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LARMES

Cette manifestation de la sensibilité humaine, exprimant généralement la douleur, (cf. Sir 22:19) est très souvent mentionnée dans la Bible, parfois en contraste avec le rire (voir ce mot), les causes d'affliction (voir ce mot) pouvant être fort diverses.

Particulièrement fréquentes sont les larmes du deuil (voir ce mot), plus ou moins accompagnées de lamentations funèbres (Ge 23:2,2Sa 19:1, Za 12:10, 1Ma 12:52 13:36,2Ma 4:37, Sir 22:11, Ac 9:39 etc.) ; des larmes sont versées par peur de la mort (2Ro 20:1,3-5) ; il y a les pleurs des opprimés (Ec 4:1, Sir 35:18 et suivant, etc.), ceux des oppresseurs ou des jouisseurs châtiés (Jas 5:1, Ap 18:9), les larmes du remords inutile (Heb 12:17), les larmes du repentir (2Ro 22:19, Joe 2:12, Mr 14:72, Jas 4:9 etc.). Les horreurs de la guerre font pleurer des populations entières (1Sa 11:5 30:4, Jer 22:10 31:15 etc.). C'est aussi le regret d'un beau passé disparu (Ps 137:1, Esd 3:12), et surtout la désolation des prophètes sur l'indignité du peuple de Dieu, sur la ruine de la nation et de Jérusalem (Jer 9:1 13:17 14:17, Esa 16:9, La 1:2 2:11-18 3:49 etc.).

La piété personnelle des croyants des Psaumes, dans laquelle par endroit semble aussi se personnifier leur sentiment national, se présente au Seigneur avec larmes, du fait de la persécution ou du découragement (Ps 6:7 39:13 42:4 80:6 102:10 etc.) ; on a même vu dans l'appel de Ps 56:9 : « Recueille mes larmes dans tes urnes », une allusion aux « lacrymatoires » romains, vases de parfums que l'on a crus à tort destinés à conserver les larmes répandues aux funérailles : le psalmiste exprime simplement par cette image de l'urne, comme par la suivante, celle du livre (voir ce mot), son besoin de compter sur la fidèle mémoire de son Dieu témoin de sa souffrance et de sa fidélité. Par contre, sont condamnées les larmes du formalisme (Za 7:3,5, Mal 2:13), de l'hypocrisie (Sir 12:16) ou des professionnels (Mr 5:38 et suivant).

Pour les pleurs sur Thammuz, voir (Eze 8:14) ce mot. Pour les pleurs et grincements de dents des réprouvés, voir (Mt 8:12, etc.) Dent, I, 1.

L'A. T, renferme déjà bien des promesses précieuses aux fidèles qui pleurent : le croyant sera préservé (Ps 116:8), ses larmes seront essuyées (Ps 126:5 et suivant, Esa 25:8 30:19 65:19, Jer 31:16 etc.).

Et la bonne nouvelle de l'Évangile proclame dès l'abord : « Heureux ceux qui pleurent, car ils seront consolés ! » (Mt 5:4, cf. Lu 6:21-25). Un certain nombre d'exemples en sont donnés, matériellement parlant, dans les évangiles : la veuve de Naïn (Lu 7:13), la pécheresse (Lu 7:38,44), Marie soeur de Lazare (Jn 11:31-33). Dans Mr 9:24, Ost. et Mart, suivaient un texte grec d'après lequel le père de l'enfant démoniaque « s'écriait avec larmes : Je crois..., etc. » ; la variante est abandonnée aujourd'hui par les traducteurs, mais le détail n'a rien d'invraisemblable.

Sur la voie douloureuse, des femmes de Jérusalem pleurent sur la destinée du Seigneur condamné à la croix (Lu 23:27) ; après sa mise au tombeau, Marie de Magdala (Jn 20:11,16) et ceux qui avaient vécu avec lui sont dans le deuil et dans les larmes (Mr 16:10). Les uns et les autres n'ont pas encore compris que ses souffrances étaient pour lui la condition de la victoire et de la gloire, tandis qu'un motif bien plus grave de désolation est le prochain sort tragique de la cité même et de ses habitants : tel était le sens de l'apostrophe de Jésus aux femmes éplorées de Jérusalem (Lu 23:28,31).

