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LUMIÈRE

La lumière est un phénomène naturel qui nous est révélé par le sens de la vue. Si l'oeil ne nous révélait que la présence de la lumière, ainsi qu'il arrive chez certains êtres inférieurs, son rôle serait négligeable. Mais la lumière possède la propriété d'être réfléchie par les corps de façon diverse en quantité (1ntensité) et en qualité (couleurs), en sorte que la lumière est réellement le milieu dans lequel nous percevons couramment le monde extérieur. C'est dire que l'oeil ne perçoit pas les objets, mais les jeux de lumière (ombres et lumières, teintes et couleurs) réfléchis par les objets.

La lumière naturelle nous vient du soleil ou indirectement de la lune. Mais on peut créer de la lumière par échauffement des corps (lumière électrique) ou en entretenant une combustion riche en carbone (lampes à pétrole, éclairage au gaz, etc.).

La science qui étudie la lumière se nomme l'optique. Mais l'étude de la lumière a débordé cette science. En effet, la lumière n'est qu'une partie restreinte d'un ensemble très vaste de phénomènes physiques connus sous le nom de rayonnement. La lumière naturelle se compose de sept couleurs, correspondant à des périodes de vibration de plus en plus rapides du rouge au violet. Au delà le rayonnement existe encore, mais n'est plus perceptible à l'oeil : c'est l'ultra-violet, au delà duquel se placent les rayons X, etc. En deçà également le rayonnement existe : c'est l'infrarouge, le rayonnement calorifique en deçà duquel se placent les oscillations électriques, etc. (par ex. la T. S. F.). On voit que le monde de la lumière que nous connaissons n'est qu'une infime partie du monde du rayonnement connu ou inconnu encore.

La vitesse de propagation de la lumière est très élevée. On considère souvent qu'elle est la plus grande vitesse possible dans l'univers, une vitesse infinie (Einstein). Elle est de l'ordre de 300.000 km. à la seconde. Cette vitesse vertigineuse n'est rien dans les espaces sidéraux, puisque de l'étoile la plus proche de notre système solaire nous percevons la lumière plus de trois ans après son émission. Aussi les astronomes comptent-ils les distances non en km., mais en années de lumière, c-à-d, par unités de quelques milliers de milliards de kilomètres.

Il s'en faut cependant, malgré ces précisions, que les savants soient au clair sur la nature de la lumière ; jusqu'ici l'intelligence humaine n'a pu pénétrer le secret d'un phénomène physique aussi commun... et la lumière est en physique un point fort obscur. Deux hypothèses, également fondées et indispensables, sont en présence : l'une, de Newton, fait de la lumière un flux de corpuscules impondérables ; l'autre, de Fresnel, y voit une oscillation d'un milieu spécial : l'éther.

La lumière a, dans le monde organique, une importance absolument capitale : elle est non seulement la source de toute santé, mais de toute vie. En effet la matière vivante (voir Corps, Animal) est une synthèse chimique qui ne peut'être réalisée dans la nature qu'à la faveur de la lumière. Les végétaux, chargés de cet office par le Créateur, possèdent dans leurs feuilles une substance verte à laquelle ils doivent leur coloration, la chlorophylle, par le moyen de laquelle le carbone de l'acide carbonique de l'air--déchet de la combustion vitale des animaux--est fixé sur des éléments minéraux pour créer de la matière organique ; tandis que l'oxygène--aliment de la combustion vitale des animaux--est rendu à l'air. Grâce à la lumière, les végétaux fournissent aux animaux une matière assimilable et l'air pur nécessaire à son utilisation.

