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JEÛNE

Abstinence plus ou moins complète de nourriture. Dans la Bible, les expressions : jeûner, humilier, affliger, mortifier son âme, ont la même signification. (voir Ps 35:18, Esa 58:3,5) Le jeûne est une pratique religieuse qui remonte à une haute antiquité. En Orient, chez les Indous, en Egypte, en Israël, plus tard chez les Musulmans, il joue un grand rôle. C'est une manifestation de tristesse qui symbolise divers états d'âme : signe de deuil (1Sa 31:13,2Sa 1:12), de frayeur (2Ch 20:3), d'humiliation (1Sa 7:6, Jon 3:5 et suivants, 1Ro 21:27) ; cette marque d'humiliation était sans doute considérée comme ayant une vertu magique de propitiation ; les prophètes cependant mettaient l'accent sur la repentance et l'humilité du coeur dont le jeûne est simplement un symbole (Jer 14:12, Joe 2:12, Za 7:5 et suivant). Par le jeûne aussi, on se préparait religieusement à une entreprise difficile (Est 4:16, Esd 8:21) ; c'est cette préparation spirituelle que Jésus recherche dans le jeûne (Mt 4:1-11).

Avant l'exil, la loi de Moïse est très sobre en préceptes relatifs au jeûne. Une seule fois dans l'année, un jeûne très sévère est ordonné au peuple d'Israël, le jour des Expiations (Le 16:29-31 23:27-32) ; c'est celui dont il sera question dans Ac 27:9, comme fixant la limite extrême de la saison de navigation, car on le célébrait à la fin de septembre. Tous les autres jeûnes mentionnés avant l'exil sont volontaires, individuels, ou prescrits à l'occasion de quelque calamité publique ou de quelque besoin spécial.

Après l'exil, plusieurs jeûnes annuels furent institués pour commémorer des désastres nationaux : (Za 7:6 8:19) la ruine de Jérusalem et du Temple (2Ro 25:8 et suivant), le meurtre de Guédalia (2Ro 25:25), la première invasion des Caldéens (Jer 52:6-11), le commencement du siège de Jérusalem (2Ro 25:1). Peu à peu, d'autres jeûnes furent ajoutés à ceux-là, entre autres le jeûne de la fête de Purim, en souvenir de la délivrance du peuple au temps d'Esther.

A l'époque du Christ, le jeûne avait pris une place considérable dans la vie religieuse. Les personnes pieuses jeûnaient dans l'attente d'un Sauveur (Lu 2:37) ; pour d'autres, jeûner était en soi une marque de piété : Jean-Baptiste et ses disciples observaient les pratiques ascétiques de jeûnes rigoureux (Mt 9:14) ; les pharisiens, plus formalistes encore, jeûnaient deux fois la semaine (Lu 18:12) le jeudi et le lundi, en souvenir, dit la tradition, des jours où Moïse monta sur la montagne et en descendit. Chez les Juifs, le jeûne durait ordinairement du lever au coucher du soleil. Celui du jour des Expiations durait du soir au lendemain soir. Pendant les jeûnes prolongés, on était autorisé à manger pendant la nuit (comp, le Ramadan de l'islam). En général, le jeûne s'accompagnait d'autres manifestations de tristesse, comme de déchirer ses vêtements, se couvrir d'un sac ou d'un suaire blanc ou noir, s'asseoir sur la cendre (Da 9:3). On s'abstenait aussi de tout travail pendant le jeûne (voir Deuil).

Jésus-Christ apporta un esprit nouveau dans l'observation du jeûne. Sans le supprimer--puisqu'il le pratique lui-même--ni d'ailleurs l'ordonner à ses disciples (Mt 9:14 et suivant), il le considère surtout comme un acte personnel, volontaire et secret (Mt 6:16,18), destiné avant tout a libérer l'âme de l'esclavage de la chair pour la rendre plus accessible à l'action de Dieu. C'est dans cet esprit qu'il le pratique pour se préparer à son ministère (Lu 4:1,4), et qu'il le recommande, avec la prière, pour recevoir la puissance divine (Mt 17:21). C'est dans cet esprit qu'on jeûnait dans l'Eglise primitive, pour se consacrer à de solennelles entreprises (Ac 13:2 14:23). Paul jeûnait aussi (2Co 6:5 11:27), mais ne recommande nulle part le jeûne et le condamne même en tant que prescription légale et formaliste (Ro, 14:17, Col 2:16,1Ti 4:1-5).

Dans l'Église chrétienne, le jeûne reprit plus tard la valeur d'une pratique de sainteté et, dès le II° siècle, des jeûnes réguliers furent institués : carêmes, jeûnes hebdomadaires du vendredi, etc. Les Réformateurs, tout en enlevant au jeûne tout caractère obligatoire, le recommandent pour « tenir le corps en bride », mais sans superstition ni formalisme. R. de R.

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      Lévitique 16

      29 "It shall be a statute to you forever: in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, you shall afflict your souls, and shall do no kind of work, the native-born, or the stranger who lives as a foreigner among you:
      30 for on this day shall atonement be made for you, to cleanse you; from all your sins you shall be clean before Yahweh.
      31 It is a Sabbath of solemn rest to you, and you shall afflict your souls; it is a statute forever.

      Lévitique 23

      27 "However on the tenth day of this seventh month is the day of atonement: it shall be a holy convocation to you, and you shall afflict yourselves; and you shall offer an offering made by fire to Yahweh.

      1 Samuel 7

      6 They gathered together to Mizpah, and drew water, and poured it out before Yahweh, and fasted on that day, and said there, "We have sinned against Yahweh." Samuel judged the children of Israel in Mizpah.