Le Christ lui-même avait pleuré trois fois, à notre connaissance, au cours de son ministère.

Précisément sur son peuple et sur sa ville, lorsqu'il aperçoit celle-ci, le jour des Rameaux, du haut du mont des Oliviers, au tournant du chemin, peut-être aux environs du lieu traditionnel appelé aujourd'hui Dominus flevit =le Seigneur pleura (le verbe grec, klaueïn, signifie se lamenter à haute voix). Jésus est secoué de sanglots sur la cité soi-disant sainte qui tue les prophètes, sur le sacerdoce qui déshonore Dieu, profane Son culte et va mettre à mort Son Envoyé, le Sauveur, obstinément méconnu (Lu 19:41 et suivants, cf. Lu 13:34 et suivant).

Devant le tombeau de Lazare, Jésus pleure (verbe dakrueïn =laisser couler des larmes silencieuses) : émotion profonde, dans le « trouble » et le « frémissement », au milieu des amis tout en pleurs sur leur disparu (Jn 11:33-35). sympathie pour toutes les victimes de la brutale séparation, et sans doute aussi horreur d'un monde où le règne du péché condamne tous les hommes à la misère, à la honte, à la mort.

Dans l'agonie de Gethsémané, « prière et supplications offertes avec de grands cris et avec larmes » : (Heb 5:7) suprême angoisse à la vue de sa propre mort, acceptée dans l'obéissance à son Père et la solidarité volontaire avec ceux pour qui le Fils de l'homme devait mourir afin de leur donner le salut et la vie... Dans ces trois tableaux si caractéristiques des larmes du Seigneur, se dresse sur la terre en sa grandeur divine « l'homme de douleurs connaissant la souffrance » (Esa 53:3), mais dont la parfaite mission rédemptrice lui permettait de déclarer aux siens, dès avant la consommation de son sacrifice : « Que votre coeur ne se trouble point... Je donne ma vie... Je donne la vie éternelle... » (Jn 14:1 10:17,28).

Parmi les apôtres, saint Paul a comme son Maître versé les larmes d'un coeur saignant sur les égarements, l'endurcissement, l'inconduite des victimes et des coupables que les appels de son infatigable amour n'ont pas pu ramener au bien (Ac 20:29,31,2Co 2:4 12:21, Php 3:18 et suivant) ; il a connu pourtant aussi la joie d'en conquérir pour Dieu (2Co 7:5,10). Il a versé les larmes des séparations entre frères (Ac 20:37 21:13), recommandé la vraie sympathie qui possède le secret de pleurer avec ceux qui pleurent (Ro 12:15, cf. Sir 7:34), et il a proclamé qu'en face de la mort le Christ ressuscité ne nous laisse point affligés, sans espérance comme les autres hommes (1Th 4:13), ou les plus misérables de tous les hommes : (1Co 15:19) la Bonne Nouvelle, c'est que Jésus-Christ a détruit la mort et mis en lumière la vie et l'immortalité ! (2Ti 1:10)

Devant le péché, le malheur et la mort, rien n'est moins larmoyant, rien n'est plus triomphal, que l'Évangile de Jésus-Christ (voir Évangile, Béatitudes, Joie). Jn L.

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      Genèse 23

      2 Sarah died in Kiriath Arba (the same is Hebron), in the land of Canaan. Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep for her.

      1 Samuel 11

      5 Behold, Saul came following the oxen out of the field; and Saul said, "What ails the people that they weep?" They told him the words of the men of Jabesh.

      2 Samuel 19

      1 It was told Joab, "Behold, the king weeps and mourns for Absalom."

      Esdras 3

      12 But many of the priests and Levites and heads of fathers' households, the old men who had seen the first house, when the foundation of this house was laid before their eyes, wept with a loud voice. Many also shouted aloud for joy,

      Psaumes 6

      7 My eye wastes away because of grief. It grows old because of all my adversaries.

      Psaumes 39

      13 Oh spare me, that I may recover strength, before I go away, and exist no more."

      Psaumes 42

      4 These things I remember, and pour out my soul within me, how I used to go with the crowd, and led them to God's house, with the voice of joy and praise, a multitude keeping a holy day.

