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JOUR DE L'ÉTERNEL

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C'est le jour où Dieu interviendra dans l'histoire humaine pour manifester son pouvoir et le but qu'il poursuit. Ce jour fut pour les Juifs une espérance nationale, non individuelle. On se le représentait comme un jour de combat ; rappelons-nous, en effet, que pour les Hébreux comme pour les Arabes, « le jour » signifie souvent « jour de bataille ». (cf. Esa 9:3) Cette conception, très ancienne chez les Hébreux, s'est maintenue vivante à travers toute l'histoire d'Israël, mais en se modifiant avec le temps. Voici les principales étapes de ces transformations.

1.

Le Jour de l'Éternel exprime d'abord l'exaltation du sentiment national, sans qu'on s'embarrasse de questions morales : le Dieu d'Israël soutient son peuple et lui réserve un jour d'éclatante vengeance.

2.

Dès le VIII e siècle av. J. -C, Amos se refuse à admettre une idée semblable : « Malheur, s'écrie-t-il, à ceux qui désirent le Jour de l'Éternel ! » (Am 5:18). Car les péchés d'Israël sont innombrables, ils ont enflammé la colère de l'Éternel, et le châtiment sera terrible, pour Israël comme pour les autres peuples, s'il n'y a pas un changement des coeurs (Am 2:6-8 3:9-15 4:4 5:5-15,21-24 6:4-8). chez Amos et Osée (Os 13:12-16), le jugement est dirigé contre Israël. Dans Ésaïe (Esa 2:6-21 8:1-4 9:7-13 17:6-11 28:1-4) et Michée (Mic 3:12), c'est Juda qui doit être puni ; ce châtiment, définitif aux yeux de Michée, laisse subsister un espoir dans les prophéties d'Ésaïe qui entrevoient un rétablissement d'Israël (Esa 1:24-26). Pour Sophonie, qui parle aussi de ce rétablissement (Sop 3:9,20), le Jour de l'Éternel verra comparaître le monde entier ; toutes les nations seront rassemblées devant Dieu (Sop 1:2-18 2:4-15) et subiront leur châtiment. Mais le tableau manque de précision, car il y est question des instruments de la justice divine, des « conviés de l'Éternel » (Sop 1:7), et ceux-ci ne tombent pas sous le coup de la vengeance. Chez Nahum, la colère de Dieu se tourne contre Ninive.

3.

L'exil modifie profondément la pensée juive. Sans doute l'ancienne conception reste vivace chez Habacuc, ce prophète plein d'amertume parce qu'il songe aux souffrances de son peuple ; à ses yeux, seul Israël est sans faute (Hab 1:2-4,13 etc.), et les oppresseurs sont tous pécheurs ; aussi Dieu les exterminera-t-il sans pitié (Hab 3:3,15). Mais les grands prophètes ont des vues plus profondes ; pour eux, c'est chaque individu qui devra rendre compte de sa vie, non les peuples pris dans leur ensemble. Ézéchiel insiste sur ce jugement individuel (Eze 11:17,21 36:25-32 24:12-16) ; s'il proclame l'anéantissement des païens (=Gog) quand luira le Jour de l'Éternel (Eze 30:2-4 38:1-39:24), Jérémie, par contre, croit à la patience de Dieu, même à l'égard des Gentils (Jer 16:19 12:15,17) ; lui aussi prévoit une restauration future (Jer 3:14-23 23:6,8 31:33). Le second Ésaïe reprend la pensée de Jérémie et montre la miséricorde de l'Éternel plus grande que son courroux, s'étendant à tous les hommes (Esa 40-50).

4.

Après l'exil, le Jour de l'Éternel est annoncé comme un jour de colère contre les méchants. Malachie prophétise le retour d'Élie qui renouvellera son oeuvre et préparera ainsi la venue du Jour de l'Éternel « grand et redoutable » (Mal 4:5 3:1,3). Puis le nationalisme s'exalte de nouveau. Le Jour de l'Éternel n'a plus pour but d'opérer un triage moral dans le peuple de Dieu, il sert à glorifier Israël à la face du monde ; les descriptions se font apocalyptiques. Joël est typique à cet égard (Joe 2:18-27 3:16 s). Une autre vision montre les nations groupées à l'attaque de Jérusalem, et Dieu qui délivre son peuple en lui frayant un passage au travers du mont des Oliviers coupé par le milieu, tandis qu'une plaie s'abat sur les assiégeants ; Jérusalem devient alors le centre religieux du monde (Za 14).