Bible. Dans la Bible la lumière occupe la place qui convient à un phénomène aussi remarquable. Au sein des ténèbres qui couvraient l'abîme retentit la voix du Créateur : « Que la lumière soit ; --et la lumière fut » (Ge 1:3), et cette création de la lumière occupe le premier jour : il y eut un soir et il y eut un matin (Ge 1:5). Il est surprenant que le récit de la Genèse ne mentionne la création du soleil que le quatrième jour : que pouvait donc être la lumière du premier jour ? Plusieurs auteurs ont pensé expliquer ce fait en disant que la lumière du premier jour était un éclairage diffus, pénétrant jusqu'à la terre à travers d'épaisses couches de vapeurs ; tandis qu'au quatrième jour l'astre parut, déterminant les saisons, les ans et les jours. L'étude des plantes fossiles des premières époques géologiques a montré que le système d'éclairage solaire n'a pas toujours été tel que nous le connaissons. Durant toute une ère les saisons ne furent nullement marquées et la végétation fossile laisse penser qu'une lumière uniforme et diffuse éclairait seule notre planète. Cette explication, précieuse à tous ceux qui veulent voir dans les jours bibliques l'expression des périodes géologiques (bien que ces jours soient de vrais jours avec un soir et un matin, composant une semaine), n'est pas satisfaisante et le mystère demeure. La lumière, si diffuse soit-elle, provenait du soleil que Dieu ne fit et ne plaça dans l'étendue du ciel (Ge 1:16 et suivant) qu'au quatrième jour (pour la question des jours, voir Création). L'auteur sacré ne s'est évidemment pas embarrassé de considérations cosmologiques, ayant pour tâche, non de révéler des données scientifiques, mais de nous montrer le Créateur vivant à l'oeuvre.

Dans la Bible la lumière se trouve opposée aux ténèbres en un très grand nombre de passages, tant au sens propre qu'au sens figuré (par ex. Ge 1:4, Job 26:10, Ps 112:4 139:12, Esa 5:20 9:1 Am 5:18 Mt 6:23, Lu 12:3 Jean 3:19 Ac 26:18 2Co 6:14, etc.).

Mais c'est au sens figuré que le mot lumière est le plus fréquemment employé. La plupart des images de la Bible sont celles que nous connaissons et utilisons dans le langage courant. Aucune vision n'étant possible en l'absence de lumière, faire connaître un fait sera le mettre en lumière (Job 28:11,1Co 4:5, Lu 12:3, etc.).

Dans Ps 38:11 la vision même est poétiquement appelée lumière : « la lumière de mes yeux ».

De même la lumière est ce qui fait connaître, ce qui révèle (Jn 3:20), ce qui guide et instruit (Ps 119:105, Pr 6:23, Esa 42:6 49:6, Lu 2:32, Ac 13:47 26:23), ce qui marque l'affranchissement et la liberté (Esa 9:1, Mt 4:16), le salut même (Jn 1:4,9 3:19, Eph 5:9-13, Col 1:12,1Pi 2:9 etc.).

C'est pourquoi Dieu même est lumière (1Jn 1:5,2Sa 22:29, Ps 27:1 36:10 43:3 104:2, Esa 60:19, Jas 1:17), et les enfants de Dieu sur lesquels il répand sa lumière (Job 36:30, Ps 4:7 44:4 90:8) sont des enfants de lumière (Lu 16:8, Eph 5:8,1Th 5:5).

Il faut que la lumière divine pénètre les ténèbres du monde : (Jn 1:4,9) la lumière du monde, c'est le Christ (Jn 8:12 9:5 12:46) et après lui tous ceux qui ont été appelés à la grâce divine (Mt 5:14,16).

Citons enfin la lumière qui apparut à saint Paul sur le chemin de Damas (Ac 9:3 22:6 26:13). Bien avant que la science eût démontré, dans le monde organique, les rapports étroits de la lumière et de la vie, la Bible, sur le plan spirituel, avait révélé cette solidarité (Mal 4:2, Jn 1:5-13 et 8:12,1Jn 1:5 et suivants, etc.). Voir TÉNÈBRES. H. L.

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      Genèse 1

      3 God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
      4 God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.
      5 God called the light "day," and the darkness he called "night." There was evening and there was morning, one day.
      16 God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.

      2 Samuel 22

      29 For you are my lamp, Yahweh. Yahweh will light up my darkness.

      Job 26

      10 He has described a boundary on the surface of the waters, and to the confines of light and darkness.

      Job 28

      11 He binds the streams that they don't trickle. The thing that is hidden he brings forth to light.

      Job 36

      30 Behold, he spreads his light around him. He covers the bottom of the sea.

      Psaumes 4

      7 You have put gladness in my heart, more than when their grain and their new wine are increased.

      Psaumes 27

      1 <> Yahweh is my light and my salvation. Whom shall I fear? Yahweh is the strength of my life. Of whom shall I be afraid?

