LÈVRES

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(hébreu sâphâh, grec kheïlè). Ce terme se trouve surtout dans la poésie hébraïque, et le N.T. ne l'emploie que dans des citations poétiques de l'A.T. C'est dire qu'il revêt généralement un sens figuré, imagé ou allégorique.

Notons d'abord quelques passages où il garde son sens propre et littéral (Ps 45:3, Pr 24:26, Ca 4:3-11 5:13). Les lèvres remuent pour la parole, même sans se faire entendre (1Sa 8:12 et suivant, Job 16:5) ; elles expriment rire et sourire (Job 8:21), ou tremblent de terreur (Hab 3:16). Dans 2Ro 19:28 parallèle Esa 37:29 est une allusion au moyen de dompter le cheval en lui mettant un mors entre les lèvres (Vers. Syn., bouche).

Le plus généralement la Bible désigne les lèvres comme instrument de la parole (Job 27:4, Ps 119:171, Pr 15:7 24:2, Mal 2:7). Un » homme de lèvres » est un grand parleur (Job 11:2) ; de vains propos ne sont que « paroles des lèvres » (2Ro 18:20, Ps 106:33, Pr 14:23), parfois fort différentes des sentiments du coeur (Esa 29:13, cité Mr 7:6). Mais les lèvres peuvent aussi célébrer le Seigneur (Ps 63:4, Esa 57:19), et l'hommage des lèvres est un sacrifice qu'il agrée (Os 14:2, Heb 13:15).

Les lèvres deviennent donc l'équivalent de la bouche et de la langue (voir ces mots) pour représenter le langage, et par là symboliser les qualités et les défauts qui s'y expriment :

elles sont qualifiées :

incirconcises (Ex 6:12,30), impures (Esa 6:5), flatteuses (Ps 12:3 et suivant), menteuses (Ps 31:19 120:2, Esa 59:3), fausses (Pr 4:24 12:22), injustes (Pr 17:4),

ou bien au contraire :

sincères (Ps 17:1), justes (Pr 16:13, VS. : paroles), intelligentes (Pr 20:15), etc.

Aussi le croyant demande-t-il à Dieu de veiller sur ses lèvres (Ps 141:3, Sir 22:27) ;

Lui, il peut :

les purifier (Esa 6:7, Sop 3:9), les inspirer (Da 10:16).

Par anthropomorphisme il est attribué à Dieu des lèvres qui commandent (Ps 17:4, Vers. Syn. : bouche) ou dont le souffle fait périr comme une haleine empoisonnée (Esa 11:4).

Le mouvement des lèvres fait curieusement image pour trahir les sentiments :

ricaner en grimaçant, c'est en hébreu « fendre les lèvres » (Ps 22:8) ; se mettre à parler, c'est ouvrir les lèvres (Job 11:5) ; les ouvrir trop, mène à la ruine (Pr 13:3), car c'est le médisant qui aime à ouvrir ses lèvres (Pr 20:19) ; être réservé, c'est retenir ou fermer ses lèvres (Pr 10:19 17:28), mais ce peut être aussi dissimulation perverse (Pr 16:30) ; il est indécent de faire son éloge de ses propres lèvres (Pr 27:2) ; le formaliste honore Dieu « du bout des lèvres » (Esa 29:13, Mt 15:8) ; la séductrice a des lèvres qui « distillent le miel » (Pr 5:3) ; au contraire, la médisante ou le calomniateur sécrètent de leurs lèvres un venin de serpent (Ps 140:4, Ro 3:13) ; les lèvres de l'insensé provoquent la querelle et lui sont un piège (Pr 18:6,8) ; il y a sur les lèvres du méchant comme un feu consumant (Pr 16:27).

Les lèvres peuvent même représenter la langue qu'elles parlent. L'hébreu dit : « Toute la terre avait une même lèvre », c-à-d, un même langage (Ge 11:1). Les « lèvres étrangères » sont celles qui parlent une langue inconnue (Esa 28:11 33:19,1Co 14:21).

Par analogie, comme nous parlons des lèvres d'une plaie, l'hébreu appelle lèvres :

les bords d'un bassin (1Ro 7:26), de la mer (Ge 22:17), d'un fleuve (Ge 41:3) ; le rebord d'un autel (Eze 43:13) ; la bordure, l'ourlet d'un vêtement (Ex 28:33), d'une tenture (Ex 26:4) ; les abords ou frontières d'un territoire (Jug 7:22).

R. Pf.

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  Genèse 11
  
  1 The whole earth was of one language and of one speech.
  
  Genèse 22
  
  17 that I will bless you greatly, and I will multiply your seed greatly like the stars of the heavens, and like the sand which is on the seashore. Your seed will possess the gate of his enemies.
  
