LANGUE

Comme en français, ce mot en hébreu (lâchôn) et en grec (glôssa) désigne à la fois l'organe de la parole et le langage.

Organe de la parole.

Les mentions bibliques de la langue, au sens propre, ont à peine besoin d'explications (Ex 4:10, Jug 7:5, Sir 17:6 (Mr 7:33-35),. L'expression : n'oser remuer la langue (Jos 10:21) correspond à la nôtre : n'oser souffler mot ; on l'applique même aux chiens ! (Ex 11:7)

Quand on dit que les hommes se mordent la langue de douleur (Ap 16:10), nous dirions plutôt : se mordre les lèvres.

Les anciens attribuent le venin de la vipère à sa langue (Job 20:16).

Quand le muet est guéri, sa langue proclame sa joie (Esa 35:6, Lu 1:64 et suivants).

La langue brûlante qui ne peut être rafraîchie est un des pires supplices (Lu 16:24). Un autre supplice, la langue coupée, est infligé aux frères juifs martyrisés sous Antiochus (2Ma 7:4-10), et lorsque l'impie Nicanor est tué et décapité, Judas Macchabée fait couper sa langue en morceaux qui sont jetés aux oiseaux (2Ma 15:33).

Au figuré, comme la bouche et les lèvres (voir ces mots), la langue représente la parole par où s'affirme la personne humaine : la locution « toute langue » équivaut à « tous les hommes s'exprimant en paroles » (Esa 45:23 54:17, Ro 14:11, Php 2:11) ; l'hébreu, toujours concret, dit parfois : langue, là où nos versions traduisent : paroles. (ex., Esa 3:8)

La langue est donc associée, au figuré, aux idées et aux sentiments, aux qualités et aux défauts--le plus souvent aux défauts--qui inspirent les paroles (Job 6:30, Ps 5:10 12:4 73:9 120:2 et suivant, Pr 6:17, Mic 6:12, Ac 2:26, etc.). La langue double (Sir 6:1 28:14 et suivant) est celle du mensonge, de l'hypocrisie et de la calomnie (voir ces mots).

Comme Esope (page célèbre de la préface de La Fontaine à ses Fables), mais avec une vigueur prophétique, la Bible met en lumière l'extraordinaire puissance de la langue, soit pour le bien, soit pour le mal (Pr 18:21 25:15-23, Jer 18:18, Sir 37:18 51:22 ; le passage classique à cet égard est Jas 3:1,12).

La Bible la compare :

-à un fléau (Job 5:21), -à un feu (Esa 30:27), -à une épée (Ps 57 = (Ps 64:4), Sir 28:18), -à un arc (Jer 9:3), -à une flèche (Jer 9:8, Sir 51:6), -à un rasoir (Ps 52:4), -à un fouet (hébreu de Sir 26:6 28:17), -au dard du serpent venimeux (Ps 140:4).

Mais la langue peut aussi :

-guérir (Pr 12:18), -valoir le pur argent (Pr 10:20), -être comme la plume d'un habile écrivain (Ps 45:2), -rendre un son agréable (Sir 40:21), -fortifier les gens abattus (Esa 50:4).

Il importe donc que l'homme garde sévèrement le contrôle de sa langue (Job 31:30, Ps 34:14 39:2, Pr 21:23, Sir 25:8, Sag 1:11, Jas 1:26,1Pi 3:10).

Comme en réalité personne n'en est capable (Sir 19:16, Jas 3:8), l'inspiration bonne doit venir de Dieu (2Sa 23:2, Pr 16:1, Lu 12 : et suivant).

On trouve occasionnellement l'image anthropomorphique de la langue de l'Eternel (Esa 30:27).

Langage.

Les langues nommées dans la Bible sont :

-l'hébreu ou « langue judaïque » (2Ro 18:26,28, Jn 19:20, Ac 21:40 26:14), -l'araméen (2Ro 18:26, Esd 4:7, Esa 36:11), -l'asdodien (Ne 13:24), -le caldéen (Da 1:4), -le grec (Ac 21:37) -le latin (Jn 19:20), -le lycaonien (Ac 14:11) ; -l'égyptien est impliqué par l'emploi d'un interprète dans Ge 42:23.