      Psaumes 36

      10 Oh continue your loving kindness to those who know you, your righteousness to the upright in heart.

      Psaumes 38

      11 My lovers and my friends stand aloof from my plague. My kinsmen stand far away.

      Psaumes 43

      3 Oh, send out your light and your truth. Let them lead me. Let them bring me to your holy hill, To your tents.

      Psaumes 44

      4 You are my King, God. Command victories for Jacob!

      Psaumes 90

      8 You have set our iniquities before you, our secret sins in the light of your presence.

      Psaumes 104

      2 He covers himself with light as with a garment. He stretches out the heavens like a curtain.

      Psaumes 112

      4 Light dawns in the darkness for the upright, gracious, merciful, and righteous.

      Psaumes 119

      105 Your word is a lamp to my feet, and a light for my path.

      Psaumes 139

      12 even the darkness doesn't hide from you, but the night shines as the day. The darkness is like light to you.

      Proverbes 6

      23 For the commandment is a lamp, and the law is light. Reproofs of instruction are the way of life,

      Esaïe 5

      20 Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; who put darkness for light, and light for darkness; who put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter!

      Esaïe 9

      1 But there shall be no more gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time, he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali; but in the latter time he has made it glorious, by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.

      Esaïe 42

      6 "I, Yahweh, have called you in righteousness, and will hold your hand, and will keep you, and make you a covenant for the people, as a light for the nations;

      Esaïe 49

      6 yes, he says, "It is too light a thing that you should be my servant to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and to restore the preserved of Israel: I will also give you for a light to the nations, that you may be my salvation to the end of the earth."

      Esaïe 60

      19 The sun shall be no more your light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light to you: but Yahweh will be to you an everlasting light, and your God your glory.

      Amos 5

      18 "Woe to you who desire the day of Yahweh! Why do you long for the day of Yahweh? It is darkness, and not light.

      Malachie 4

      2 But to you who fear my name shall the sun of righteousness arise with healing in its wings. You will go out, and leap like calves of the stall.

      Matthieu 4

      16 the people who sat in darkness saw a great light, to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, to them light has dawned."

      Matthieu 5

      14 You are the light of the world. A city located on a hill can't be hidden.
      16 Even so, let your light shine before men; that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven.

      Matthieu 6

      23 But if your eye is evil, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!

      Luc 2

      32 a light for revelation to the nations, and the glory of your people Israel."

