LABOUR

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La charrue du paysan palestinien, encore aujourd'hui fort primitive et réduite à quelques pièces de bois plus ou moins solidement ajustées (fig. 4 ; voir Gens et choses de Pal., p. 90s), n'a pour pièce de fer que le soc, que les prophètes ont plusieurs fois comparé à l'épée du soldat (Esa 2:4, Mic 4:3, Joe 3:10) ; encore est-il trop plat pour creuser de plus de 8 à 10 cm. un sol généralement très sec, de sorte que les sillons en Orient (Job 31:8, Ps 65:11, Os 10:4 12:12) restent moins profonds que les nôtres.

Fréquentes sont les allusions bibliques (voir Agriculture) au temps du labour (Ge 45:6, Ex 34:21), au labour lui-même (Jug 14:18,1Sa 8:12,1Ro 19:19, Job 1:14, Lu 17:7), ou aux laboureurs (Ge 4:2,2Ch 26:10, Jer 14:4, Joe 1:11), qui à partir de l'exil sont souvent misérables ou esclaves (2Ro 25:12, Za 13:5, Esa 61:5). En effet, quand leur labour peut se faire dans des conditions normales, c'est un symptôme des temps de paix (Am 9:13) ; en temps de guerre, ils sont des premiers à souffrir (Am 5:16, Jer 51:23). Contraste violent, les villes dévastées par les armes sont décrites au figuré comme labourées (Mic 3:12, Jer 26:18) ; de même les personnes, dont le « dos labouré de longs sillons » (Ps 129:3) représente sans doute les « coups de fouet dont les ennemis labouraient le dos des vaincus » (Bbl. Cent.).

Comme métaphore, le labour évoque le plus souvent l'idée de travail (Pr 20:4) ; comp, en franc, labour et labeur L'image du labour en plein roc (Am 6:12) dénonce la folie de ceux qui méconnaissent les lois de la vie (certains lisent : labour en mer ; l'application est la même). Au sens moral, labourer c'est faire acte de bien ou de mal (Os 10:11-13, Job 4:8) ; c'est même en être encore à préparer d'avance une récolte, à méditer une oeuvre, qui dans cette acception est souvent mauvaise, et nos versions traduisent alors le verbe « labourer » par « machiner », ou termes analogues (1Sa 23:9, Pr 3:29 6:14 14:22, Sir 7:12). Mais dans le N.T. le travail du laboureur apparaît comme réhabilité : il symbolise fidélité dans la tâche et confiance en ses résultats, deux aspects de la foi en Dieu (1Co 9:10,2Ti 2:6, Jas 5:7) ; c'est pourquoi Jésus déclare à l'indécis : « Celui qui, après avoir mis la main à la charrue, regarde en arrière, n'est pas propre au royaume de Dieu ».

--Voir (Lu 9:62) Joug.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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  Genèse 4
  
  2 Again she gave birth, to Cain's brother Abel. Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a tiller of the ground.
  
  Genèse 45
  
  6 For these two years the famine has been in the land, and there are yet five years, in which there will be neither plowing nor harvest.
  
  Exode 34
  
  21 "Six days you shall work, but on the seventh day you shall rest: in plowing time and in harvest you shall rest.
  
  Juges 14
  
  18 The men of the city said to him on the seventh day before the sun went down, "What is sweeter than honey? What is stronger than a lion?" He said to them, "If you hadn't plowed with my heifer, you wouldn't have found out my riddle."
  
  1 Samuel 8
  
  12 and he will appoint them to him for captains of thousands, and captains of fifties; and he will assign some to plow his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and the instruments of his chariots.
  
  1 Samuel 23
  
  9 David knew that Saul was devising mischief against him; and he said to Abiathar the priest, "Bring the ephod here."
  
  2 Chroniques 26
  
  10 He built towers in the wilderness, and dug out many cisterns, for he had much livestock; in the lowland also, and in the plain: and he had farmers and vineyard keepers in the mountains and in the fruitful fields; for he loved farming.
  
  Job 1
  
  14 that there came a messenger to Job, and said, "The oxen were plowing, and the donkeys feeding beside them,
  
  Job 4
  
  8 According to what I have seen, those who plow iniquity, and sow trouble, reap the same.
  
  Job 31
  
  8 then let me sow, and let another eat. Yes, let the produce of my field be rooted out.
  
