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ISMAËL

(hébreu Yichma-El=~Die, u entend ; babyl. Yachmakh-Èl)

1. Fils d'Abraham et d'Agar, esclave égyptienne de Sara (Ge 16). Circoncis par son père à l'âge de 13 ans (Ge 17:26 ; coutume arabe), Ismaël fut chassé avec sa mère de la maison paternelle après la naissance du fils légitime Isaac (Ge 21:8,21). Selon la tradition rabbinique conservée par Paul (Ga 4:29), le fils de l'esclave aurait persécuté l'héritier. Protégé par Dieu, il grandit dans le désert, devint habile tireur d'arc et prit une femme égyptienne, qui lui donna douze fils (Ge 25:13-16). Il enterra son père (Ge 25:9) et mourut à l'âge de 137 ans. (Ge 25:17)

--La tradition sur Ismaël se compose de deux récits appartenant aux sources J (Ge 16) et E (Ge 21:8-21), accordées par le rédacteur de JE (Ge 16:9 et suivant), et le rédacteur sacerdotal (P) a ajouté les remarques chronologiques, l'enterrement d'Abraham, la circoncision et la descendance d'Ismaël (Ge 16:3,15,16 17:23-27 25:9,17). Par la variété et la vérité des situations et des caractères, par l'admirable concision et la rigoureuse unité de l'action, ces deux récits, ethnographiques et étiologiques à la fois, sont de véritables chefs-d'oeuvre. Comme tant d'autres traditions de la Genèse, ils nous donnent l'histoire d'une tribu, en rapportant celle d'un homme ou d'une famille. Ils nous racontent en effet ce que les Hébreux des IX e et VIII e siècles savaient des origines, du culte et de l'habitat de la tribu nomade des Ismaélites, qu'ils considéraient comme de lointains parents d'Israël. Ces bédouins descendent d'une tribu nommée Hagar (les Hagaréniens de 1Ch 5:10,19 27:31, Ps 83:7), vénèrent au puitsLachaï-roï le dieu El-roï et habitent la steppe de Paran, c-à-d, le désert d'et-Tih au nord de la péninsule sinaïtique. Redoutables par leur habileté à tirer de l'arc, ils tiennent farouchement à leur indépendance. Ismaël est « indomptable comme l'âne sauvage, sa main se lève contre tous et la main de tous contre lui ; il habite en face de tous ses frères » (Ge 16:12), dont il pille les champs et emmène les troupeaux. Comme tous les bédouins, il apprécie le commerce : ses caravanes portent des aromates en Egypte (Ge 37:25). De la description animée de la vie du bédouin, considérée non comme une malédiction, mais comme un sort plutôt enviable, et de certains traits qui semblent indiquer une organisation matriarcale, nous pouvons conclure que notre tradition, avant d'être fixée par J, avait déjà une existence séculaire, peut-être chez les Ismaélites eux-mêmes. A l'époque historique, la vieille tribu n'existe plus. Absalom place à la tête de son armée le fils d'un Ismaélite (2Sa 17:25, il faut lire « l'Ismaélite » d'après 1Ch 2:17) : c'est le dernier dont il soit fait mention. Plus tard le nom d'Ismaël désigne une confédération de douze tribus (Ge 25:13,16) de l'Arabie du Nord (Ge 25:18), et, d'après Jug 8:24, même les Madianites auraient fait partie de cette confédération. Mais on ignore la nature des rapports historiques qui liaient cette confédération à la vieille tribu du même nom.

F. K.

2. Benjamite, fils d'Atsel, descendant de Saül (1Ch 8:38 9:44).

3. Père d'un prince de Juda (2Ch 19:11).

4. Un des chefs militaires avec lesquels le grand-prêtre Jéhojada organisa le complot contre Athalie pour Joas (2Ch 23:1).

5. Un des « grands du roi », de race royale (Jer 41:1) qui, à Mitspa, avec sa bande, assassina Guédalia que Nébucadnetsar avait établi gouverneur du pays de Juda privé de ses principaux habitants. Il est probable que ce crime fut de nature politique et qu'Ismaël voulut ainsi châtier celui qu'il considérait comme ayant trahi son pays en acceptant d'y représenter le pouvoir babylonien ; peut-être aussi était-il dépité de ce que Guédalia eût été choisi de préférence à quelque membre de la famille royale (Jer 40:7 et suivant). Jérémie avait au contraire prêché la soumission et soutenu Guédalia (Jer 40:5 et suivant). En tout cas, ce meurtre, ou plutôt ce massacre, commis dans des conditions particulièrement odieuses (Jer 40:13-41:10), répandit parmi les habitants de Juda la crainte des représailles de Nébucadnetsar, et fut le signal de leur exode vers l'Egypte, malgré les objurgations de Jérémie (Jer 42 Jer 43:1,7). Voir le résumé de cette histoire dans 2Ro 25:22-26. Ismaël s'enfuit chez les Ammonites, dont le roi Baalis était soupçonné d'avoir été l'instigateur de ce crime (Jer 40:13 41:15).

