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JARDIN

(hébreu gan, gannâh). Au sens large, enclos aux environs des villes, planté d'arbres et d'arbustes, entouré de haies épineuses (Esa 5:5) ou de murs de pierres (Pr 24:31).

Pour protéger vignes et vergers contre bêtes et voleurs, plusieurs jardins ont une hutte ou une cabane (Esa 1:8) ou une tour (Mr 12:1) occupée quelquefois par un gardien (Job 27:18). « A l'heure présente on voit encore des tours en grand nombre dans les vignes. Elles sont rondes, construites de pierres sèches, d'ordinaire sans mortier... C'est ici que la famille prend ses quartiers d'été et de là qu'on surveille la vigne » (Schneller, Connais-tu..., p. 127).

Les jardins de Palestine étaient plantés de fleurs et de plantes aromatiques (Ca 6:2 4:16), d'oliviers et de figuiers (Ex 23:10, Jer 29:5, Am 9:14). On y trouve grenadiers, cognassiers, néfliers, citronniers, amandiers (d'après la Mischna), des buissons aussi (LettreJér. 71). « Abstraction faite des fruits savoureux des tropiques que la magnifique plaine de Jéricho fournissait jadis, le pays donne encore les fruits d'autrefois, mais en moindre proportion : on y cueille les raisins, les figues, les olives, les dattes, les grenades, les oranges, les citrons, les bananes, les melons, les mûres, les prunes, les pêches, les abricots, les noix, les amandes, les pistaches, les caroubes, les pommes, les poires, etc. » (ouvr. cit., p. 101).

Le jardin potager (De 11:10,1Ro 21:2) contenait surtout des légumes : herbes amères (voir Herbe, parag. I), moutarde (Lu 13:19), etc. Les Juifs pratiquaient la culture des ceps étrangers (Esa 17:10, Targum sur Ec 2:5 et suivant) et sans doute la greffe (Ro 11:17). Il était défendu par la Loi de mélanger les espèces (Le 19:19, De 22:9,11) ; la Mischna ordonne même la construction de petits murs pour éviter ce mélange. Évidemment le voisinage de l'eau était très important pour l'établissement d'un jardin (En-Gannim ou Djenîn =la fontaine des jardins, Ca 4:15).

C'est même le trait qui distingue le jardin proprement dit, du champ, de la vigne ou de l'olivette. Un jardin bien arrosé, un arbre près des eaux courantes désignent la fertilité et la prospérité matérielle (Esa 58:11, Jer 17:8 31:12). Ceux qui abandonnent l'Éternel sont comme des jardins sans eau (Esa 1:30).

Du torrent voisin ou de la citerne, des conduits amènent l'eau dans des canaux d'irrigation (Ps 1:3, Ec 2:5 et suivant, Sir 24:31). L'arrosage avec le pied, dont il est question dans De 11:10, désigne soit une roue que l'on faisait ainsi fonctionner pour faire monter l'eau, soit plutôt l'arrangement de la terre avec le pied pour diriger l'eau d'une rigole dans l'autre.. Des (cf. Pr 21:1) pressoirs d'huile étaient souv, construits dans ces jardins ou aux environs ; la Mischna parle de ceux de Jérusalem : celui de Gethsémané, sur les pentes du mont des Oliviers, nous est le plus connu.

Des tombes étaient creusées dans le roc entre les arbres (2Ro 21:18 ; tombeau du Christ : Jn 19:41). L'existence d'un jardinier dans la propriété de Joseph d'Arimathée, au printemps (Jn 20:15), semble indiquer un jardin proprement dit. Les jardins de Jérico, les orangers de Jaffa et de Sidon, les vergers de Damas étaient célèbres ; Pline nous parle de la prospérité de ceux de Syrie sous la domination romaine. Sous la royauté, au temps de la décadence, les jardins devinrent des lieux d'idolâtrie (Esa 1:29 65:3 66:17).

Les rois et les nobles avaient des maisons de campagne entourées de jardins (2Ro 9:27, Vers. Syn. : parc ; jardin du palais, d'Uzza, 2Ro 21:18-26 ; de Cyrus, Ne 2:8 ; d'Assuérus, Est 1:5 7:7 ; voir Jardin du roi), où ils donnaient des fêtes (Ca 5:1). Le jardin évoque l'idée de communion avec Dieu, (Éden, Ge 2:8, Eze 28:13 31:8 et suivant) de prospérité (Eze 36:35, Joe 2:3), de joie (Esa 51:3), de bienfaisance (Sir 40:17), et de champ d'action du Royaume de Dieu (Lu 13:19). On a souvent remarqué le contraste entre la chute du premier Adam dans le jardin d'Éden et l'agonie du second Adam dans le jardin de Gethsémané, puis la victoire du Ressuscité dans le jardin de Joseph d'Arimathée.

Enfin le jardin est devenu le symbole du Ciel dans les trois grandes religions monothéistes : le Gân-Éden (=Jardin d'Éden) des Juifs, Vil-l'iGannat (=le Jardin) des musulmans, le Paradis (perse fardés =Jardin) des chrétiens.

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