  Genèse 41
  
  3 Behold, seven other cattle came up after them out of the river, ugly and thin, and stood by the other cattle on the brink of the river.
  
  Exode 6
  
  12 Moses spoke before Yahweh, saying, "Behold, the children of Israel haven't listened to me. How then shall Pharaoh listen to me, who am of uncircumcised lips?"
  
  30 Moses said before Yahweh, "Behold, I am of uncircumcised lips, and how shall Pharaoh listen to me?"
  
  Exode 26
  
  4 You shall make loops of blue on the edge of the one curtain from the edge in the coupling; and likewise you shall make in the edge of the curtain that is outmost in the second coupling.
  
  Exode 28
  
  33 On its hem you shall make pomegranates of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet, around its hem; and bells of gold between and around them:
  
  Juges 7
  
  22 They blew the three hundred trumpets, and Yahweh set every man's sword against his fellow, and against all the army; and the army fled as far as Beth Shittah toward Zererah, as far as the border of Abel Meholah, by Tabbath.
  
  1 Samuel 8
  
  12 and he will appoint them to him for captains of thousands, and captains of fifties; and he will assign some to plow his ground, and to reap his harvest, and to make his instruments of war, and the instruments of his chariots.
  
  Job 8
  
  21 He will still fill your mouth with laughter, your lips with shouting.
  
  Job 11
  
  2 "Shouldn't the multitude of words be answered? Should a man full of talk be justified?
  
  5 But oh that God would speak, and open his lips against you,
  
  Job 16
  
  5 but I would strengthen you with my mouth. The solace of my lips would relieve you.
  
  Job 27
  
  4 surely my lips shall not speak unrighteousness, neither shall my tongue utter deceit.
  
  Psaumes 12
  
  3 May Yahweh cut off all flattering lips, and the tongue that boasts,
  
  Psaumes 17
  
  1 <> Hear, Yahweh, my righteous plea; Give ear to my prayer, that doesn't go out of deceitful lips.
  
  4 As for the works of men, by the word of your lips, I have kept myself from the ways of the violent.
  
  Psaumes 22
  
  8 "He trusts in Yahweh; let him deliver him. Let him rescue him, since he delights in him."
  
  Psaumes 31
  
  19 Oh how great is your goodness, which you have laid up for those who fear you, which you have worked for those who take refuge in you, before the sons of men!
  
  Psaumes 45
  
  3 Strap your sword on your thigh, mighty one: your splendor and your majesty.
  
  Psaumes 63
  
  4 So I will bless you while I live. I will lift up my hands in your name.
  
  Psaumes 106
  
  33 because they were rebellious against his spirit, he spoke rashly with his lips.
  
  Psaumes 119
  
  171 Let my lips utter praise, for you teach me your statutes.
  
  Psaumes 120
  
  2 Deliver my soul, Yahweh, from lying lips, from a deceitful tongue.
  
  Psaumes 140
  
  4 Yahweh, keep me from the hands of the wicked. Preserve me from the violent men who have determined to trip my feet.
  
  Psaumes 141
  
  3 Set a watch, Yahweh, before my mouth. Keep the door of my lips.
  
  Proverbes 4
  
  24 Put away from yourself a perverse mouth. Put corrupt lips far from you.
  
  Proverbes 5
  
  3 For the lips of an adulteress drip honey. Her mouth is smoother than oil,
  
  Proverbes 10
  
  19 In the multitude of words there is no lack of disobedience, but he who restrains his lips does wisely.
  
  Proverbes 12
  
  22 Lying lips are an abomination to Yahweh, but those who do the truth are his delight.
  
  Proverbes 13
  
  3 He who guards his mouth guards his soul. One who opens wide his lips comes to ruin.
  
  Proverbes 14
  
  23 In all hard work there is profit, but the talk of the lips leads only to poverty.
  
  Proverbes 15
  
  7 The lips of the wise spread knowledge; not so with the heart of fools.
  
  Proverbes 16
  
  13 Righteous lips are the delight of kings. They value one who speaks the truth.
  
  27 A worthless man devises mischief. His speech is like a scorching fire.
  
  30 One who winks his eyes to plot perversities, one who compresses his lips, is bent on evil.
  
  Proverbes 17
  
  4 An evildoer heeds wicked lips. A liar gives ear to a mischievous tongue.
  
  28 Even a fool, when he keeps silent, is counted wise. When he shuts his lips, he is thought to be discerning.
  
  Proverbes 18
  
  6 A fool's lips come into strife, and his mouth invites beatings.
  
  8 The words of a gossip are like dainty morsels: they go down into a person's innermost parts.
  
  Proverbes 20
  
  15 There is gold and abundance of rubies; but the lips of knowledge are a rare jewel.
  
  19 He who goes about as a tale-bearer reveals secrets; therefore don't keep company with him who opens wide his lips.
  
  Proverbes 24
  
  2 for their hearts plot violence, and their lips talk about mischief.
  
