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MAÎTRE

Dans nos versions de la Bible, ce titre représente plusieurs termes des langues originales.

1.

Dans l'A.T., le plus fréquent est l'hébreu adôn, qui est traduit par Seigneur lorsqu'il s'applique à Dieu ou à de grands personnages (voir Seigneur, parag. 1 ; Dieu [les noms de]), mais qui désigne aussi un roi (Ge 40:1, Jug 3:25, Jer 27:4 etc.), un gouverneur (Ge 44:5), un propriétaire d'esclaves (Ex 21:4,1Sa 25:10,14,2Ro 9:31 etc.) ou de domestiques (Ge 24:9 et suivants, Ps 123:2, Esa 24:2, Mal 1:6), l'éducateur d'un disciple (2Ro 2:3,16), un maître au sens général (Ps 12:5, Pr 27:18, Esa 19:4 26:13, Sop 1:9).

Assez commun est aussi le mot baal, au sens de possesseur, chef, mari (voir Baal, 1) ; le verbe de cette racine signifie : être le maître de quelqu'un (Jer 3:14 31:32). Les autres termes hébr., assez rares, expriment tous la situation d'un maître, avec diverses nuances étymologiques plus ou moins effacées : force (Ge 27:29-37), oppression (Job 39:10), domination (Ec 8:8), direction (Est 1:22), gouvernement (Pr 6:7). Au sens moral, la maîtrise de soi est louée dans Pr 16:32 25:28. Les Apocryphes parlent aussi du maître d'esclaves (Sag 18:11), et Dieu y est plusieurs fois célébré comme le Maître (Sir 23:1, Sag 11:26 12:18 13:3,9).

2.

La désignation hébraïque de la maîtresse qui a des servantes (Ge 16:4,8,2Ro 5:3, Ps 123:2, Pr 30:23, Esa 24:2) est toujours gebèrèt (fém. du gebir =maître, de Ge 27:29) ; dans Eze 16:30, plutôt que « maîtresse prostituée » (Ost., Sg.), mieux vaut lire « courtisane effrontée » (V S.).

3.

Dans le grec des grammairiens postérieurs à l'époque classique, le despotes, détenteur d'un pouvoir absolu, peut en certains cas justifier le sens péjoratif qu'a pris le français : despote ; au contraire, le kurios détient une autorité souveraine sans manquer à la justice envers ses administrés. Mais la langue du N.T. ne suit guère ces distinctions : les maîtres sont désignés, sans nuance élogieuse ou critique, aussi bien par le titre de despotes (1Ti 6:1 et suivant, Tit 2:9,1Pi 2:18) que par celui de kurios (Mt 6:24, Eph 6:5-9, Col 3:22 4:1). Ce dernier terme est fréquent dans les paraboles qui représentent Dieu comme le Maître de la vigne, de la moisson, de la maison (Mr 12:9 parallèle Mt 9:38, Mr 13:35), comme le Maître qui a des serviteurs, un économe, etc. (Lu 12:46 16:3-5). Dieu lui-même, comme Maître suprême, ou le Christ comme Son représentant, est généralement appelé kurios, c-à-d. Seigneur (voir ce mot, parag. 3), mais les fidèles qui appelaient despotes soit Dieu soit le Christ (Ac 4:24, Ap 6:10, Mr 2:28,2Pi 2:1, Jude 1:4 ; cf. Lu 2:29, trad. : Seigneur) marquaient davantage par ce titre les droits absolus de l'un ou de l'autre sur les créatures (voir Trench, Syn. N. T., parag. 28).

4.

Le maître qui instruit est le plus souvent nommé didaskalos : professionnel de l'enseignement (Ro 2:20), homme d'expérience (Heb 5:12). C'est le titre donné à Jésus, instructeur et inspirateur des foules, en de multiples circonstances (Mr 5:35, Mt 8:19 9:11, Jn 3:2 etc.) ; il est quelquefois désigné comme le Maître par excellence (Mt 23:8, Jn 11:28 etc.). Le même titre a été donné à Jean-Baptiste (Lu 3:12). Il répond à l'hébreu rab et au titre israélite de rabbi (voir ce mot) ; nos versions l'appliquent aux docteurs du peuple juif (Lu 2:46, Jn 3:10), à ceux de l'Église primitive (Ac 13:1,1Co 12:28 et suivant, Jas 3:1,1Ti 2:7, etc.) et même aux propagateurs d'hérésies ; voir (2Ti 4:3) Docteur.

5.

L'évangéliste Luc, lorsqu'il traduit l'apostrophe : rabbi, adressée à Jésus, est le seul à employer un autre mot, épistatès, fréquent dans les LXX pour désigner un inspecteur, un président, mais qui dans l'évangile équivaut à la simple traduction : Maître (Lu 5:5 8:24, 45 9 33,49 17:13).

