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MARC (évangile de) 7.

Conclusion.

Les traits généraux qui se dégagent finalement de notre évangile peuvent être ramenés à ces trois principaux :

1° Réalité

Écho des souvenirs d'un apôtre avant tout actif et non spéculatif, Marc est essentiellement un témoignage à des faits, très significativement introduit par une journée fort remplie, le premier sabbat du ministère (Mr 1:21,39). L'observation deux fois répétée que Jésus avait tant à faire, avec ses disciples, qu'ils n'avaient même pas le temps de manger (Mr 3:20 6:31), est propre à Marc et bien typique dans son évangile. Il ne raconte que 4 paraboles (Mr 4), mais rapporte 18 miracles. Dans les formules, il possède souvent la sobriété, la concision romaine : « Commencement de l'Évangile de Jésus-Christ, Fils de Dieu » (Mr 1:1) ; « Tu es le Christ ! » (Mr 8:29) ; « Le Roi des Juifs » (Mr 15:26). Son point de vue est celui de l'apologétique moderne : « le fait du Christ ». L'éloquence de sa propagande est toute dans sa simplicité, la plus proche de la réalité.

2° Humanité

Aussi est-ce l'évangile qui met le plus en lumière l'humanité de Jésus, non seulement dans sa nature physique (à peu près également reconnue chez tous les quatre), mais aussi dans la spontanéité de sa nature sensible et mentale. C'est Marc qui ne craint pas de faire connaître ses émotions, indignation, affection, surprise (Mr 3:5 6:6 10:14-21), ses questions posées pour s'informer (Mr 8:5 9:21), ses intentions parfois déjouées et par là ses limitations : (Mr 1:45 6:5 7:24) ignorance et impuissance relatives et conditionnelles sans doute, fonction de son dépouillement, parce qu' « il est venu non pour être servi mais pour servir... » (Mr 10:43), mais qui le montrent à bien des égards « semblable en toutes choses à ses frères ». (cf. Heb 2:17) Jamais dans Marc les disciples ne désignent Jésus comme le Seigneur (voir ce mot) : ils l'appellent simplement maître (araméen, rabbeï , grec, didaskalos ). Marc au plus ancien stade des écrits évangéliques, nous conserve le plus fidèlement l'impression humaine qu'avaient ressentie en vivant avec lui les compagnons de son ministère.

3° Autorité

Mais si le Christ est homme, il est l'Homme idéal. « Venu pour servir... et pour donner sa vie en rançon », à titre de Sauveur. Il multiplie les miracles (ch. 1 2 3, etc.), lit dans les coeurs (Mr 2:8), déjoue les pièges (Mr 12:17 etc.), bouleverse les traditions humaines (Mr 2:28 7:9 10:5 et suivants), prévoit l'avenir (Mr 8:31 etc.), pardonne les péchés (Mr 2:10), apparaît et demeure jusqu'à la fin, plus que jamais, un personnage surnaturel, approuvé d'En-haut, envoyé du ciel (Mr 1:11 9 7 12:6). Humain certes, il est de nature divine ; serviteur, il est Seigneur ; condamné à mort, il est Juge éternel. Continuellement à l'oeuvre, il triomphe de la souffrance par ses guérisons, du péché par son pardon, de la mort par la résurrection. Tout-puissant autant que compatissant, il est le Maître des démons, de la nature, de l'éternité même : contraste que saint Paul avait magnifiquement dressé peu d'années avant Marc (Php 2:7,11), et que nous retrouvons à travers toutes les pages de cet évangile ; car « celui-là », ce personnage nouveau qui dès le début enseignait et commandait avec autorité (Mr 1:22-27), simple charpentier de Nazareth (Mr 6:3), qui après avoir fait toutes choses bien (Mr 7:37) s'est dirigé vers la croix, a subi la condamnation et a versé son sang pour racheter le grand nombre et sceller la nouvelle alliance des hommes avec Dieu (Mr 10:45 14:24), c'est le Seigneur de gloire auquel le chrétien auteur des dernières lignes de l'évangile a bien raison de rendre l'hommage de sa foi lorsqu'il le montre ressuscité, « enlevé au ciel, assis à la droite de Dieu, agissant avec ses disciples et confirmant leur parole par les miracles qui l'accompagnaient » (Mr 16:19,20). La symbolique chrétienne qui représente Marc par le lion (voir Évangile, t. I, p. 384) imagine un imposant emblème de l'autorité souveraine et royale du Seigneur : « Voici, il a vaincu, le Lion de la tribu de Juda ! » (Ap 5:5).

Ouvrages a utiliser (en français).

