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Voir Agriculture.

Comme les campagnes de la Palestine étaient parsemées de « jougs » au travail (têtes de bétail accouplées), ainsi l'histoire d'Israël et de ses puissants voisins offre à chaque page la vision figurée de gens sous le joug : non pas seulement sous la charge normale de la discipline ou de la sagesse (Jer 2:20, Sir 51:26), mais sous celle de l'épreuve (La 3:27), et sous les fardeaux de toutes les oppressions et injustices (De 28:48,1Ro 12:4, Esa 10 7 14:25 58:6, Na 1:13, Eze 34:27, 1Ma 8:31, Sir 28:19 et suivant 33:26, etc.).

Le prophète Jérémie en fait le sombre tableau d'une de ses menaçantes paraboles en action (Jer 27 et Jer 28).

On sait que les Romains forçaient leurs ennemis vaincus à passer pliés en deux, en signe de soumission, sous un joug improvisé avec des lances (Tite-Live, 3:28).

Le Christ, venu pour rendre aux captifs la liberté, (Lu 4:19) a senti profondément la servitude de son peuple : il a sympathisé avec sa génération, courbée sous le joug de l'étranger (d'où les révoltes des Zélotes) et sous le joug de la Loi devenue entre les mains du clergé un intolérable fardeau (Mt 23:4, cf. Ac 15:10) ; il a vu tous les hommes ployés sous le joug de leur propre péché. Alors à ces surchargés, à ces exténués, il a proposé son joug, doux et léger (Mt 11:30) ; ces épithètes suggèrent qu'il n'est pas blessant (dans la langue du temps, cet adjectif doux s'appliquait aux objets de bonne qualité : une jarre de vin, ou de la farine, de l'huile, etc.) ; Vers. Syn. interprète : joug dont on se sert facilement.

Le joug du Seigneur consistait à faire la volonté de son Père, à s'atteler au travail d'un seul : Dieu (Jn 5:17-19 8:28 10:30), travail d'amour pour sauver les hommes (Jn 13:1) et les unir à jamais (Jn 17:21). A cette oeuvre surhumaine, son propre joug est devenu sa croix (Php 2:6,8) ; mais le Seigneur ressuscité entraîne à sa suite des disciples portant leur croix (Mr 8:34) ; il les soustrait au joug du péché en les ressuscitant avec lui (Ro 7:24 et suivant) ; et, comme l'humble animal « porte-joug » a porté le Roi de la paix (Mt 21:5), ainsi leur « joug facile » consiste à porter dans le monde la sublime nouvelle de l'amour du Sauveur qui les a subjugués. Jn L.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Esaïe 10

      7 However he doesn't mean so, neither does his heart think so; but it is in his heart to destroy, and to cut off not a few nations.

      Esaïe 14

      25 that I will break the Assyrian in my land, and tread him under foot on my mountains. Then his yoke will leave them, and his burden leave their shoulders.

      Esaïe 58

      6 "Isn't this the fast that I have chosen: to release the bonds of wickedness, to undo the bands of the yoke, and to let the oppressed go free, and that you break every yoke?

      Jérémie 2

      20 "For of old time I have broken your yoke, and burst your bonds; and you said, 'I will not serve;' for on every high hill and under every green tree you bowed yourself, playing the prostitute.

      Jérémie 27

      1 In the beginning of the reign of Jehoiakim the son of Josiah, king of Judah, came this word to Jeremiah from Yahweh, saying,
      2 Thus says Yahweh to me: Make bonds and bars, and put them on your neck;
      3 and send them to the king of Edom, and to the king of Moab, and to the king of the children of Ammon, and to the king of Tyre, and to the king of Sidon, by the hand of the messengers who come to Jerusalem to Zedekiah king of Judah;
      4 and give them a command to their masters, saying, Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, You shall tell your masters:
      5 I have made the earth, the men and the animals that are on the surface of the earth, by my great power and by my outstretched arm; and I give it to whom it seems right to me.
      6 Now have I given all these lands into the hand of Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, my servant; and the animals of the field also have I given him to serve him.
      7 All the nations shall serve him, and his son, and his son's son, until the time of his own land come: and then many nations and great kings shall make him their bondservant.
      8 It shall happen, that the nation and the kingdom which will not serve the same Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, and that will not put their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, that nation will I punish, says Yahweh, with the sword, and with the famine, and with the pestilence, until I have consumed them by his hand.
      9 But as for you, don't you listen to your prophets, nor to your diviners, nor to your dreams, nor to your soothsayers, nor to your sorcerers, who speak to you, saying, You shall not serve the king of Babylon:
      10 for they prophesy a lie to you, to remove you far from your land, and that I should drive you out, and you should perish.
      11 But the nation that shall bring their neck under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him, that nation will I let remain in their own land, says Yahweh; and they shall till it, and dwell therein.
      12 I spoke to Zedekiah king of Judah according to all these words, saying, Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him and his people, and live.
      13 Why will you die, you and your people, by the sword, by the famine, and by the pestilence, as Yahweh has spoken concerning the nation that will not serve the king of Babylon?
      14 Don't listen to the words of the prophets who speak to you, saying, You shall not serve the king of Babylon; for they prophesy a lie to you.
      15 For I have not sent them, says Yahweh, but they prophesy falsely in my name; that I may drive you out, and that you may perish, you, and the prophets who prophesy to you.
      16 Also I spoke to the priests and to all this people, saying, Thus says Yahweh: Don't listen to the words of your prophets who prophesy to you, saying, Behold, the vessels of Yahweh's house shall now shortly be brought again from Babylon; for they prophesy a lie to you.
      17 Don't listen to them; serve the king of Babylon, and live: why should this city become a desolation?
      18 But if they be prophets, and if the word of Yahweh be with them, let them now make intercession to Yahweh of Armies, that the vessels which are left in the house of Yahweh, and in the house of the king of Judah, and at Jerusalem, don't go to Babylon.
      19 For thus says Yahweh of Armies concerning the pillars, and concerning the sea, and concerning the bases, and concerning the residue of the vessels that are left in this city,
      20 which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon didn't take, when he carried away captive Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, from Jerusalem to Babylon, and all the nobles of Judah and Jerusalem;
      21 yes, thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, concerning the vessels that are left in the house of Yahweh, and in the house of the king of Judah, and at Jerusalem:
      22 They shall be carried to Babylon, and there shall they be, until the day that I visit them, says Yahweh; then will I bring them up, and restore them to this place.