6.

Aux noces de Cana, le « maître d'hôtel » de Vers. Syn. et Bbl. Cent, est l' arkhitriklinos (Jn 2:8), « chef de la table » (Vers. Laus.), « ordonnateur du repas » (Sg., Stapf.), dont les fonctions étaient d'apprêter tables et couchettes, d'arrêter le menu, de goûter les vins et les mets, etc. (Héliodore, 7:27) ; voir Repas.

7.

Le « maître de maison » (mot grec composé oïkodespotès, inconnu dans la langue classique) apparaît fréquemment dans les paraboles de Jésus qui mettent en scène le chef d'une maison de quelque importance. La comparaison des différentes versions montre que les traductions « maître de maison » et « père de famille » sont à peu près interchangeables, avec quelque chose du sens général du paterfamilias latin, dont la maison (domus) comprend les domestiques aussi bien que la parenté (Mt 10:25 13:27-52, Lu 12:39 Lu 13:25 14:21 Mt 20:1 21:33 24:43 Marc 13:35 14:14 parallèle Lu 22:11). Cette notion large de la maison se trouve soit dans le terme oïkétéïa (Mt 24:45), qu'on lit par ex. dans une inscription du III° siècle : « libérer la maison de tout travail » ou dans un édit de l'empereur Gordien (an 239) : « les registres ne doivent pas introduire des étrangers dans la famille », soit dans le terme thérapéïa (=domesticité) du passage parallèle de Luc (Lu 12:42), soit dans l'expression oïkiakoï, « ceux de la maison » (Mt 10:36), qu'emploie aussi une lettre de l'an 22 : « mes amis me pressent de devenir membre de la maison du chef-huissier Apollonius » (VGT, p. 441). Dans les diverses paraboles où paraît l' oïkodespotès, il est donc à la fois le maître qui commande et le chef de famille auquel ceux de la maison sont attachés par l'affection et la communauté de vie et d'intérêts ; il représente, suivant les cas, Dieu lui-même dans la plénitude de ses droits sur ses enfants, ou le Seigneur Jésus dont les fidèles disciples suivront la destinée comme membres de sa famille spirituelle. (cf. Mt 12:49 et suivant) Comparer l'image que le Stoïcien Epictète (3:22) applique à Dieu : « un maître de maison qui dispose tout en ordre ». Jn L.

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      Genèse 16

      2 Sarai said to Abram, "See now, Yahweh has restrained me from bearing. Please go in to my handmaid. It may be that I will obtain children by her." Abram listened to the voice of Sarai.
      4 He went in to Hagar, and she conceived. When she saw that she had conceived, her mistress was despised in her eyes.
      8 He said, "Hagar, Sarai's handmaid, where did you come from? Where are you going?" She said, "I am fleeing from the face of my mistress Sarai."

      Genèse 24

      9 The servant put his hand under the thigh of Abraham his master, and swore to him concerning this matter.

      Genèse 27

      29 Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother's sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you."
      30 It happened, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob had just gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting.
      31 He also made savory food, and brought it to his father. He said to his father, "Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that your soul may bless me."
      32 Isaac his father said to him, "Who are you?" He said, "I am your son, your firstborn, Esau."
      33 Isaac trembled violently, and said, "Who, then, is he who has taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before you came, and have blessed him? Yes, he will be blessed."
      34 When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said to his father, "Bless me, even me also, my father."
      35 He said, "Your brother came with deceit, and has taken away your blessing."
      36 He said, "Isn't he rightly named Jacob? For he has supplanted me these two times. He took away my birthright. See, now he has taken away my blessing." He said, "Haven't you reserved a blessing for me?"
      37 Isaac answered Esau, "Behold, I have made him your lord, and all his brothers have I given to him for servants. With grain and new wine have I sustained him. What then will I do for you, my son?"

      Genèse 40

      1 It happened after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker offended their lord, the king of Egypt.

      Genèse 44

      5 Isn't this that from which my lord drinks, and by which he indeed divines? You have done evil in so doing.'"

      Exode 21

      4 If his master gives him a wife and she bears him sons or daughters, the wife and her children shall be her master's, and he shall go out by himself.

      Juges 3

      25 They waited until they were ashamed; and behold, he didn't open the doors of the upper room: therefore they took the key, and opened them, and behold, their lord was fallen down dead on the earth.

      1 Samuel 25

      10 Nabal answered David's servants, and said, "Who is David? Who is the son of Jesse? There are many servants who break away from their masters these days.

      Esther 1

      22 for he sent letters into all the king's provinces, into every province according to its writing, and to every people in their language, that every man should rule his own house, speaking in the language of his own people.

      Job 39

      10 Can you hold the wild ox in the furrow with his harness? Or will he till the valleys after you?

      Psaumes 12

      5 "Because of the oppression of the weak and because of the groaning of the needy, I will now arise," says Yahweh; "I will set him in safety from those who malign him."

