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LÉOPARD

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(hébreu nâmer, grec pardalis). Carnassier félidé ou félin répandu en Asie, en Afrique et en Amérique, à pelage caractéristique, présentant un aspect marbré, avec des taches en rosé mêlées à des taches pleines. Son nom français lui vient de la superstition qui en faisait un hybride du lion (leo) et de la panthère (pardus)

Le léopard de la Bible (leopardus pardus) est le léopard proprement dit, ou variété de la panthère (comme traduisent certaines versions) : animal féroce, remarquablement agile et musclé, courageux et radicalement impropre à la domestication. Rare aujourd'hui en Palestine, où il devait être abondant autrefois, comme le lion, il peut se trouver encore aux environs de la mer Morte et dans la presqu'île du Sinaï.

C'est toujours comme terme de comparaison que la Bible le mentionne, faisant allusion à sa robe mouchetée (Jer 13:23), à sa rapidité (Hab 1:8), à sa façon de guetter sa proie (Os 13:7, Jer 5:6), au fait qu'il est surtout redoutable pour les chevreaux (Esa 11:6), à son repaire en pays montagneux (Ca 4:8).

Dans la vision apocalyptique de Daniel (Da 7:6), le léopard est le troisième des quatre animaux sortant de la mer, qui représentent les grands empires formidables ; dans l'Apocalypse (Ap 13:2), la bête montant de la mer réunit des traits des trois premiers animaux décrits dans Da 7:2-8 : lion, ours, léopard. (cf. Os 13:7 et suivant)

Le nom hébreu du léopard entre dans la composition de plusieurs noms d'endroits : Beth-Nimra (No 32:3-36), Eaux de Nimrim (Esa 15:6, Jer 48:34).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Nombres 32

      3 "Ataroth, and Dibon, and Jazer, and Nimrah, and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Sebam, and Nebo, and Beon,
      4 the land which Yahweh struck before the congregation of Israel, is a land for livestock; and your servants have livestock."
      5 They said, "If we have found favor in your sight, let this land be given to your servants for a possession; don't bring us over the Jordan."
      6 Moses said to the children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, "Shall your brothers go to the war, and shall you sit here?
      7 Why do you discourage the heart of the children of Israel from going over into the land which Yahweh has given them?
      8 Your fathers did so when I sent them from Kadesh Barnea to see the land.
      9 For when they went up to the valley of Eshcol, and saw the land, they discouraged the heart of the children of Israel, that they should not go into the land which Yahweh had given them.
      10 Yahweh's anger was kindled in that day, and he swore, saying,
      11 'Surely none of the men who came up out of Egypt, from twenty years old and upward, shall see the land which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob; because they have not wholly followed me:
      12 except Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenizzite, and Joshua the son of Nun; because they have followed Yahweh completely.'
      13 Yahweh's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made them wander back and forth in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation, who had done evil in the sight of Yahweh, was consumed.
      14 "Behold, you have risen up in your fathers' place, an increase of sinful men, to augment yet the fierce anger of Yahweh toward Israel.
      15 For if you turn away from after him, he will yet again leave them in the wilderness; and you will destroy all this people."
      16 They came near to him, and said, "We will build sheepfolds here for our livestock, and cities for our little ones:
      17 but we ourselves will be ready armed to go before the children of Israel, until we have brought them to their place: and our little ones shall dwell in the fortified cities because of the inhabitants of the land.
      18 We will not return to our houses, until the children of Israel have inherited every man his inheritance.
      19 For we will not inherit with them on the other side of the Jordan, and forward; because our inheritance is fallen to us on this side of the Jordan eastward."
      20 Moses said to them, "If you will do this thing, if you will arm yourselves to go before Yahweh to the war,
      21 and every armed man of you will pass over the Jordan before Yahweh, until he has driven out his enemies from before him,
      22 and the land is subdued before Yahweh; then afterward you shall return, and be guiltless towards Yahweh, and towards Israel; and this land shall be to you for a possession before Yahweh.
      23 "But if you will not do so, behold, you have sinned against Yahweh; and be sure your sin will find you out.
      24 Build cities for your little ones, and folds for your sheep; and do that which has proceeded out of your mouth."
      25 The children of Gad and the children of Reuben spoke to Moses, saying, "Your servants will do as my lord commands.
      26 Our little ones, our wives, our flocks, and all our livestock, shall be there in the cities of Gilead;
      27 but your servants will pass over, every man who is armed for war, before Yahweh to battle, as my lord says."
      28 So Moses commanded concerning them to Eleazar the priest, and to Joshua the son of Nun, and to the heads of the fathers' households of the tribes of the children of Israel.
      29 Moses said to them, "If the children of Gad and the children of Reuben will pass with you over the Jordan, every man who is armed to battle, before Yahweh, and the land shall be subdued before you; then you shall give them the land of Gilead for a possession:
      30 but if they will not pass over with you armed, they shall have possessions among you in the land of Canaan."
      31 The children of Gad and the children of Reuben answered, saying, "As Yahweh has said to your servants, so will we do.
      32 We will pass over armed before Yahweh into the land of Canaan, and the possession of our inheritance shall remain with us beyond the Jordan."
      33 Moses gave to them, even to the children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, and to the half-tribe of Manasseh the son of Joseph, the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, the land, according to its cities and borders, even the cities of the surrounding land.
      34 The children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and Aroer,
      35 and Atrothshophan, and Jazer, and Jogbehah,
      36 and Beth Nimrah, and Beth Haran: fortified cities, and folds for sheep.