6. Un des prêtres qui avaient épousé des femmes étrangères (Esd 10:22).

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      Genèse 16

      1 Now Sarai, Abram's wife, bore him no children. She had a handmaid, an Egyptian, whose name was Hagar.
      2 Sarai said to Abram, "See now, Yahweh has restrained me from bearing. Please go in to my handmaid. It may be that I will obtain children by her." Abram listened to the voice of Sarai.
      3 Sarai, Abram's wife, took Hagar the Egyptian, her handmaid, after Abram had lived ten years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to Abram her husband to be his wife.
      4 He went in to Hagar, and she conceived. When she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.
      5 Sarai said to Abram, "This wrong is your fault. I gave my handmaid into your bosom, and when she saw that she had conceived, I was despised in her eyes. Yahweh judge between me and you."
      6 But Abram said to Sarai, "Behold, your maid is in your hand. Do to her whatever is good in your eyes." Sarai dealt harshly with her, and she fled from her face.
      7 The angel of Yahweh found her by a fountain of water in the wilderness, by the fountain in the way to Shur.
      8 He said, "Hagar, Sarai's handmaid, where did you come from? Where are you going?" She said, "I am fleeing from the face of my mistress Sarai."
      9 The angel of Yahweh said to her, "Return to your mistress, and submit yourself under her hands."
      10 The angel of Yahweh said to her, "I will greatly multiply your seed, that they will not be numbered for multitude."
      11 The angel of Yahweh said to her, "Behold, you are with child, and will bear a son. You shall call his name Ishmael, because Yahweh has heard your affliction.
      12 He will be like a wild donkey among men. His hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him. He will live opposite all of his brothers."
      13 She called the name of Yahweh who spoke to her, "You are a God who sees," for she said, "Have I even stayed alive after seeing him?"
      14 Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi. Behold, it is between Kadesh and Bered.
      15 Hagar bore a son for Abram. Abram called the name of his son, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael.
      16 Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar bore Ishmael to Abram.

      Genèse 17

      23 Abraham took Ishmael his son, all who were born in his house, and all who were bought with his money; every male among the men of Abraham's house, and circumcised the flesh of their foreskin in the same day, as God had said to him.
      26 In the same day both Abraham and Ishmael, his son, were circumcised.

      Genèse 21

      8 The child grew, and was weaned. Abraham made a great feast on the day that Isaac was weaned.
      9 Sarah saw the son of Hagar the Egyptian, whom she had borne to Abraham, mocking.
      10 Therefore she said to Abraham, "Cast out this handmaid and her son! For the son of this handmaid will not be heir with my son, Isaac."
      11 The thing was very grievous in Abraham's sight on account of his son.
      12 God said to Abraham, "Don't let it be grievous in your sight because of the boy, and because of your handmaid. In all that Sarah says to you, listen to her voice. For from Isaac will your seed be called.
      13 I will also make a nation of the son of the handmaid, because he is your seed."
      14 Abraham rose up early in the morning, and took bread and a bottle of water, and gave it to Hagar, putting it on her shoulder; and gave her the child, and sent her away. She departed, and wandered in the wilderness of Beersheba.
      15 The water in the bottle was spent, and she cast the child under one of the shrubs.
      16 She went and sat down opposite him, a good way off, about a bow shot away. For she said, "Don't let me see the death of the child." She sat over against him, and lifted up her voice, and wept.
      17 God heard the voice of the boy. The angel of God called to Hagar out of the sky, and said to her, "What ails you, Hagar? Don't be afraid. For God has heard the voice of the boy where he is.
      18 Get up, lift up the boy, and hold him in your hand. For I will make him a great nation."
      19 God opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water. She went, filled the bottle with water, and gave the boy drink.
      20 God was with the boy, and he grew. He lived in the wilderness, and became, as he grew up, an archer.
      21 He lived in the wilderness of Paran. His mother took a wife for him out of the land of Egypt.