      Psaumes 123

      2 Behold, as the eyes of servants look to the hand of their master, as the eyes of a maid to the hand of her mistress; so our eyes look to Yahweh, our God, until he has mercy on us.

      Proverbes 6

      7 which having no chief, overseer, or ruler,

      Proverbes 16

      32 One who is slow to anger is better than the mighty; one who rules his spirit, than he who takes a city.

      Proverbes 25

      28 Like a city that is broken down and without walls is a man whose spirit is without restraint.

      Proverbes 27

      18 Whoever tends the fig tree shall eat its fruit. He who looks after his master shall be honored.

      Proverbes 30

      23 for an unloved woman when she is married; and a handmaid who is heir to her mistress.

      Ecclésiaste 8

      8 There is no man who has power over the spirit to contain the spirit; neither does he have power over the day of death. There is no discharge in war; neither shall wickedness deliver those who practice it.

      Esaïe 19

      4 I will give over the Egyptians into the hand of a cruel lord. A fierce king will rule over them," says the Lord, Yahweh of Armies.

      Esaïe 24

      2 It will be as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the creditor, so with the debtor; as with the taker of interest, so with the giver of interest.

      Esaïe 26

      13 Yahweh our God, other lords besides you have had dominion over us, but by you only will we make mention of your name.

      Jérémie 3

      14 "Return, backsliding children," says Yahweh; "for I am a husband to you. I will take you one of a city, and two of a family, and I will bring you to Zion.

      Jérémie 27

      4 and give them a command to their masters, saying, Thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, You shall tell your masters:

      Jérémie 31

      32 not according to the covenant that I made with their fathers in the day that I took them by the hand to bring them out of the land of Egypt; which my covenant they broke, although I was a husband to them, says Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 16

      30 How weak is your heart, says the Lord Yahweh, since you do all these things, the work of an impudent prostitute;

      Malachie 1

      6 "A son honors his father, and a servant his master. If I am a father, then where is my honor? And if I am a master, where is the respect due me? Says Yahweh of Armies to you, priests, who despise my name. You say, 'How have we despised your name?'

      Matthieu 6

      24 "No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other; or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You can't serve both God and Mammon.

      Matthieu 8

      19 A scribe came, and said to him, "Teacher, I will follow you wherever you go."

      Matthieu 9

      11 When the Pharisees saw it, they said to his disciples, "Why does your teacher eat with tax collectors and sinners?"
      38 Pray therefore that the Lord of the harvest will send out laborers into his harvest."

      Matthieu 10

      25 It is enough for the disciple that he be like his teacher, and the servant like his lord. If they have called the master of the house Beelzebul, how much more those of his household!
      36 A man's foes will be those of his own household.

      Matthieu 12

      49 He stretched out his hand towards his disciples, and said, "Behold, my mother and my brothers!

      Matthieu 13

      27 The servants of the householder came and said to him, 'Sir, didn't you sow good seed in your field? Where did this darnel come from?'

      Matthieu 20

      1 "For the Kingdom of Heaven is like a man who was the master of a household, who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard.

      Matthieu 21

      33 "Hear another parable. There was a man who was a master of a household, who planted a vineyard, set a hedge about it, dug a winepress in it, built a tower, leased it out to farmers, and went into another country.

      Matthieu 23

      8 But don't you be called 'Rabbi,' for one is your teacher, the Christ, and all of you are brothers.

      Matthieu 24

      43 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what watch of the night the thief was coming, he would have watched, and would not have allowed his house to be broken into.
      45 "Who then is the faithful and wise servant, whom his lord has set over his household, to give them their food in due season?

      Marc 2

      28 Therefore the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath."

      Marc 5

      35 While he was still speaking, people came from the synagogue ruler's house saying, "Your daughter is dead. Why bother the Teacher any more?"

      Marc 12

      9 What therefore will the lord of the vineyard do? He will come and destroy the farmers, and will give the vineyard to others.

      Marc 13

      35 Watch therefore, for you don't know when the lord of the house is coming, whether at evening, or at midnight, or when the rooster crows, or in the morning;

      Marc 14

      14 and wherever he enters in, tell the master of the house, 'The Teacher says, "Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?"'

      Luc 2

      29 "Now you are releasing your servant, Master, according to your word, in peace;
      46 It happened after three days they found him in the temple, sitting in the midst of the teachers, both listening to them, and asking them questions.

      Luc 3

      12 Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?"

      Luc 5

      5 Simon answered him, "Master, we worked all night, and took nothing; but at your word I will let down the net."

      Luc 8

      24 They came to him, and awoke him, saying, "Master, master, we are dying!" He awoke, and rebuked the wind and the raging of the water, and they ceased, and it was calm.

