesy out of their own heart; and prophesy against them,
      18 and say, Thus says the Lord Yahweh: Woe to the women who sew pillows on all elbows, and make kerchiefs for the head of persons of every stature to hunt souls! Will you hunt the souls of my people, and save souls alive for yourselves?
      19 You have profaned me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, to kill the souls who should not die, and to save the souls alive who should not live, by your lying to my people who listen to lies.
      20 Therefore thus says the Lord Yahweh: Behold, I am against your pillows, with which you there hunt the souls to make them fly, and I will tear them from your arms; and I will let the souls go, even the souls whom you hunt to make them fly.
      21 Your kerchiefs also will I tear, and deliver my people out of your hand, and they shall be no more in your hand to be hunted; and you shall know that I am Yahweh.
      22 Because with lies you have grieved the heart of the righteous, whom I have not made sad; and strengthened the hands of the wicked, that he should not return from his wicked way, and be saved alive:
      23 Therefore you shall no more see false visions, nor practice divination. I will deliver my people out of your hand; and you shall know that I am Yahweh.

      Daniel 11

      32 Such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he pervert by flatteries; but the people who know their God shall be strong, and do [exploits].
      34 Now when they shall fall, they shall be helped with a little help; but many shall join themselves to them with flatteries.

      Osée 10

      2 Their heart is divided. Now they will be found guilty. He will demolish their altars. He will destroy their sacred stones.

      Matthieu 6

      1 "Be careful that you don't do your charitable giving before men, to be seen by them, or else you have no reward from your Father who is in heaven.

      Matthieu 7

      1 "Don't judge, so that you won't be judged.
      2 For with whatever judgment you judge, you will be judged; and with whatever measure you measure, it will be measured to you.
      3 Why do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but don't consider the beam that is in your own eye?
      4 Or how will you tell your brother, 'Let me remove the speck from your eye;' and behold, the beam is in your own eye?
      5 You hypocrite! First remove the beam out of your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck out of your brother's eye.
      15 "Beware of false prophets, who come to you in sheep's clothing, but inwardly are ravening wolves.
      24 "Everyone therefore who hears these words of mine, and does them, I will liken him to a wise man, who built his house on a rock.

      Matthieu 12

      22 Then one possessed by a demon, blind and mute, was brought to him and he healed him, so that the blind and mute man both spoke and saw.

      Matthieu 15

      6 he shall not honor his father or mother.' You have made the commandment of God void because of your tradition.

      Matthieu 22

      18 But Jesus perceived their wickedness, and said, "Why do you test me, you hypocrites?

      Matthieu 23

      1 Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to his disciples,
      13 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you devour widows' houses, and as a pretense you make long prayers. Therefore you will receive greater condemnation.
      23 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you tithe mint, dill, and cumin, and have left undone the weightier matters of the law: justice, mercy, and faith. But you ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.
      25 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you clean the outside of the cup and of the platter, but within they are full of extortion and unrighteousness.
      27 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you are like whitened tombs, which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are full of dead men's bones, and of all uncleanness.
      29 "Woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites! For you build the tombs of the prophets, and decorate the tombs of the righteous,

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      20 The multitude came together again, so that they could not so much as eat bread.

      Marc 7

      6 He answered them, "Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, 'This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.

      Marc 11

      12 The next day, when they had come out from Bethany, he was hungry.
      13 Seeing a fig tree afar off having leaves, he came to see if perhaps he might find anything on it. When he came to it, he found nothing but leaves, for it was not the season for figs.
      14 Jesus told it, "May no one ever eat fruit from you again!" and his disciples heard it.

      Luc 6

      42 Or how can you tell your brother, 'Brother, let me remove the speck of chaff that is in your eye,' when you yourself don't see the beam that is in your own eye? You hypocrite! First remove the beam from your own eye, and then you can see clearly to remove the speck of chaff that is in your brother's eye.

      Luc 11

      42 But woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint and rue and every herb, but you bypass justice and the love of God. You ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.
      52 Woe to you lawyers! For you took away the key of knowledge. You didn't enter in yourselves, and those who were entering in, you hindered."

      Luc 12

      1 Meanwhile, when a multitude of many thousands had gathered together, so much so that they trampled on each other, he began to tell his disciples first of all, "Beware of the yeast of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.
      10 Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven.
      56 You hypocrites! You know how to interpret the appearance of the earth and the sky, but how is it that you don't interpret this time?

      Luc 13

      15 Therefore the Lord answered him, "You hypocrites! Doesn't each one of you free his ox or his donkey from the stall on the Sabbath, and lead him away to water?

      Luc 20

      20 They watched him, and sent out spies, who pretended to be righteous, that they might trap him in something he said, so as to deliver him up to the power and authority of the governor.

      Jean 8

      44 You are of your father, the devil, and you want to do the desires of your father. He was a murderer from the beginning, and doesn't stand in the truth, because there is no truth in him. When he speaks a lie, he speaks on his own; for he is a liar, and its father.

      Actes 5

      1 But a certain man named Ananias, with Sapphira, his wife, sold a possession,
      11 Great fear came on the whole assembly, and on all who heard these things.

      Romains 12

      9 Let love be without hypocrisy. Abhor that which is evil. Cling to that which is good.

      2 Corinthiens 6

      6 in pureness, in knowledge, in patience, in kindness, in the Holy Spirit, in sincere love,

      Galates 2

      14 But when I saw that they didn't walk uprightly according to the truth of the Good News, I said to Peter before them all, "If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles to live as the Jews do?

      1 Timothée 1

      5 but the goal of this command is love, out of a pure heart and a good conscience and sincere faith;

      1 Timothée 3

      8 Servants , in the same way, must be reverent, not double-tongued, not addicted to much wine, not greedy for money;

      1 Timothée 4

      2 through the hypocrisy of men who speak lies, branded in their own conscience as with a hot iron;

      2 Timothée 1

      5 having been reminded of the sincere faith that is in you; which lived first in your grandmother Lois, and your mother Eunice, and, I am persuaded, in you also.

      Jacques 3

      17 But the wisdom that is from above is first pure, then peaceful, gentle, reasonable, full of mercy and good fruits, without partiality, and without hypocrisy.

      1 Pierre 1

      22 Seeing you have purified your souls in your obedience to the truth through the Spirit in sincere brotherly affection, love one another from the heart fervently:
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