Le « langage » de Pierre qui le fait remarquer à Jérusalem (Mt 26:73) était la prononciation et l'accentuation galiléennes de certains mots araméens. Les anciens appelaient « barbare » toute langue qui leur était inintelligible (Esa 33:19, Eze 3:5).

La diversité des langues de la terre était attribuée par les Israélites à l'histoire de la tour de Babel (voir ce mot) ; les derniers prophètes prévoient que le message de Dieu franchira cet obstacle des langues multiples (Esa 66:18, Za 8:23, Apoc, 5:9 7:9 17:15 etc.).

--Pour le phénomène de la Pentecôte, symbolisé par des « langues » de feu et éclatant dans un langage extraordinaire (Ac 2), comme pour la glossolalie (=parler en langues) de 1Co 14, voir Langues (don des) ;

--Pour le langage du Christ en Palestine, voir Langue parlée par Jésus ;

--Pour le langage figuré, voir Symbolisme.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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  Genèse 42
  
  23 They didn't know that Joseph understood them; for there was an interpreter between them.
  
  Exode 4
  
  10 Moses said to Yahweh, "O Lord, I am not eloquent, neither before now, nor since you have spoken to your servant; for I am slow of speech, and of a slow tongue."
  
  Exode 11
  
  7 But against any of the children of Israel a dog won't even bark or move its tongue, against man or animal; that you may know that Yahweh makes a distinction between the Egyptians and Israel.
  
  Josué 10
  
  21 that all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace. None moved his tongue against any of the children of Israel.
  
  Juges 7
  
  5 So he brought down the people to the water; and Yahweh said to Gideon, "Everyone who laps of the water with his tongue, like a dog laps, you shall set him by himself; likewise everyone who bows down on his knees to drink."
  
  2 Samuel 23
  
  2 "The Spirit of Yahweh spoke by me. His word was on my tongue.
  
  Esdras 4
  
  7 In the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in Syrian, and set forth in the Syrian language.
  
  Néhémie 13
  
  24 and their children spoke half in the speech of Ashdod, and could not speak in the Jews' language, but according to the language of each people.
  
  Job 5
  
  21 You shall be hidden from the scourge of the tongue, neither shall you be afraid of destruction when it comes.
  
  Job 6
  
  30 Is there injustice on my tongue? Can't my taste discern mischievous things?
  
  Job 20
  
  16 He shall suck cobra venom. The viper's tongue shall kill him.
  
  Job 31
  
  30 (yes, I have not allowed my mouth to sin by asking his life with a curse);
  
  Psaumes 5
  
  10 Hold them guilty, God. Let them fall by their own counsels; Thrust them out in the multitude of their transgressions, for they have rebelled against you.
  
  Psaumes 12
  
  4 who have said, "With our tongue we will prevail. Our lips are our own. Who is lord over us?"
  
  Psaumes 34
  
  14 Depart from evil, and do good. seek peace, and pursue it.
  
  Psaumes 39
  
  2 I was mute with silence. I held my peace, even from good. My sorrow was stirred.
  
  Psaumes 45
  
  2 You are the most excellent of the sons of men. Grace has anointed your lips, therefore God has blessed you forever.
  
  Psaumes 52
  
  4 You love all devouring words, you deceitful tongue.
  
  Psaumes 57
  
  1 <> Be merciful to me, God, be merciful to me, for my soul takes refuge in you. Yes, in the shadow of your wings, I will take refuge, until disaster has passed.
  
  2 I cry out to God Most High, to God who accomplishes my requests for me.
  
  3 He will send from heaven, and save me, he rebukes the one who is pursuing me. Selah. God will send out his loving kindness and his truth.
  
  4 My soul is among lions. I lie among those who are set on fire, even the sons of men, whose teeth are spears and arrows, and their tongue a sharp sword.
  
  5 Be exalted, God, above the heavens! Let your glory be above all the earth!
  
  6 They have prepared a net for my steps. My soul is bowed down. They dig a pit before me. They fall into its midst themselves. Selah.
  
  7 My heart is steadfast, God, my heart is steadfast. I will sing, yes, I will sing praises.
  
  8 Wake up, my glory! Wake up, psaltery and harp! I will wake up the dawn.
  
  9 I will give thanks to you, Lord, among the peoples. I will sing praises to you among the nations.
  
  10 For your great loving kindness reaches to the heavens, and your truth to the skies.
  
  11 Be exalted, God, above the heavens. Let your glory be over all the earth.
  
  Psaumes 64
  
  4 to shoot innocent men from ambushes. They shoot at him suddenly and fearlessly.
  