  26 An honest answer is like a kiss on the lips.
  
  Proverbes 27
  
  2 Let another man praise you, and not your own mouth; a stranger, and not your own lips.
  
  Cantique 4
  
  3 Your lips are like scarlet thread. Your mouth is lovely. Your temples are like a piece of a pomegranate behind your veil.
  
  4 Your neck is like David's tower built for an armory, whereon a thousand shields hang, all the shields of the mighty men.
  
  5 Your two breasts are like two fawns that are twins of a roe, which feed among the lilies.
  
  6 Until the day is cool, and the shadows flee away, I will go to the mountain of myrrh, to the hill of frankincense.
  
  7 You are all beautiful, my love. There is no spot in you.
  
  8 Come with me from Lebanon, my bride, with me from Lebanon. Look from the top of Amana, from the top of Senir and Hermon, from the lions' dens, from the mountains of the leopards.
  
  9 You have ravished my heart, my sister, my bride. You have ravished my heart with one of your eyes, with one chain of your neck.
  
  10 How beautiful is your love, my sister, my bride! How much better is your love than wine! The fragrance of your perfumes than all kinds of spices!
  
  11 Your lips, my bride, drip like the honeycomb. Honey and milk are under your tongue. The smell of your garments is like the smell of Lebanon.
  
  Cantique 5
  
  13 His cheeks are like a bed of spices with towers of perfumes. His lips are like lilies, dropping liquid myrrh.
  
  Esaïe 6
  
  5 Then I said, "Woe is me! For I am undone, because I am a man of unclean lips, and I dwell in the midst of a people of unclean lips: for my eyes have seen the King, Yahweh of Armies!"
  
  7 He touched my mouth with it, and said, "Behold, this has touched your lips; and your iniquity is taken away, and your sin forgiven."
  
  Esaïe 11
  
  4 but with righteousness he will judge the poor, and decide with equity for the humble of the earth. He will strike the earth with the rod of his mouth; and with the breath of his lips he will kill the wicked.
  
  Esaïe 28
  
  11 But he will speak to this nation with stammering lips and in another language;
  
  Esaïe 29
  
  13 The Lord said, "Because this people draws near with their mouth and with their lips to honor me, but they have removed their heart far from me, and their fear of me is a commandment of men which has been taught;
  
  Esaïe 33
  
  19 You will no longer see the fierce people, a people of a deep speech that you can't comprehend, with a strange language that you can't understand.
  
  Esaïe 37
  
  29 Because of your raging against me, and because your arrogance has come up into my ears, therefore will I put my hook in your nose and my bridle in your lips, and I will turn you back by the way by which you came.
  
  Esaïe 57
  
  19 I create the fruit of the lips: Peace, peace, to him who is far off and to him who is near," says Yahweh; "and I will heal them."
  
  Esaïe 59
  
  3 For your hands are defiled with blood, and your fingers with iniquity; your lips have spoken lies, your tongue mutters wickedness.
  
  Ezéchiel 43
  
  13 These are the measures of the altar by cubits (the cubit is a cubit and a handbreadth): the bottom shall be a cubit, and the breadth a cubit, and its border around its edge a span; and this shall be the base of the altar.
  
  Daniel 10
  
  16 Behold, one in the likeness of the sons of men touched my lips: then I opened my mouth, and spoke and said to him who stood before me, my lord, by reason of the vision my sorrows are turned on me, and I retain no strength.
  
  Osée 14
  
  2 Take words with you, and return to Yahweh. Tell him, "Forgive all our sins, and accept that which is good: so we offer our lips like bulls.
  
  Habacuc 3
  
  16 I heard, and my body trembled. My lips quivered at the voice. Rottenness enters into my bones, and I tremble in my place, because I must wait quietly for the day of trouble, for the coming up of the people who invade us.
  
  Malachie 2
  
  7 For the priest's lips should keep knowledge, and they should seek the law at his mouth; for he is the messenger of Yahweh of Armies.
  
  Matthieu 15
  
  8 'These people draw near to me with their mouth, and honor me with their lips; but their heart is far from me.
  
  Marc 7
  
  6 He answered them, "Well did Isaiah prophesy of you hypocrites, as it is written, 'This people honors me with their lips, but their heart is far from me.
  
  Romains 3
  
  13 "Their throat is an open tomb. With their tongues they have used deceit." "The poison of vipers is under their lips";
  
  1 Corinthiens 14
  
  21 In the law it is written, "By men of strange languages and by the lips of strangers I will speak to this people. Not even thus will they hear me, says the Lord."
  
  Hébreux 13
  
  15 Through him, then, let us offer up a sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of lips which proclaim allegiance to his name.

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