      Jérémie 28

      1 It happened the same year, in the beginning of the reign of Zedekiah king of Judah, in the fourth year, in the fifth month, that Hananiah the son of Azzur, the prophet, who was of Gibeon, spoke to me in the house of Yahweh, in the presence of the priests and of all the people, saying,
      2 Thus speaks Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, saying, I have broken the yoke of the king of Babylon.
      3 Within two full years will I bring again into this place all the vessels of Yahweh's house, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon took away from this place, and carried to Babylon:
      4 and I will bring again to this place Jeconiah the son of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, with all the captives of Judah, who went to Babylon, says Yahweh; for I will break the yoke of the king of Babylon.
      5 Then the prophet Jeremiah said to the prophet Hananiah in the presence of the priests, and in the presence of all the people who stood in the house of Yahweh,
      6 even the prophet Jeremiah said, Amen: Yahweh do so; Yahweh perform your words which you have prophesied, to bring again the vessels of Yahweh's house, and all them of the captivity, from Babylon to this place.
      7 Nevertheless hear you now this word that I speak in your ears, and in the ears of all the people:
      8 The prophets who have been before me and before you of old prophesied against many countries, and against great kingdoms, of war, and of evil, and of pestilence.
      9 The prophet who prophesies of peace, when the word of the prophet shall happen, then shall the prophet be known, that Yahweh has truly sent him.
      10 Then Hananiah the prophet took the bar from off the prophet Jeremiah's neck, and broke it.
      11 Hananiah spoke in the presence of all the people, saying, Thus says Yahweh: Even so will I break the yoke of Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon within two full years from off the neck of all the nations. The prophet Jeremiah went his way.
      12 Then the word of Yahweh came to Jeremiah, after that Hananiah the prophet had broken the bar from off the neck of the prophet Jeremiah, saying,
      13 Go, and tell Hananiah, saying, Thus says Yahweh: You have broken the bars of wood; but you have made in their place bars of iron.
      14 For thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel: I have put a yoke of iron on the neck of all these nations, that they may serve Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon; and they shall serve him: and I have given him the animals of the field also.
      15 Then the prophet Jeremiah said to Hananiah the prophet, Hear now, Hananiah: Yahweh has not sent you; but you make this people to trust in a lie.
      16 Therefore thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will send you away from off the surface of the earth: this year you shall die, because you have spoken rebellion against Yahweh.
      17 So Hananiah the prophet died the same year in the seventh month.

      Lamentations 3

      27 It is good for a man that he bear the yoke in his youth.

      Ezéchiel 34

      27 The tree of the field shall yield its fruit, and the earth shall yield its increase, and they shall be secure in their land; and they shall know that I am Yahweh, when I have broken the bars of their yoke, and have delivered them out of the hand of those who made slaves of them.

      Nahum 1

      13 Now will I break his yoke from off you, and will burst your bonds apart."

      Matthieu 11

      30 For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light."

      Matthieu 21

      5 "Tell the daughter of Zion, behold, your King comes to you, humble, and riding on a donkey, on a colt, the foal of a donkey."

      Matthieu 23

      4 For they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them.

      Marc 8

      34 He called the multitude to himself with his disciples, and said to them, "Whoever wants to come after me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow me.

      Luc 4

      19 and to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord."

      Jean 5

      17 But Jesus answered them, "My Father is still working, so I am working, too."
      18 For this cause therefore the Jews sought all the more to kill him, because he not only broke the Sabbath, but also called God his own Father, making himself equal with God.
      19 Jesus therefore answered them, "Most certainly, I tell you, the Son can do nothing of himself, but what he sees the Father doing. For whatever things he does, these the Son also does likewise.

      Jean 8

      28 Jesus therefore said to them, "When you have lifted up the Son of Man, then you will know that I am he, and I do nothing of myself, but as my Father taught me, I say these things.

      Jean 10

      30 I and the Father are one."

      Jean 13

      1 Now before the feast of the Passover, Jesus, knowing that his time had come that he would depart from this world to the Father, having loved his own who were in the world, he loved them to the end.

      Jean 17

      21 that they may all be one; even as you, Father, are in me, and I in you, that they also may be one in us; that the world may believe that you sent me.

      Actes 15

      10 Now therefore why do you tempt God, that you should put a yoke on the neck of the disciples which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear?

      Romains 7

      24 What a wretched man I am! Who will deliver me out of the body of this death?
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