  Psaumes 73
  
  9 They have set their mouth in the heavens. Their tongue walks through the earth.
  
  Psaumes 120
  
  2 Deliver my soul, Yahweh, from lying lips, from a deceitful tongue.
  
  Psaumes 140
  
  4 Yahweh, keep me from the hands of the wicked. Preserve me from the violent men who have determined to trip my feet.
  
  Proverbes 6
  
  17 haughty eyes, a lying tongue, hands that shed innocent blood;
  
  Proverbes 10
  
  20 The tongue of the righteous is like choice silver. The heart of the wicked is of little worth.
  
  Proverbes 12
  
  18 There is one who speaks rashly like the piercing of a sword, but the tongue of the wise heals.
  
  Proverbes 16
  
  1 The plans of the heart belong to man, but the answer of the tongue is from Yahweh.
  
  Proverbes 18
  
  21 Death and life are in the power of the tongue; those who love it will eat its fruit.
  
  Proverbes 21
  
  23 Whoever guards his mouth and his tongue keeps his soul from troubles.
  
  Proverbes 25
  
  15 By patience a ruler is persuaded. A soft tongue breaks the bone.
  
  Esaïe 3
  
  8 For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen; because their tongue and their doings are against Yahweh, to provoke the eyes of his glory.
  
  Esaïe 30
  
  27 Behold, the name of Yahweh comes from far away, burning with his anger, and in thick rising smoke. His lips are full of indignation, and his tongue is as a devouring fire.
  
  Esaïe 33
  
  19 You will no longer see the fierce people, a people of a deep speech that you can't comprehend, with a strange language that you can't understand.
  
  Esaïe 35
  
  6 Then the lame man will leap like a deer, and the tongue of the mute will sing; for waters will break out in the wilderness, and streams in the desert.
  
  Esaïe 36
  
  11 Then Eliakim, Shebna and Joah said to Rabshakeh, "Please speak to your servants in Aramaic, for we understand it; and don't speak to us in the Jews' language in the hearing of the people who are on the wall."
  
  Esaïe 45
  
  23 I have sworn by myself, the word has gone out of my mouth in righteousness, and will not return, that to me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall take an oath.
  
  Esaïe 50
  
  4 The Lord Yahweh has given me the tongue of those who are taught, that I may know how to sustain with words him who is weary: he wakens morning by morning, he wakens my ear to hear as those who are taught.
  
  Esaïe 54
  
  17 No weapon that is formed against you will prevail; and you will condemn every tongue that rises against you in judgment. This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh, and their righteousness which is of me," says Yahweh.
  
  Esaïe 66
  
  18 "For I know their works and their thoughts: the time comes, that I will gather all nations and languages; and they shall come, and shall see my glory.
  
  Jérémie 9
  
  3 They bend their tongue, as their bow, for falsehood; and they are grown strong in the land, but not for truth: for they proceed from evil to evil, and they don't know me, says Yahweh.
  
  8 Their tongue is a deadly arrow; it speaks deceit: one speaks peaceably to his neighbor with his mouth, but in his heart he lays wait for him.
  
  Jérémie 18
  
  18 Then they said, Come, and let us devise devices against Jeremiah; for the law shall not perish from the priest, nor counsel from the wise, nor the word from the prophet. Come, and let us strike him with the tongue, and let us not give heed to any of his words.
  
  Ezéchiel 3
  
  5 For you are not sent to a people of a strange speech and of a hard language, but to the house of Israel;
  
  Daniel 1
  
  4 youths in whom was no blemish, but well-favored, and skillful in all wisdom, and endowed with knowledge, and understanding science, and such as had ability to stand in the king's palace; and that he should teach them the learning and the language of the Chaldeans.
  
  Michée 6
  
  12 Her rich men are full of violence, her inhabitants speak lies, and their tongue is deceitful in their speech.
  
  Zacharie 8
  
  23 Thus says Yahweh of Armies: "In those days, ten men will take hold, out of all the languages of the nations, they will take hold of the skirt of him who is a Jew, saying, 'We will go with you, for we have heard that God is with you.'"
  