      1 Samuel 31

      13 They took their bones, and buried them under the tamarisk tree in Jabesh, and fasted seven days.

      2 Samuel 1

      12 They mourned, and wept, and fasted until evening, for Saul, and for Jonathan his son, and for the people of Yahweh, and for the house of Israel; because they were fallen by the sword.

      2 Chroniques 20

      3 Jehoshaphat was alarmed, and set himself to seek to Yahweh. He proclaimed a fast throughout all Judah.

      Esdras 8

      21 Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river Ahava, that we might humble ourselves before our God, to seek of him a straight way for us, and for our little ones, and for all our substance.

      Esther 4

      16 "Go, gather together all the Jews who are present in Shushan, and fast for me, and neither eat nor drink three days, night or day. I and my maidens will also fast the same way. Then I will go in to the king, which is against the law; and if I perish, I perish."

      Psaumes 35

      18 I will give you thanks in the great assembly. I will praise you among many people.

      Esaïe 58

      3 'Why have we fasted,' say they, 'and you don't see? Why have we afflicted our soul, and you take no knowledge?' "Behold, in the day of your fast you find pleasure, and exact all your labors.
      5 Is such the fast that I have chosen? the day for a man to afflict his soul? Is it to bow down his head as a rush, and to spread sackcloth and ashes under him? Will you call this a fast, and an acceptable day to Yahweh?

      Jérémie 14

      12 When they fast, I will not hear their cry; and when they offer burnt offering and meal offering, I will not accept them; but I will consume them by the sword, and by the famine, and by the pestilence.

      Jérémie 52

      6 In the fourth month, in the ninth day of the month, the famine was severe in the city, so that there was no bread for the people of the land.
      7 Then a breach was made in the city, and all the men of war fled, and went forth out of the city by night by the way of the gate between the two walls, which was by the king's garden; (now the Chaldeans were against the city all around;) and they went toward the Arabah.
      8 But the army of the Chaldeans pursued after the king, and overtook Zedekiah in the plains of Jericho; and all his army was scattered from him.
      9 Then they took the king, and carried him up to the king of Babylon to Riblah in the land of Hamath; and he gave judgment on him.
      10 The king of Babylon killed the sons of Zedekiah before his eyes: he killed also all the princes of Judah in Riblah.
      11 He put out the eyes of Zedekiah; and the king of Babylon bound him in fetters, and carried him to Babylon, and put him in prison until the day of his death.

      Daniel 9

      3 I set my face to the Lord God, to seek by prayer and petitions, with fasting and sackcloth and ashes.

      Joël 2

      12 "Yet even now," says Yahweh, "turn to me with all your heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning."

      Jonas 3

      5 The people of Nineveh believed God; and they proclaimed a fast, and put on sackcloth, from their greatest even to their least.

      Zacharie 7

      5 "Speak to all the people of the land, and to the priests, saying, 'When you fasted and mourned in the fifth and in the seventh month for these seventy years, did you at all fast to me, really to me?
      6 When you eat, and when you drink, don't you eat for yourselves, and drink for yourselves?

      Zacharie 8

      19 Thus says Yahweh of Armies: "The fasts of the fourth fifth, seventh, and tenth months shall be for the house of Judah joy and gladness, and cheerful feasts. Therefore love truth and peace."

      Matthieu 4

      1 Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil.
      2 When he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was hungry afterward.
      3 The tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread."
      4 But he answered, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.'"
      5 Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple,
      6 and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you.' and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don't dash your foot against a stone.'"
      7 Jesus said to him, "Again, it is written, 'You shall not test the Lord, your God.'"
      8 Again, the devil took him to an exceedingly high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory.
      9 He said to him, "I will give you all of these things, if you will fall down and worship me."
      10 Then Jesus said to him, "Get behind me, Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      11 Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and served him.

      Matthieu 6

      16 "Moreover when you fast, don't be like the hypocrites, with sad faces. For they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen by men to be fasting. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.
      18 so that you are not seen by men to be fasting, but by your Father who is in secret, and your Father, who sees in secret, will reward you.

      Matthieu 9

      14 Then John's disciples came to him, saying, "Why do we and the Pharisees fast often, but your disciples don't fast?"

      Matthieu 17

      21 But this kind doesn't go out except by prayer and fasting."

      Luc 2

      37 and she had been a widow for about eighty-four years), who didn't depart from the temple, worshipping with fastings and petitions night and day.

      Luc 4

      1 Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness
      4 Jesus answered him, saying, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.'"

      Luc 18

      12 I fast twice a week. I give tithes of all that I get.'

      Actes 13

      2 As they served the Lord and fasted, the Holy Spirit said, "Separate Barnabas and Saul for me, for the work to which I have called them."

      Actes 14

      23 When they had appointed elders for them in every assembly, and had prayed with fasting, they commended them to the Lord, on whom they had believed.

      Actes 27

      9 When much time had passed and the voyage was now dangerous, because the Fast had now already gone by, Paul admonished them,

      Romains 14

      17 for the Kingdom of God is not eating and drinking, but righteousness, peace, and joy in the Holy Spirit.

      2 Corinthiens 6

      5 in beatings, in imprisonments, in riots, in labors, in watchings, in fastings;

      Colossiens 2

      16 Let no one therefore judge you in eating, or in drinking, or with respect to a feast day or a new moon or a Sabbath day,

      1 Timothée 4

      1 But the Spirit says expressly that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons,
      2 through the hypocrisy of men who speak lies, branded in their own conscience as with a hot iron;
      3 forbidding marriage and commanding to abstain from foods which God created to be received with thanksgiving by those who believe and know the truth.
      4 For every creature of God is good, and nothing is to be rejected, if it is received with thanksgiving.
      5 For it is sanctified through the word of God and prayer.
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