      Luc 12

      1 Meanwhile, when a multitude of many thousands had gathered together, so much so that they trampled on each other, he began to tell his disciples first of all, "Beware of the yeast of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.
      2 But there is nothing covered up, that will not be revealed, nor hidden, that will not be known.
      3 Therefore whatever you have said in the darkness will be heard in the light. What you have spoken in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed on the housetops.
      4 "I tell you, my friends, don't be afraid of those who kill the body, and after that have no more that they can do.
      5 But I will warn you whom you should fear. Fear him, who after he has killed, has power to cast into Gehenna. Yes, I tell you, fear him.
      6 "Aren't five sparrows sold for two assaria coins ? Not one of them is forgotten by God.
      7 But the very hairs of your head are all numbered. Therefore don't be afraid. You are of more value than many sparrows.
      8 "I tell you, everyone who confesses me before men, him will the Son of Man also confess before the angels of God;
      9 but he who denies me in the presence of men will be denied in the presence of the angels of God.
      10 Everyone who speaks a word against the Son of Man will be forgiven, but those who blaspheme against the Holy Spirit will not be forgiven.
      11 When they bring you before the synagogues, the rulers, and the authorities, don't be anxious how or what you will answer, or what you will say;
      12 for the Holy Spirit will teach you in that same hour what you must say."
      13 One of the multitude said to him, "Teacher, tell my brother to divide the inheritance with me."
      14 But he said to him, "Man, who made me a judge or an arbitrator over you?"
      15 He said to them, "Beware! Keep yourselves from covetousness, for a man's life doesn't consist of the abundance of the things which he possesses."
      16 He spoke a parable to them, saying, "The ground of a certain rich man brought forth abundantly.
      17 He reasoned within himself, saying, 'What will I do, because I don't have room to store my crops?'
      18 He said, 'This is what I will do. I will pull down my barns, and build bigger ones, and there I will store all my grain and my goods.
      19 I will tell my soul, "Soul, you have many goods laid up for many years. Take your ease, eat, drink, be merry."'
      20 "But God said to him, 'You foolish one, tonight your soul is required of you. The things which you have prepared--whose will they be?'
      21 So is he who lays up treasure for himself, and is not rich toward God."
      22 He said to his disciples, "Therefore I tell you, don't be anxious for your life, what you will eat, nor yet for your body, what you will wear.
      23 Life is more than food, and the body is more than clothing.
      24 Consider the ravens: they don't sow, they don't reap, they have no warehouse or barn, and God feeds them. How much more valuable are you than birds!
      25 Which of you by being anxious can add a cubit to his height?
      26 If then you aren't able to do even the least things, why are you anxious about the rest?
      27 Consider the lilies, how they grow. They don't toil, neither do they spin; yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
      28 But if this is how God clothes the grass in the field, which today exists, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, how much more will he clothe you, O you of little faith?
      29 Don't seek what you will eat or what you will drink; neither be anxious.
      30 For the nations of the world seek after all of these things, but your Father knows that you need these things.
      31 But seek God's Kingdom, and all these things will be added to you.
      32 Don't be afraid, little flock, for it is your Father's good pleasure to give you the Kingdom.
      33 Sell that which you have, and give gifts to the needy. Make for yourselves purses which don't grow old, a treasure in the heavens that doesn't fail, where no thief approaches, neither moth destroys.
      34 For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also.
      35 "Let your waist be dressed and your lamps burning.
      36 Be like men watching for their lord, when he returns from the marriage feast; that, when he comes and knocks, they may immediately open to him.
      37 Blessed are those servants, whom the lord will find watching when he comes. Most certainly I tell you, that he will dress himself, and make them recline, and will come and serve them.
      38 They will be blessed if he comes in the second or third watch, and finds them so.
      39 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming, he would have watched, and not allowed his house to be broken into.
      40 Therefore be ready also, for the Son of Man is coming in an hour that you don't expect him."
      41 Peter said to him, "Lord, are you telling this parable to us, or to everybody?"
      42 The Lord said, "Who then is the faithful and wise steward, whom his lord will set over his household, to give them their portion of food at the right times?
      43 Blessed is that servant whom his lord will find doing so when he comes.
      44 Truly I tell you, that he will set him over all that he has.
      45 But if that servant says in his heart, 'My lord delays his coming,' and begins to beat the menservants and the maidservants, and to eat and drink, and to be drunken,
      46 then the lord of that servant will come in a day when he isn't expecting him, and in an hour that he doesn't know, and will cut him in two, and place his portion with the unfaithful.
      47 That servant, who knew his lord's will, and didn't prepare, nor do what he wanted, will be beaten with many stripes,
      48 but he who didn't know, and did things worthy of stripes, will be beaten with few stripes. To whomever much is given, of him will much be required; and to whom much was entrusted, of him more will be asked.
      49 "I came to throw fire on the earth. I wish it were already kindled.
      50 But I have a baptism to be baptized with, and how distressed I am until it is accomplished!
      51 Do you think that I have come to give peace in the earth? I tell you, no, but rather division.
      52 For from now on, there will be five in one house divided, three against two, and two against three.
      53 They will be divided, father against son, and son against father; mother against daughter, and daughter against her mother; mother-in-law against her daughter-in-law, and daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law."
      54 He said to the multitudes also, "When you see a cloud rising from the west, immediately you say, 'A shower is coming,' and so it happens.
      55 When a south wind blows, you say, 'There will be a scorching heat,' and it happens.
      56 You hypocrites! You know how to interpret the appearance of the earth and the sky, but how is it that you don't interpret this time?
      57 Why don't you judge for yourselves what is right?
      58 For when you are going with your adversary before the magistrate, try diligently on the way to be released from him, lest perhaps he drag you to the judge, and the judge deliver you to the officer, and the officer throw you into prison.
      59 I tell you, you will by no means get out of there, until you have paid the very last penny. "

      Luc 16

      8 "His lord commended the dishonest manager because he had done wisely, for the children of this world are, in their own generation, wiser than the children of the light.

      Jean 1

      4 In him was life, and the life was the light of men.
      5 The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness hasn't overcome it.
      6 There came a man, sent from God, whose name was John.
      7 The same came as a witness, that he might testify about the light, that all might believe through him.
      8 He was not the light, but was sent that he might testify about the light.
      9 The true light that enlightens everyone was coming into the world.
      10 He was in the world, and the world was made through him, and the world didn't recognize him.
      11 He came to his own, and those who were his own didn't receive him.
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