      Psaumes 56

      9 Then my enemies shall turn back in the day that I call. I know this, that God is for me.

      Psaumes 80

      6 You make us a source of contention to our neighbors. Our enemies laugh among themselves.

      Psaumes 102

      10 Because of your indignation and your wrath, for you have taken me up, and thrown me away.

      Psaumes 116

      8 For you have delivered my soul from death, my eyes from tears, and my feet from falling.

      Psaumes 126

      5 Those who sow in tears will reap in joy.

      Psaumes 137

      1 By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down. Yes, we wept, when we remembered Zion.

      Ecclésiaste 4

      1 Then I returned and saw all the oppressions that are done under the sun: and behold, the tears of those who were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter.

      Esaïe 16

      9 Therefore I will weep with the weeping of Jazer for the vine of Sibmah. I will water you with my tears, Heshbon, and Elealeh: for on your summer fruits and on your harvest the battle shout has fallen.

      Esaïe 25

      8 He has swallowed up death forever! The Lord Yahweh will wipe away tears from off all faces. He will take the reproach of his people away from off all the earth, for Yahweh has spoken it.

      Esaïe 30

      19 For the people will dwell in Zion at Jerusalem. You will weep no more. He will surely be gracious to you at the voice of your cry. When he hears you, he will answer you.

      Esaïe 53

      3 He was despised, and rejected by men; a man of suffering, and acquainted with disease. He was despised as one from whom men hide their face; and we didn't respect him.

      Esaïe 65

      19 I will rejoice in Jerusalem, and joy in my people; and there shall be heard in her no more the voice of weeping and the voice of crying.

      Jérémie 9

      1 Oh that my head were waters, and my eyes a spring of tears, that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people!

      Jérémie 13

      17 But if you will not hear it, my soul shall weep in secret for your pride; and my eye shall weep bitterly, and run down with tears, because Yahweh's flock is taken captive.

      Jérémie 14

      17 You shall say this word to them, Let my eyes run down with tears night and day, and let them not cease; for the virgin daughter of my people is broken with a great breach, with a very grievous wound.

      Jérémie 22

      10 Don't weep for the dead, neither bemoan him; but weep bitterly for him who goes away; for he shall return no more, nor see his native country.

      Jérémie 31

      15 Thus says Yahweh: A voice is heard in Ramah, lamentation, and bitter weeping, Rachel weeping for her children; she refuses to be comforted for her children, because they are no more.
      16 Thus says Yahweh: Refrain your voice from weeping, and your eyes from tears; for your work shall be rewarded, says Yahweh; and they shall come again from the land of the enemy.

      Lamentations 1

      2 She weeps bitterly in the night, and her tears are on her cheeks; among all her lovers she has none to comfort her: All her friends have dealt treacherously with her; they are become her enemies.

      Lamentations 2

      11 My eyes do fail with tears, my heart is troubled; My liver is poured on the earth, because of the destruction of the daughter of my people, Because the young children and the infants swoon in the streets of the city.

      Lamentations 3

      49 My eye pours down, and doesn't cease, without any intermission,

      Ezéchiel 8

      14 Then he brought me to the door of the gate of Yahweh's house which was toward the north; and see, there sat the women weeping for Tammuz.

      Joël 2

      12 "Yet even now," says Yahweh, "turn to me with all your heart, and with fasting, and with weeping, and with mourning."

      Zacharie 7

      3 and to speak to the priests of the house of Yahweh of Armies, and to the prophets, saying, "Should I weep in the fifth month, separating myself, as I have done these so many years?"
      5 "Speak to all the people of the land, and to the priests, saying, 'When you fasted and mourned in the fifth and in the seventh month for these seventy years, did you at all fast to me, really to me?

      Zacharie 12

      10 I will pour on the house of David, and on the inhabitants of Jerusalem, the spirit of grace and of supplication; and they will look to me whom they have pierced; and they shall mourn for him, as one mourns for his only son, and will grieve bitterly for him, as one grieves for his firstborn.

      Malachie 2

      13 This again you do: you cover the altar of Yahweh with tears, with weeping, and with sighing, because he doesn't regard the offering any more, neither receives it with good will at your hand.

      Matthieu 5

      4 Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.