      Genèse 25

      9 Isaac and Ishmael, his sons, buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the field of Ephron, the son of Zohar the Hittite, which is before Mamre,
      13 These are the names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, according to the order of their birth: the firstborn of Ishmael, Nebaioth, then Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam,
      14 Mishma, Dumah, Massa,
      15 Hadad, Tema, Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah.
      16 These are the sons of Ishmael, and these are their names, by their villages, and by their encampments: twelve princes, according to their nations.
      17 These are the years of the life of Ishmael: one hundred thirty-seven years. He gave up the spirit and died, and was gathered to his people.
      18 They lived from Havilah to Shur that is before Egypt, as you go toward Assyria. He lived opposite all his relatives.

      Genèse 37

      25 They sat down to eat bread, and they lifted up their eyes and looked, and saw a caravan of Ishmaelites was coming from Gilead, with their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, going to carry it down to Egypt.

      Juges 8

      24 Gideon said to them, "I would make a request of you, that you would give me every man the earrings of his spoil." (For they had golden earrings, because they were Ishmaelites.)

      2 Samuel 17

      25 Absalom set Amasa over the army instead of Joab. Now Amasa was the son of a man, whose name was Ithra the Israelite, who went in to Abigail the daughter of Nahash, sister to Zeruiah, Joab's mother.

      1 Chroniques 2

      17 Abigail bore Amasa; and the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmaelite.

      1 Chroniques 5

      10 In the days of Saul, they made war with the Hagrites, who fell by their hand; and they lived in their tents throughout all the land east of Gilead.

      1 Chroniques 8

      38 Azel had six sons, whose names are these: Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael, and Sheariah, and Obadiah, and Hanan. All these were the sons of Azel.

      2 Chroniques 19

      11 Behold, Amariah the chief priest is over you in all matters of Yahweh; and Zebadiah the son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house of Judah, in all the king's matters: also the Levites shall be officers before you. Deal courageously, and may Yahweh be with the good."

      2 Chroniques 23

      1 In the seventh year Jehoiada strengthened himself, and took the captains of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with him.

      Esdras 10

      22 Of the sons of Pashhur: Elioenai, Maaseiah, Ishmael, Nethanel, Jozabad, and Elasah.

      Psaumes 83

      7 Gebal, Ammon, and Amalek; Philistia with the inhabitants of Tyre;

      Jérémie 40

      5 Now while he had not yet gone back, Go back then, he said, to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, whom the king of Babylon has made governor over the cities of Judah, and dwell with him among the people; or go wherever it seems right to you to go. So the captain of the guard gave him food and a present, and let him go.
      7 Now when all the captains of the forces who were in the fields, even they and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had made Gedaliah the son of Ahikam governor in the land, and had committed to him men, and women, and children, and of the poorest of the land, of those who were not carried away captive to Babylon;
      13 Moreover Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces who were in the fields, came to Gedaliah to Mizpah,
      14 and said to him, Do you know that Baalis the king of the children of Ammon has sent Ishmael the son of Nethaniah to take your life? But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam didn't believe them.
      15 Then Johanan the son of Kareah spoke to Gedaliah in Mizpah secretly, saying, Please let me go, and I will kill Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and no man shall know it: why should he take your life, that all the Jews who are gathered to you should be scattered, and the remnant of Judah perish?
      16 But Gedaliah the son of Ahikam said to Johanan the son of Kareah, You shall not do this thing; for you speak falsely of Ishmael.