  Matthieu 26
  
  73 After a little while those who stood by came and said to Peter, "Surely you are also one of them, for your speech makes you known."
  
  Marc 7
  
  33 He took him aside from the multitude, privately, and put his fingers into his ears, and he spat, and touched his tongue.
  
  34 Looking up to heaven, he sighed, and said to him, "Ephphatha!" that is, "Be opened!"
  
  35 Immediately his ears were opened, and the impediment of his tongue was released, and he spoke clearly.
  
  Luc 1
  
  64 His mouth was opened immediately, and his tongue freed, and he spoke, blessing God.
  
  Luc 12
  
  1 Meanwhile, when a multitude of many thousands had gathered together, so much so that they trampled on each other, he began to tell his disciples first of all, "Beware of the yeast of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.
  
  2 But there is nothing covered up, that will not be revealed, nor hidden, that will not be known.
  
  3 Therefore whatever you have said in the darkness will be heard in the light. What you have spoken in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed on the housetops.
  
  4 "I tell you, my friends, don't be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do.
  
  5 But I will warn you whom you should fear. Fear him, who after he has killed, has power to cast into Gehenna. Yes, I tell you, fear him.
  
  6 "Aren't five sparrows sold for two assaria coins ? Not one of them is forgotten by God.
  
  7 But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Therefore don't be afraid. You are of more value than many sparrows.
  
  8 "I tell you, everyone who confesses me before men, him will the Son of Man also confess before the angels of God;
  
  9 but he who denies me in the presence of men will be denied in the presence of the angels of God.
  
  10 Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven.
  
  11 When they bring you before the synagogues, the rulers, and the authorities, don't be anxious how or what you will answer, or what you will say;
  
  12 for the Holy Spirit will teach you in that same hour what you must say."
  
  13 One of the multitude said to him, "Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me."
  
  14 But he said to him, "Man, who made me a judge or an arbitrator over you?"
  
  15 He said to them, "Beware! Keep yourselves from covetousness, for a man's life doesn't consist of the abundance of the things which he possesses."
  
  16 He spoke a parable to them, saying, "The ground of a certain rich man brought forth abundantly.
  
  17 He reasoned within himself, saying, 'What will I do, because I don't have room to store my crops?'
  
  18 He said, 'This is what I will do. I will pull down my barns, and build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods.
  
  19 I will tell my soul, "Soul, you have many goods laid up for many years. Take your ease, eat, drink, be merry."'
  
  20 "But God said to him, 'You foolish one, tonight your soul is required of you. The things which you have prepared--whose will they be?'
  
  21 So is he who lays up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God."
  
  22 He said to his disciples, "Therefore I tell you, don't be anxious for your life, what you will eat, nor yet for your body, what you will wear.
  
  23 Life is more than food, and the body is more than clothing.
  
  24 Consider the ravens: they don't sow, they don't reap, they have no warehouse or barn, and God feeds them. How much more valuable are you than birds!
  
  25 Which of you by being anxious can add a cubit to his height?
  
  26 If then you aren't able to do even the least things, why are you anxious about the rest?
  
  27 Consider the lilies, how they grow. They don't toil, neither do they spin; yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
  
  28 But if this is how God clothes the grass in the field, which today exists, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, how much more will he clothe you, O you of little faith?
  
  29 Don't seek what you will eat or what you will drink; neither be anxious.
  
  30 For the nations of the world seek after all of these things, but your Father knows that you need these things.
  
  31 But seek God's Kingdom, and all these things will be added to you.
  
  32 Don't be afraid, little flock, for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the Kingdom.
  
  33 Sell that which you have, and give gifts to the needy. Make for yourselves purses which don't grow old, a treasure in the heavens that doesn't fail, where no thief approaches, neither moth destroys.
  
  34 For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
  
  35 "Let your waist be dressed and your lamps burning.
  
  36 Be like men watching for their lord, when he returns from the marriage feast; that, when he comes and knocks, they may immediately open to him.
  
  37 Blessed are those servants, whom the lord will find watching when he comes. Most certainly I tell you, that he will dress himself, and make them recline, and will come and serve them.
  
  38 They will be blessed if he comes in the second or third watch, and finds them so.
  
  39 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming, he would have watched, and not allowed his house to be broken into.

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