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Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

JUGER

Jésus dit expressément : « Ne jugez point » (Mt 7:1) ; il ajoute : « Ne condamnez point, pardonnez » (Lu 6:37).

Il affirme ainsi que nous n'avons pas le droit de formuler des appréciations impitoyables sur la personne de notre prochain ; il nous invite à nous juger nous-mêmes premièrement (Image de la poutre et de la paille).

Dans Mt 15:1 et suivants, il refuse de répondre à une question des Pharisiens parce que ceux-ci, qui accusent les disciples, ont eux-mêmes transgressé gravement la loi sur laquelle ils s'appuient.

Jésus fait la guerre à l'esprit de jugement, esprit de critique et de censure, que les apôtres, après lui, ont combattu dans l'Église naissante. (cf. Ro 14:10, Jas 4:11 etc.) Cet esprit est fait d'ignorance, d'orgueil et de jalousie ; il est donc injuste, dur pour autrui, implacable même, il prononce sur l'apparence ou d'après des préjugés, il sème le découragement, il dessèche le coeur et endurcit l'âme, parfois même il devient violent et persécuteur. Il est l'ennemi le plus néfaste de la vie fraternelle et de la paix entre les hommes et dans l'Église.

Au contraire, celui qui se juge lui-même premièrement (Mt 7:3) et qui se souvient de ses propres fautes entretient en lui l'humilité (voir ce mot), qui lui dicte des jugements empreints de douceur et de bienveillance ; il est de ceux qui « procurent la paix » (Mt 5:9). Cette attitude, magnifiquement décrite dans 1Co 13:4,7, est le fruit d'une vie spirituelle riche et approfondie, qui se garde de juger sur l'apparence (cf. Jn 7:24 8:15) et de décourager autrui, qui respecte la liberté de conscience des frères (Ro 14,1Co 10:29), qui, surtout, s'interdit de se mettre à la place de Dieu (1Co 4:5, Ro 14:10), juge suprême, seul juste, seul saint, juge de tous.

Mais les actions et les pensées des hommes sont bonnes ou mauvaises ; et le christianisme, qui se distingue par son caractère essentiellement moral, implique l'approbation ou la condamnation de ces actes (Ro 2:14,2Co 4:2,1Co 2:16), selon qu'ils sont ou ne sont pas moraux et conformes à l'esprit de l'Évangile (Phi 1:10,1Th 5:21).

Déjà pour les croyants de l'A. T, le discernement du bien et du mal était une nécessité de la foi (Ge 2:17,1Ro 3:9, Jon 4:11, Job 6:30, Pr 1:4, Sir 17:7 etc.) ; à plus forte raison l'est-il pour le disciple du Christ, ce discernement du bien et du mal (Heb 5:14), de ce qui est juste (Lu 12:56 et suivant), de la volonté de Dieu (Ro 12:2), des cas de conscience (Ro 2:18, Bbl. Cent.), des nuances (Php 1:10, id.), et ce « discernement des esprits » qui consiste à distinguer vrais et faux prophètes, et que saint Paul considère comme un don de l'Esprit (1Co 12:10).

Jésus lui-même, tout en mettant en garde ses disciples contre l'esprit de dénigrement, sous-entend qu'ils doivent pourtant identifier les coupables, les indignes : considérer et traiter en conséquence telles ou telles personnes comme « chiens », « pourceaux », « faux prophètes », « reconnaître à leurs fruits les mauvais arbres », etc. (Mt 7:6,15,19) sont des jugements de valeur qu'il commande aussitôt après avoir condamné l'esprit de jugement (verset 1-5) ; ce fait prouve bien que sa condamnation porte sur les jugements inspirés par une âme malveillante ou superficielle.

Quant à l'expression de nos blâmes concernant le prochain, s'il est vrai que Jésus a émis sur certains de ses contemporains des jugements parfois sévères et même indignés, --qui sont surtout provoqués par l'hypocrisie (voir ce mot), --son exemple en l'espèce n'est pas normatif pour nous : lui, c'est sa sainteté et sa connaissance parfaite du coeur humain qui l'autorisaient à s'indigner sans erreur ni injustice possible ; nous, ignorants et imparfaits, nous devons sans doute énergiquement réprouver le mal (Eph 5:11), mais nous ne devons prononcer sur les personnes que dans le même esprit de bienveillance que nous souhaitons pour nous-mêmes (Mt 7:12).

Certes, la solidarité est étroite entre les actions et leurs auteurs, et chacun est dans une grande mesure responsable des actes qu'il commet ; mais le mystère des justes responsabilités est connu de Dieu seul, et lui-même ne veut pas la mort du pécheur, mais sa conversion et sa vie (Eze 18:23, cf. Jn 3:17).

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