--A. Sabatier, Marc (Encycl. Licht., t. VIII, 1880) ; Synopt, (1 d., t. XI, 1881).

--A. Westphal, Jés. de Naz. d'après les Tèm. de sa vie, 1914 ; les Apôtres, 1918.

--M. Goguel, L'év, de Marc et ses rapp. avec ceux de Matthieu et de Luc 1909 ; Intr. N.T., t. I, 1923 ; Bbl. Cent., 1918 ; M. Goguel et H. Monmer, Le N.T. avec introd, et notes, 1929.

--H. Pernot, Pages chois, des Évangiles, 1925 ; Et. sur la langue des Évangile, 1927.

--Le P. Lagrange, Ev. selon saint Marc 2 e éd. 1920 ; L'Ev. selon saint Marc petite éd. des Études Bibl., 2 e éd. 1922 ; RR. PP. Lagrange et Lavergne, Synopse des 4 évang, en français, nouv. éd. 1929 (cathol.).

--A. Loisy, L'Ev. selon Marc 1912 (crit. radicale).

--On trouvera notamment dans Vïntr. de M. Goguel et le Comm, du P. Lagrange une bibliographie de diverses langues. Voir aussi à la fin de notre art. Evangiles synoptiques. Jn L..

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      Marc 1

      1 The beginning of the Good News of Jesus Christ, the Son of God.
      11 A voice came out of the sky, "You are my beloved Son, in whom I am well pleased."
      21 They went into Capernaum, and immediately on the Sabbath day he entered into the synagogue and taught.
      22 They were astonished at his teaching, for he taught them as having authority, and not as the scribes.
      23 Immediately there was in their synagogue a man with an unclean spirit, and he cried out,
      24 saying, "Ha! What do we have to do with you, Jesus, you Nazarene? Have you come to destroy us? I know you who you are: the Holy One of God!"
      25 Jesus rebuked him, saying, "Be quiet, and come out of him!"
      26 The unclean spirit, convulsing him and crying with a loud voice, came out of him.
      27 They were all amazed, so that they questioned among themselves, saying, "What is this? A new teaching? For with authority he commands even the unclean spirits, and they obey him!"
      39 He went into their synagogues throughout all Galilee, preaching and casting out demons.
      45 But he went out, and began to proclaim it much, and to spread about the matter, so that Jesus could no more openly enter into a city, but was outside in desert places: and they came to him from everywhere.

      Marc 2

      8 Immediately Jesus, perceiving in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, said to them, "Why do you reason these things in your hearts?
      10 But that you may know that the Son of Man has authority on earth to forgive sins"--he said to the paralytic--
      28 Therefore the Son of Man is lord even of the Sabbath."

      Marc 3

      5 When he had looked around at them with anger, being grieved at the hardening of their hearts, he said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He stretched it out, and his hand was restored as healthy as the other.
      20 The multitude came together again, so that they could not so much as eat bread.