      Jérémie 41

      1 Now it happened in the seventh month, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama, of the seed royal and one of the chief officers of the king, and ten men with him, came to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam to Mizpah; and there they ate bread together in Mizpah.
      2 Then arose Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and the ten men who were with him, and struck Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan with the sword, and killed him, whom the king of Babylon had made governor over the land.
      3 Ishmael also killed all the Jews who were with him, with Gedaliah, at Mizpah, and the Chaldeans who were found there, the men of war.
      4 It happened the second day after he had killed Gedaliah, and no man knew it,
      5 that there came men from Shechem, from Shiloh, and from Samaria, even eighty men, having their beards shaved and their clothes torn, and having cut themselves, with meal offerings and frankincense in their hand, to bring them to the house of Yahweh.
      6 Ishmael the son of Nethaniah went forth from Mizpah to meet them, weeping all along as he went: and it happened, as he met them, he said to them, Come to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam.
      7 It was so, when they came into the midst of the city, that Ishmael the son of Nethaniah killed them, and cast them into the midst of the pit, he, and the men who were with him.
      8 But ten men were found among those who said to Ishmael, Don't kill us; for we have stores hidden in the field, of wheat, and of barley, and of oil, and of honey. So he stopped, and didn't kill them among their brothers.
      9 Now the pit in which Ishmael cast all the dead bodies of the men whom he had killed, by the side of Gedaliah (the same was who which Asa the king had made for fear of Baasha king of Israel), Ishmael the son of Nethaniah filled it with those who were killed.
      10 Then Ishmael carried away captive all the residue of the people who were in Mizpah, even the king's daughters, and all the people who remained in Mizpah, whom Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard had committed to Gedaliah the son of Ahikam; Ishmael the son of Nethaniah carried them away captive, and departed to go over to the children of Ammon.
      15 But Ishmael the son of Nethaniah escaped from Johanan with eight men, and went to the children of Ammon.

      Jérémie 42

      1 Then all the captains of the forces, and Johanan the son of Kareah, and Jezaniah the son of Hoshaiah, and all the people from the least even to the greatest, came near,
      2 and said to Jeremiah the prophet, Please let our supplication be presented before you, and pray for us to Yahweh your God, even for all this remnant; for we are left but a few of many, as your eyes do see us:
      3 that Yahweh your God may show us the way in which we should walk, and the thing that we should do.
      4 Then Jeremiah the prophet said to them, I have heard you; behold, I will pray to Yahweh your God according to your words; and it shall happen that whatever thing Yahweh shall answer you, I will declare it to you; I will keep nothing back from you.
      5 Then they said to Jeremiah, Yahweh be a true and faithful witness among us, if we don't do according to all the word with which Yahweh your God shall send you to us.
      6 Whether it be good, or whether it be evil, we will obey the voice of Yahweh our God, to whom we send you; that it may be well with us, when we obey the voice of Yahweh our God.
      7 It happened after ten days, that the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah.
      8 Then called he Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces who were with him, and all the people from the least even to the greatest,
      9 and said to them, Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, to whom you sent me to present your supplication before him:
      10 If you will still live in this land, then will I build you, and not pull you down, and I will plant you, and not pluck you up; for I grieve over the distress that I have brought on you.
      11 Don't be afraid of the king of Babylon, of whom you are afraid; don't be afraid of him, says Yahweh: for I am with you to save you, and to deliver you from his hand.
      12 I will grant you mercy, that he may have mercy on you, and cause you to return to your own land.
      13 But if you say, We will not dwell in this land; so that you don't obey the voice of Yahweh your God,
      14 saying, No; but we will go into the land of Egypt, where we shall see no war, nor hear the sound of the trumpet, nor have hunger of bread; and there will we dwell:
      15 now therefore hear the word of Yahweh, O remnant of Judah: Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, If you indeed set your faces to enter into Egypt, and go to live there;
      16 then it shall happen, that the sword, which you fear, shall overtake you there in the land of Egypt; and the famine, about which you are afraid, shall follow close behind you there in Egypt; and there you shall die.
      17 So shall it be with all the men who set their faces to go into Egypt to live there: they shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence; and none of them shall remain or escape from the evil that I will bring on them.
      18 For thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: As my anger and my wrath has been poured forth on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, so shall my wrath be poured forth on you, when you shall enter into Egypt; and you shall be an object of horror, and an astonishment, and a curse, and a reproach; and you shall see this place no more.
      19 Yahweh has spoken concerning you, remnant of Judah, Don't you go into Egypt: know certainly that I have testified to you this day.
      20 For you have dealt deceitfully against your own souls; for you sent me to Yahweh your God, saying, Pray for us to Yahweh our God; and according to all that Yahweh our God shall say, so declare to us, and we will do it:
      21 and I have this day declared it to you; but you have not obeyed the voice of Yahweh your God in anything for which he has sent me to you.
      22 Now therefore know certainly that you shall die by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, in the place where you desire to go to live there.

      Jérémie 43

      1 It happened that, when Jeremiah had made an end of speaking to all the people all the words of Yahweh their God, with which Yahweh their God had sent him to them, even all these words,
      7 and they came into the land of Egypt; for they didn't obey the voice of Yahweh: and they came to Tahpanhes.

      Galates 4

      29 But as then, he who was born according to the flesh persecuted him who was born according to the Spirit, so also it is now.
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