      Cantique 4

      8 Come with me from Lebanon, my bride, with me from Lebanon. Look from the top of Amana, from the top of Senir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards.

      Esaïe 11

      6 The wolf will live with the lamb, and the leopard will lie down with the young goat; The calf, the young lion, and the fattened calf together; and a little child will lead them.

      Esaïe 15

      6 For the waters of Nimrim will be desolate; for the grass has withered away, the tender grass fails, there is no green thing.

      Jérémie 5

      6 Therefore a lion out of the forest shall kill them, a wolf of the evenings shall destroy them, a leopard shall watch against their cities; everyone who goes out there shall be torn in pieces; because their transgressions are many, and their backsliding is increased.

      Jérémie 13

      23 Can the Ethiopian change his skin, or the leopard his spots? then may you also do good, who are accustomed to do evil.

      Jérémie 48

      34 From the cry of Heshbon even to Elealeh, even to Jahaz have they uttered their voice, from Zoar even to Horonaim, to Eglath Shelishiyah: for the waters of Nimrim also shall become desolate.

      Daniel 7

      2 Daniel spoke and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the sky broke forth on the great sea.
      3 Four great animals came up from the sea, diverse one from another.
      4 The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I saw until its wings were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made to stand on two feet as a man; and a man's heart was given to it.
      5 Behold, another animal, a second, like a bear; and it was raised up on one side, and three ribs were in its mouth between its teeth: and they said thus to it, Arise, devour much flesh.
      6 After this I saw, and behold, another, like a leopard, which had on its back four wings of a bird; the animal had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.
      7 After this I saw in the night visions, and, behold, a fourth animal, awesome and powerful, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth; it devoured and broke in pieces, and stamped the residue with its feet: and it was diverse from all the animals that were before it; and it had ten horns.
      8 I considered the horns, and behold, there came up among them another horn, a little one, before which three of the first horns were plucked up by the roots: and behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of a man, and a mouth speaking great things.

      Osée 13

      7 Therefore I am like a lion to them. Like a leopard, I will lurk by the path.

      Habacuc 1

      8 Their horses also are swifter than leopards, and are more fierce than the evening wolves. Their horsemen press proudly on. Yes, their horsemen come from afar. They fly as an eagle that hurries to devour.

      Apocalypse 13

      2 The beast which I saw was like a leopard, and his feet were like those of a bear, and his mouth like the mouth of a lion. The dragon gave him his power, his throne, and great authority.
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