5.

Ce caractère apocalyptique du Jour de l'Éternel s'accentue de plus en plus ; bientôt cette conception est à la base de l'attente messianique dans la littérature apocalyptique. Le Jour de l'Éternel devient le Jour du Jugement qui doit ouvrir l'ère messianique et marquer le début de l'établissement du Royaume de Dieu sur la terre.

En conclusion, on peut affirmer que l'eschatologie du judaïsme est en grande partie un développement de ce qu'impliquait déjà, dans l'enseignement prophétique, l'attente du Jour de l'Éternel. Voir début de l'art, suivant. Edm. R.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Esaïe 1

      24 Therefore the Lord, Yahweh of Armies, the Mighty One of Israel, says: "Ah, I will get relief from my adversaries, and avenge myself of my enemies;
      25 and I will turn my hand on you, thoroughly purge away your dross, and will take away all your tin.
      26 I will restore your judges as at the first, and your counselors as at the beginning. Afterward you shall be called 'The city of righteousness, a faithful town.'

      Esaïe 2

      6 For you have forsaken your people, the house of Jacob, because they are filled from the east, with those who practice divination like the Philistines, and they clasp hands with the children of foreigners.
      7 Their land is full of silver and gold, neither is there any end of their treasures. Their land also is full of horses, neither is there any end of their chariots.
      8 Their land also is full of idols. They worship the work of their own hands, that which their own fingers have made.
      9 Man is brought low, and mankind is humbled; therefore don't forgive them.
      10 Enter into the rock, and hide in the dust, from before the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty.
      11 The lofty looks of man will be brought low, the haughtiness of men will be bowed down, and Yahweh alone will be exalted in that day.
      12 For there will be a day of Yahweh of Armies for all that is proud and haughty, and for all that is lifted up; and it shall be brought low:
      13 For all the cedars of Lebanon, that are high and lifted up, for all the oaks of Bashan,
      14 For all the high mountains, for all the hills that are lifted up,
      15 For every lofty tower, for every fortified wall,
      16 For all the ships of Tarshish, and for all pleasant imagery.
      17 The loftiness of man shall be bowed down, and the haughtiness of men shall be brought low; and Yahweh alone shall be exalted in that day.
      18 The idols shall utterly pass away.
      19 Men shall go into the caves of the rocks, and into the holes of the earth, from before the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty, when he arises to shake the earth mightily.
      20 In that day, men shall cast away their idols of silver, and their idols of gold, which have been made for themselves to worship, to the moles and to the bats;
      21 To go into the caverns of the rocks, and into the clefts of the ragged rocks, from before the terror of Yahweh, and from the glory of his majesty, when he arises to shake the earth mightily.

      Esaïe 8

      1 Yahweh said to me, "Take a large tablet, and write on it with a man's pen, 'For Maher Shalal Hash Baz; '

      Esaïe 9

      3 You have multiplied the nation. You have increased their joy. They rejoice before you according to the joy in harvest, as men rejoice when they divide the spoil.
      7 Of the increase of his government and of peace there shall be no end, on the throne of David, and on his kingdom, to establish it, and to uphold it with justice and with righteousness from that time on, even forever. The zeal of Yahweh of Armies will perform this.

      Esaïe 17

      6 Yet gleanings will be left there, like the shaking of an olive tree, two or three olives in the top of the uppermost bough, four or five in the outermost branches of a fruitful tree," says Yahweh, the God of Israel.

      Esaïe 28

      1 Woe to the crown of pride of the drunkards of Ephraim, and to the fading flower of his glorious beauty, which is on the head of the fertile valley of those who are overcome with wine!