      Matthieu 8

      12 but the children of the Kingdom will be thrown out into the outer darkness. There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth."

      Marc 5

      38 He came to the synagogue ruler's house, and he saw an uproar, weeping, and great wailing.

      Marc 9

      24 Immediately the father of the child cried out with tears, "I believe. Help my unbelief!"

      Marc 14

      72 The rooster crowed the second time. Peter remembered the word, how that Jesus said to him, "Before the rooster crows twice, you will deny me three times." When he thought about that, he wept.

      Marc 16

      10 She went and told those who had been with him, as they mourned and wept.

      Luc 6

      21 Blessed are you who hunger now, for you will be filled. Blessed are you who weep now, for you will laugh.
      22 Blessed are you when men shall hate you, and when they shall exclude and mock you, and throw out your name as evil, for the Son of Man's sake.
      23 Rejoice in that day, and leap for joy, for behold, your reward is great in heaven, for their fathers did the same thing to the prophets.
      24 "But woe to you who are rich! For you have received your consolation.
      25 Woe to you, you who are full now, for you will be hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you will mourn and weep.

      Luc 7

      13 When the Lord saw her, he had compassion on her, and said to her, "Don't cry."
      38 Standing behind at his feet weeping, she began to wet his feet with her tears, and she wiped them with the hair of her head, kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment.
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      Luc 13

      34 "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, that kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, like a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you refused!

      Luc 19

      41 When he drew near, he saw the city and wept over it,

      Luc 23

      27 A great multitude of the people followed him, including women who also mourned and lamented him.
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      31 For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?"

      Jean 10

      17 Therefore the Father loves me, because I lay down my life, that I may take it again.
      28 I give eternal life to them. They will never perish, and no one will snatch them out of my hand.

      Jean 11

      31 Then the Jews who were with her in the house, and were consoling her, when they saw Mary, that she rose up quickly and went out, followed her, saying, "She is going to the tomb to weep there."
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      35 Jesus wept.

      Jean 14

      1 "Don't let your heart be troubled. Believe in God. Believe also in me.

      Jean 20

      11 But Mary was standing outside at the tomb weeping. So, as she wept, she stooped and looked into the tomb,
      16 Jesus said to her, "Mary." She turned and said to him, "Rabboni !" which is to say, "Teacher !"

      Actes 9

      39 Peter got up and went with them. When he had come, they brought him into the upper room. All the widows stood by him weeping, and showing the coats and garments which Dorcas had made while she was with them.

      Actes 20

      29 For I know that after my departure, vicious wolves will enter in among you, not sparing the flock.
      31 Therefore watch, remembering that for a period of three years I didn't cease to admonish everyone night and day with tears.
      37 They all wept a lot, and fell on Paul's neck and kissed him,

      Actes 21

      13 Then Paul answered, "What are you doing, weeping and breaking my heart? For I am ready not only to be bound, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus."

      Romains 12

      15 Rejoice with those who rejoice. Weep with those who weep.

      1 Corinthiens 15

      19 If we have only hoped in Christ in this life, we are of all men most pitiable.

      2 Corinthiens 2

      4 For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote to you with many tears, not that you should be made sorry, but that you might know the love that I have so abundantly for you.

      2 Corinthiens 7

      5 For even when we had come into Macedonia, our flesh had no relief, but we were afflicted on every side. Fightings were outside. Fear was inside.

      1 Thessaloniciens 4

      13 But we don't want you to be ignorant, brothers, concerning those who have fallen asleep, so that you don't grieve like the rest, who have no hope.

      2 Timothée 1

      10 but has now been revealed by the appearing of our Savior, Christ Jesus, who abolished death, and brought life and immortality to light through the Good News.

      Hébreux 5

      7 He, in the days of his flesh, having offered up prayers and petitions with strong crying and tears to him who was able to save him from death, and having been heard for his godly fear,

      Hébreux 12

      17 For you know that even when he afterward desired to inherit the blessing, he was rejected, for he found no place for a change of mind though he sought it diligently with tears.

      Jacques 4

      9 Lament, mourn, and weep. Let your laughter be turned to mourning, and your joy to gloom.

      Jacques 5

      1 Come now, you rich, weep and howl for your miseries that are coming on you.

      Apocalypse 18

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