  Psaumes 65
  
  11 You crown the year with your bounty. Your carts overflow with abundance.
  
  Psaumes 129
  
  3 The plowers plowed on my back. They made their furrows long.
  
  Proverbes 3
  
  29 Don't devise evil against your neighbor, since he dwells securely by you.
  
  Proverbes 6
  
  14 in whose heart is perverseness, who devises evil continually, who always sows discord.
  
  Proverbes 14
  
  22 Don't they go astray who plot evil? But love and faithfulness belong to those who plan good.
  
  Proverbes 20
  
  4 The sluggard will not plow by reason of the winter; therefore he shall beg in harvest, and have nothing.
  
  Esaïe 2
  
  4 He will judge between the nations, and will decide concerning many peoples; and they shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more.
  
  Esaïe 61
  
  5 Strangers shall stand and feed your flocks, and foreigners shall be your plowmen and your vinedressers.
  
  Jérémie 14
  
  4 Because of the ground which is cracked, because no rain has been in the land, the plowmen are disappointed, they cover their heads.
  
  Jérémie 26
  
  18 Micah the Morashtite prophesied in the days of Hezekiah king of Judah; and he spoke to all the people of Judah, saying, Thus says Yahweh of Armies: Zion shall be plowed as a field, and Jerusalem shall become heaps, and the mountain of the house as the high places of a forest.
  
  Jérémie 51
  
  23 and with you will I break in pieces the shepherd and his flock; and with you will I break in pieces the farmer and his yoke; and with you will I break in pieces governors and deputies.
  
  Osée 10
  
  4 They make promises, swearing falsely in making covenants. Therefore judgment springs up like poisonous weeds in the furrows of the field.
  
  11 Ephraim is a trained heifer that loves to thresh; so I will put a yoke on her beautiful neck. I will set a rider on Ephraim. Judah will plow. Jacob will break his clods.
  
  12 Sow to yourselves in righteousness, reap according to kindness. Break up your fallow ground; for it is time to seek Yahweh, until he comes and rains righteousness on you.
  
  13 You have plowed wickedness. You have reaped iniquity. You have eaten the fruit of lies, for you trusted in your way, in the multitude of your mighty men.
  
  Osée 12
  
  12 Jacob fled into the country of Aram, and Israel served to get a wife, and for a wife he tended flocks and herds.
  
  Joël 1
  
  11 Be confounded, you farmers! Wail, you vineyard keepers; for the wheat and for the barley; for the harvest of the field has perished.
  
  Joël 3
  
  10 Beat your plowshares into swords, and your pruning hooks into spears. Let the weak say, 'I am strong.'
  
  Amos 5
  
  16 Therefore thus says Yahweh, the God of Armies, the Lord: "Wailing will be in all the broad ways; and they will say in all the streets, 'Alas! Alas!' and they will call the farmer to mourning, and those who are skillful in lamentation to wailing.
  
  Amos 6
  
  12 Do horses run on the rocky crags? Does one plow there with oxen? But you have turned justice into poison, and the fruit of righteousness into bitterness;
  
  Amos 9
  
  13 "Behold, the days come," says Yahweh, "that the plowman shall overtake the reaper, and the one treading grapes him who sows seed; and sweet wine will drip from the mountains, and flow from the hills.
  
  Michée 3
  
  12 Therefore Zion for your sake will be plowed like a field, and Jerusalem will become heaps of rubble, and the mountain of the temple like the high places of a forest.
  
  Michée 4
  
  3 and he will judge between many peoples, and will decide concerning strong nations afar off. They will beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks. Nation will not lift up sword against nation, neither will they learn war any more.
  
  Zacharie 13
  
  5 but he will say, 'I am no prophet, I am a tiller of the ground; for I have been made a bondservant from my youth.'
  
  Luc 9
  
  62 But Jesus said to him, "No one, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the Kingdom of God."
  
  Luc 17
  
  7 But who is there among you, having a servant plowing or keeping sheep, that will say, when he comes in from the field, 'Come immediately and sit down at the table,'
  
  1 Corinthiens 9
  
  10 or does he say it assuredly for our sake? Yes, it was written for our sake, because he who plows ought to plow in hope, and he who threshes in hope should partake of his hope.
  
  2 Timothée 2
  
  6 The farmers who labor must be the first to get a share of the crops.
  
  Jacques 5
  
  7 Be patient therefore, brothers, until the coming of the Lord. Behold, the farmer waits for the precious fruit of the earth, being patient over it, until it receives the early and late rain.

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