      Esaïe 40

      1 "Comfort, comfort my people," says your God.
      2 "Speak comfortably to Jerusalem; and call out to her that her warfare is accomplished, that her iniquity is pardoned, that she has received of Yahweh's hand double for all her sins."
      3 The voice of one who calls out, "Prepare the way of Yahweh in the wilderness! Make a level highway in the desert for our God.
      4 Every valley shall be exalted, and every mountain and hill shall be made low. The uneven shall be made level, and the rough places a plain.
      5 The glory of Yahweh shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together; for the mouth of Yahweh has spoken it."
      6 The voice of one saying, "Cry!" One said, "What shall I cry?" "All flesh is like grass, and all its glory is like the flower of the field.
      7 The grass withers, the flower fades, because Yahweh's breath blows on it. Surely the people are like grass.
      8 The grass withers, the flower fades; but the word of our God stands forever."
      9 You who tell good news to Zion, go up on a high mountain. You who tell good news to Jerusalem, lift up your voice with strength. Lift it up. Don't be afraid. Say to the cities of Judah, "Behold, your God!"
      10 Behold, the Lord Yahweh will come as a mighty one, and his arm will rule for him. Behold, his reward is with him, and his recompense before him.
      11 He will feed his flock like a shepherd. He will gather the lambs in his arm, and carry them in his bosom. He will gently lead those who have their young.
      12 Who has measured the waters in the hollow of his hand, and marked off the sky with his span, and calculated the dust of the earth in a measure, and weighed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a balance?
      13 Who has directed the Spirit of Yahweh, or has taught him as his counselor?
      14 Who did he take counsel with, and who instructed him, and taught him in the path of justice, and taught him knowledge, and showed him the way of understanding?
      15 Behold, the nations are like a drop in a bucket, and are regarded as a speck of dust on a balance. Behold, he lifts up the islands like a very little thing.
      16 Lebanon is not sufficient to burn, nor its animals sufficient for a burnt offering.
      17 All the nations are like nothing before him. They are regarded by him as less than nothing, and vanity.
      18 To whom then will you liken God? Or what likeness will you compare to him?
      19 A workman has cast an image, and the goldsmith overlays it with gold, and casts silver chains for it.
      20 He who is too impoverished for such an offering chooses a tree that will not rot. He seeks a skillful workman to set up an engraved image for him that will not be moved.
      21 Haven't you known? Haven't you heard, yet? Haven't you been told from the beginning? Haven't you understood from the foundations of the earth?
      22 It is he who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers; who stretches out the heavens like a curtain, and spreads them out like a tent to dwell in;
      23 who brings princes to nothing; who makes the judges of the earth like meaningless.
      24 They are planted scarcely. They are sown scarcely. Their stock has scarcely taken root in the ground. He merely blows on them, and they wither, and the whirlwind takes them away as stubble.
      25 "To whom then will you liken me? Who is my equal?" says the Holy One.
      26 Lift up your eyes on high, and see who has created these, who brings out their army by number. He calls them all by name. by the greatness of his might, and because he is strong in power, Not one is lacking.
      27 Why do you say, Jacob, and speak, Israel, "My way is hidden from Yahweh, and the justice due me is disregarded by my God?"
      28 Haven't you known? Haven't you heard? The everlasting God, Yahweh, The Creator of the ends of the earth, doesn't faint. He isn't weary. His understanding is unsearchable.
      29 He gives power to the weak. He increases the strength of him who has no might.
      30 Even the youths faint and get weary, and the young men utterly fall;
      31 But those who wait for Yahweh will renew their strength. They will mount up with wings like eagles. They will run, and not be weary. They will walk, and not faint.