      Luc 12

      39 But know this, that if the master of the house had known in what hour the thief was coming, he would have watched, and not allowed his house to be broken into.
      42 The Lord said, "Who then is the faithful and wise steward, whom his lord will set over his household, to give them their portion of food at the right times?
      46 then the lord of that servant will come in a day when he isn't expecting him, and in an hour that he doesn't know, and will cut him in two, and place his portion with the unfaithful.

      Luc 13

      25 When once the master of the house has risen up, and has shut the door, and you begin to stand outside, and to knock at the door, saying, 'Lord, Lord, open to us!' then he will answer and tell you, 'I don't know you or where you come from.'

      Luc 14

      21 "That servant came, and told his lord these things. Then the master of the house, being angry, said to his servant, 'Go out quickly into the streets and lanes of the city, and bring in the poor, maimed, blind, and lame.'

      Luc 16

      3 "The manager said within himself, 'What will I do, seeing that my lord is taking away the management position from me? I don't have strength to dig. I am ashamed to beg.

      Luc 17

      13 They lifted up their voices, saying, "Jesus, Master, have mercy on us!"

      Luc 22

      11 Tell the master of the house, 'The Teacher says to you, "Where is the guest room, where I may eat the Passover with my disciples?"'

      Jean 2

      8 He said to them, "Now draw some out, and take it to the ruler of the feast." So they took it.

      Jean 3

      2 The same came to him by night, and said to him, "Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him."
      10 Jesus answered him, "Are you the teacher of Israel, and don't understand these things?

      Jean 11

      28 When she had said this, she went away, and called Mary, her sister, secretly, saying, "The Teacher is here, and is calling you."

      Actes 4

      24 When they heard it, they lifted up their voice to God with one accord, and said, "O Lord, you are God, who made the heaven, the earth, the sea, and all that is in them;

      Actes 13

      1 Now in the assembly that was at Antioch there were some prophets and teachers: Barnabas, Simeon who was called Niger, Lucius of Cyrene, Manaen the foster brother of Herod the tetrarch, and Saul.

      Romains 2

      20 a corrector of the foolish, a teacher of babies, having in the law the form of knowledge and of the truth.

      Romains 5

      3 Not only this, but we also rejoice in our sufferings, knowing that suffering works perseverance;

      Romains 9

      31 but Israel, following after a law of righteousness, didn't arrive at the law of righteousness.

      1 Corinthiens 12

      28 God has set some in the assembly: first apostles, second prophets, third teachers, then miracle workers, then gifts of healings, helps, governments, and various kinds of languages.

      Ephésiens 6

      5 Servants, be obedient to those who according to the flesh are your masters, with fear and trembling, in singleness of your heart, as to Christ;
      6 not in the way of service only when eyes are on you, as men pleasers; but as servants of Christ, doing the will of God from the heart;
      7 with good will doing service, as to the Lord, and not to men;
      8 knowing that whatever good thing each one does, he will receive the same again from the Lord, whether he is bound or free.
      9 You masters, do the same things to them, and give up threatening, knowing that he who is both their Master and yours is in heaven, and there is no partiality with him.

      Colossiens 3

      22 Servants, obey in all things those who are your masters according to the flesh, not just when they are looking, as men pleasers, but in singleness of heart, fearing God.

      Colossiens 4

      1 Masters, give to your servants that which is just and equal, knowing that you also have a Master in heaven.

      1 Timothée 2

      7 to which I was appointed a preacher and an apostle (I am telling the truth in Christ, not lying), a teacher of the Gentiles in faith and truth.

      1 Timothée 6

      1 Let as many as are bondservants under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and the doctrine not be blasphemed.

      2 Timothée 4

      3 For the time will come when they will not listen to the sound doctrine, but, having itching ears, will heap up for themselves teachers after their own lusts;

      Tite 2

      9 Exhort servants to be in subjection to their own masters, and to be well-pleasing in all things; not contradicting;

      Hébreux 5

      12 For although by this time you should be teachers, you again need to have someone teach you the rudiments of the first principles of the oracles of God. You have come to need milk, and not solid food.

      Jacques 3

      1 Let not many of you be teachers, my brothers, knowing that we will receive heavier judgment.

      1 Pierre 2

      18 Servants, be in subjection to your masters with all fear; not only to the good and gentle, but also to the wicked.

      2 Pierre 2

      1 But false prophets also arose among the people, as false teachers will also be among you, who will secretly bring in destructive heresies, denying even the Master who bought them, bringing on themselves swift destruction.

      Jude 1

      4 For there are certain men who crept in secretly, even those who were long ago written about for this condemnation: ungodly men, turning the grace of our God into indecency, and denying our only Master, God, and Lord, Jesus Christ.

      Apocalypse 6

      10 They cried with a loud voice, saying, "How long, Master, the holy and true, until you judge and avenge our blood on those who dwell on the earth?"
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