      Marc 4

      1 Again he began to teach by the seaside. A great multitude was gathered to him, so that he entered into a boat in the sea, and sat down. All the multitude were on the land by the sea.
      2 He taught them many things in parables, and told them in his teaching,
      3 "Listen! Behold, the farmer went out to sow,
      4 and it happened, as he sowed, some seed fell by the road, and the birds came and devoured it.
      5 Others fell on the rocky ground, where it had little soil, and immediately it sprang up, because it had no depth of soil.
      6 When the sun had risen, it was scorched; and because it had no root, it withered away.
      7 Others fell among the thorns, and the thorns grew up, and choked it, and it yielded no fruit.
      8 Others fell into the good ground, and yielded fruit, growing up and increasing. Some brought forth thirty times, some sixty times, and some one hundred times as much."
      9 He said, "Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear."
      10 When he was alone, those who were around him with the twelve asked him about the parables.
      11 He said to them, "To you is given the mystery of the Kingdom of God, but to those who are outside, all things are done in parables,
      12 that 'seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest perhaps they should turn again, and their sins should be forgiven them.'"
      13 He said to them, "Don't you understand this parable? How will you understand all of the parables?
      14 The farmer sows the word.
      15 The ones by the road are the ones where the word is sown; and when they have heard, immediately Satan comes, and takes away the word which has been sown in them.
      16 These in the same way are those who are sown on the rocky places, who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with joy.
      17 They have no root in themselves, but are short-lived. When oppression or persecution arises because of the word, immediately they stumble.
      18 Others are those who are sown among the thorns. These are those who have heard the word,
      19 and the cares of this age, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in choke the word, and it becomes unfruitful.
      20 Those which were sown on the good ground are those who hear the word, and accept it, and bear fruit, some thirty times, some sixty times, and some one hundred times."
      21 He said to them, "Is the lamp brought to be put under a basket or under a bed? Isn't it put on a stand?
      22 For there is nothing hidden, except that it should be made known; neither was anything made secret, but that it should come to light.
      23 If any man has ears to hear, let him hear."
      24 He said to them, "Take heed what you hear. With whatever measure you measure, it will be measured to you, and more will be given to you who hear.
      25 For whoever has, to him will more be given, and he who doesn't have, even that which he has will be taken away from him."
      26 He said, "The Kingdom of God is as if a man should cast seed on the earth,
      27 and should sleep and rise night and day, and the seed should spring up and grow, he doesn't know how.
      28 For the earth bears fruit: first the blade, then the ear, then the full grain in the ear.
      29 But when the fruit is ripe, immediately he puts forth the sickle, because the harvest has come."
      30 He said, "How will we liken the Kingdom of God? Or with what parable will we illustrate it?
      31 It's like a grain of mustard seed, which, when it is sown in the earth, though it is less than all the seeds that are on the earth,
      32 yet when it is sown, grows up, and becomes greater than all the herbs, and puts out great branches, so that the birds of the sky can lodge under its shadow."
      33 With many such parables he spoke the word to them, as they were able to hear it.
      34 Without a parable he didn't speak to them; but privately to his own disciples he explained everything.
      35 On that day, when evening had come, he said to them, "Let's go over to the other side."
      36 Leaving the multitude, they took him with them, even as he was, in the boat. Other small boats were also with him.
      37 A big wind storm arose, and the waves beat into the boat, so much that the boat was already filled.
      38 He himself was in the stern, asleep on the cushion, and they woke him up, and told him, "Teacher, don't you care that we are dying?"
      39 He awoke, and rebuked the wind, and said to the sea, "Peace! Be still!" The wind ceased, and there was a great calm.
      40 He said to them, "Why are you so afraid? How is it that you have no faith?"
      41 They were greatly afraid, and said to one another, "Who then is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him?"

      Marc 6

      3 Isn't this the carpenter, the son of Mary, and brother of James, Joses, Judah, and Simon? Aren't his sisters here with us?" They were offended at him.
      5 He could do no mighty work there, except that he laid his hands on a few sick people, and healed them.
      6 He marveled because of their unbelief. He went around the villages teaching.
      31 He said to them, "You come apart into a deserted place, and rest awhile." For there were many coming and going, and they had no leisure so much as to eat.

      Marc 7

      9 He said to them, "Full well do you reject the commandment of God, that you may keep your tradition.
      24 From there he arose, and went away into the borders of Tyre and Sidon. He entered into a house, and didn't want anyone to know it, but he couldn't escape notice.
      37 They were astonished beyond measure, saying, "He has done all things well. He makes even the deaf hear, and the mute speak!"

      Marc 8

      5 He asked them, "How many loaves do you have?" They said, "Seven."
      29 He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?" Peter answered, "You are the Christ."
      31 He began to teach them that the Son of Man must suffer many things, and be rejected by the elders, the chief priests, and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again.

      Marc 9

      7 A cloud came, overshadowing them, and a voice came out of the cloud, "This is my beloved Son. Listen to him."
      21 He asked his father, "How long has it been since this has come to him?" He said, "From childhood.

      Marc 10

      5 But Jesus said to them, "For your hardness of heart, he wrote you this commandment.
      14 But when Jesus saw it, he was moved with indignation, and said to them, "Allow the little children to come to me! Don't forbid them, for the Kingdom of God belongs to such as these.
      43 But it shall not be so among you, but whoever wants to become great among you shall be your servant.
      45 For the Son of Man also came not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many."

      Marc 12

      6 Therefore still having one, his beloved son, he sent him last to them, saying, 'They will respect my son.'
      17 Jesus answered them, "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's." They marveled greatly at him.

      Marc 14

      24 He said to them, "This is my blood of the new covenant, which is poured out for many.

      Marc 15

      26 The superscription of his accusation was written over him, "THE KING OF THE JEWS."

      Marc 16

      19 So then the Lord , after he had spoken to them, was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God.
      20 They went out, and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them, and confirming the word by the signs that followed. Amen.

      Hébreux 2

      17 Therefore he was obligated in all things to be made like his brothers, that he might become a merciful and faithful high priest in things pertaining to God, to make atonement for the sins of the people.

      Apocalypse 5

      5 One of the elders said to me, "Don't weep. Behold, the Lion who is of the tribe of Judah, the Root of David, has overcome; he who opens the book and its seven seals."
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