      Esaïe 41

      1 "Keep silent before me, islands, and let the peoples renew their strength. Let them come near, then let them speak. Let's meet together for judgment.
      2 Who has raised up one from the east? Who called him to his foot in righteousness? He hands over nations to him, and makes him rule over kings. He gives them like the dust to his sword, like the driven stubble to his bow.
      3 He pursues them, and passes by safely, Even by a way that he had not gone with his feet.
      4 Who has worked and done it, calling the generations from the beginning? I, Yahweh, the first, and with the last, I am he."
      5 The islands have seen, and fear. The ends of the earth tremble. They approach, and come.
      6 Everyone helps his neighbor. They say to their brothers, "Be strong!"
      7 So the carpenter encourages the goldsmith. He who smoothes with the hammer encourages him who strikes the anvil, saying of the soldering, "It is good"; and he fastens it with nails, that it might not totter.
      8 "But you, Israel, my servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, the seed of Abraham my friend,
      9 You whom I have taken hold of from the ends of the earth, and called from its corners, and said to you, 'You are my servant, I have chosen you and not cast you away;'
      10 Don't you be afraid, for I am with you. Don't be dismayed, for I am your God. I will strengthen you. Yes, I will help you. Yes, I will uphold you with the right hand of my righteousness.
      11 Behold, all those who are incensed against you will be disappointed and confounded. Those who strive with you will be like nothing, and shall perish.
      12 You will seek them, and won't find them, even those who contend with you. Those who war against you will be as nothing, as a non-existent thing.
      13 For I, Yahweh your God, will hold your right hand, saying to you, 'Don't be afraid. I will help you.'
      14 Don't be afraid, you worm Jacob, and you men of Israel. I will help you," says Yahweh, "and your Redeemer is the Holy One of Israel.
      15 Behold, I have made you into a new sharp threshing instrument with teeth. You will thresh the mountains, and beat them small, and will make the hills like chaff.
      16 You will winnow them, and the wind will carry them away, and the whirlwind will scatter them. You will rejoice in Yahweh. You will glory in the Holy One of Israel.
      17 The poor and needy seek water, and there is none. Their tongue fails for thirst. I, Yahweh, will answer them. I, the God of Israel, will not forsake them.
      18 I will open rivers on the bare heights, and springs in the midst of the valleys. I will make the wilderness a pool of water, and the dry land springs of water.
      19 I will put cedar, acacia, myrtle, and oil trees in the wilderness. I will set fir trees, pine, and box trees together in the desert;
      20 that they may see, know, consider, and understand together, that the hand of Yahweh has done this, and the Holy One of Israel has created it.
      21 Produce your cause," says Yahweh. "Bring forth your strong reasons," says the King of Jacob.
      22 "Let them announce, and declare to us what shall happen. Declare the former things, what they are, that we may consider them, and know the latter end of them; or show us things to come.
      23 Declare the things that are to come hereafter, that we may know that you are gods. Yes, do good, or do evil, that we may be dismayed, and see it together.
      24 Behold, you are of nothing, and your work is of nothing. He who chooses you is an abomination.
      25 "I have raised up one from the north, and he has come; from the rising of the sun, one who calls on my name; and he shall come on rulers as on mortar, and as the potter treads clay.
      26 Who has declared it from the beginning, that we may know? And before, that we may say, 'He is right?' Surely, there is no one who declares. Surely, there is no one who shows. Surely, there is no one who hears your words.
      27 I am the first to say to Zion, 'Behold, look at them;' and I will give one who brings good news to Jerusalem.
      28 When I look, there is no man; even among them there is no counselor who, when I ask of them, can answer a word.
      29 Behold, all of them, their works are vanity and nothing. Their molten images are wind and confusion.

      Esaïe 42

      1 "Behold, my servant, whom I uphold; my chosen, in whom my soul delights-- I have put my Spirit on him. He will bring justice to the nations.
      2 He will not shout, nor raise his voice, nor cause it to be heard in the street.
      3 He won't break a bruised reed. He won't quench a dimly burning wick. He will faithfully bring justice.
      4 He will not fail nor be discouraged, until he has set justice in the earth, and the islands will wait for his law."
      5 Thus says God Yahweh, he who created the heavens and stretched them out, he who spread out the earth and that which comes out of it, he who gives breath to its people and spirit to those who walk in it.
      6 "I, Yahweh, have called you in righteousness, and will hold your hand, and will keep you, and make you a covenant for the people, as a light for the nations;
      7 to open the blind eyes, to bring the prisoners out of the dungeon, and those who sit in darkness out of the prison.
      8 "I am Yahweh. That is my name. I will not give my glory to another, nor my praise to engraved images.
      9 Behold, the former things have happened, and I declare new things. I tell you about them before they come up."
      10 Sing to Yahweh a new song, and his praise from the end of the earth, you who go down to the sea, and all that is therein, the islands and their inhabitants.
      11 Let the wilderness and its cities raise their voices, with the villages that Kedar inhabits. Let the inhabitants of Sela sing. Let them shout from the top of the mountains!
      12 Let them give glory to Yahweh, and declare his praise in the islands.
      13 Yahweh will go out like a mighty man. He will stir up zeal like a man of war. He will raise a war cry. Yes, he will shout aloud. He will triumph over his enemies.
      14 "I have been silent a long time. I have been quiet and restrained myself. Now I will cry out like a travailing woman. I will both gasp and pant.
      15 I will destroy mountains and hills, and dry up all their herbs. I will make the rivers islands, and will dry up the pools.
      16 I will bring the blind by a way that they don't know. I will lead them in paths that they don't know. I will make darkness light before them, and crooked places straight. I will do these things, and I will not forsake them.
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