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MATTHIEU (évangile de) 2.

II Contenu.

Le plan de Matthieu suit la ligne générale de Marc qui constitue l'arête synoptique commune aux trois premiers évangile ; mais d'une part il y introduit des éléments nouveaux importants, d'autre part il y modifie l'ordre de certaines péricopes. On ne peut pousser ici l'analyse jusque dans le détail des moindres péricopes ; mais on prend soin d'y rendre sensibles ces ressemblances et les principales différences avec l'analyse de Marc (voir Marc [évangile de], II, 1).

INTRODUCTION, Mt 1:1-4 11.

(a) D'abord (Mt 1:1,17) une généalogie de Jésus partant d'Abraham ;

(b) puis un évangile de l'enfance, (Mt 1:13-2:23) racontant l'annonce à Joseph de la naissance de Jésus, la visite des mages, le massacre des enfants de Bethléhem, la fuite en Egypte et le retour jusqu'à Nazareth ;

(c) apparition subite de Jean-Baptiste qui prêche et baptise, de Jésus qui reçoit son baptême et qui repousse ensuite la triple tentation du Diable (Mt 3-4:11).

I MINISTÈRE AUPRES DES FOULES, EN GALILEE, Mt 4:12-16:12.

C'est, comme dans Marc l'activité populaire de Jésus, prêchant l'Evangile du Royaume (Mt 4:23) ; mais ici le ministère de la prédication joue un rôle au moins aussi grand sinon davantage, que celui des guérisons.

1. Les débuts, Mt 4:13-25. Un tableau préliminaire montre ce ministère rayonnant autour de Capernaüm et du lac à travers toute la Galilée ; les premiers disciples sont appelés, de grandes foules sont attirées jusque de la Judée. Cette brève notice donne en même temps l'impression d'un sommaire un peu anticipé, esquissant dès l'entrée les principaux caractères du ministère galiléen, au cours duquel Jésus « prêche et guérit » (Mt 4:23).

2. L'oeuvre de JÉSUS, Mt 5 1-9:34.

(a) Par la prédication : discours sur la montagne (Mt 5:1-7:29), premier groupement d'instructions sur le « Royaume des cieux », qui produisent une impression profonde (Mt 7:28 et suivant) ;

(b) par les actes : miracles messianiques, (Mt 8:1-9:34) succession de guérisons et d'actes d'autorité considérés comme exauçant les prophéties (Mt 8:17 9:13) et comme représentatifs : ils seront résumés dans la formule de Mt 11:5.

3. Résultats de l'oeuvre de Jésus, Mt 9:35-13:58.

(a) La missimi des Douze (Mt 9:35-11:1), deuxième groupement d'instructions, pour les ouvriers envoyés dans la moisson ;

(b) les conflits : (Mt 11:2-12:50) Jean-Baptiste (Mt 11:2-19), les villes rebelles (Mt 11:20-30), les pharisiens (Mt 12:1-45), la famille même de Jésus (Mt 12:46-50) ;

(c) les paraboles du Royaume des cieux (Mt 13:1-52) troisième groupement d'instructions, celles-ci d'un genre nouveau, et portant principalement sur les perspectives lointaines de l'établissement du Royaume ;

(d) l'échec de Jésus à Nazareth même. (Mt 13:53-58)

4. Tentative suprême de Jésus, Mt 14:1-16:12.

(a) Récit rétrospectif du martyre de Jean, (Mt 14:1,12) à propos du trouble d'Hérode, qui implique les pires risques pour Jésus ;

(b) appel du Maître à la multitude enthousiaste, par le miracle de la multiplication des pains, suivie de son retour auprès des Douze en marchant sur la mer dans l'ouragan, de nouvelles guérisons nombreuses, et d'une discussion soulevée par les pharisiens et les scribes sur la tradition des anciens (Mt 14:13-15:20) ;

(c) une nouvelle version de la multiplication des pains la répète avec variantes, entre l'épisode d'une guérison en pays païen et une discussion sur le miracle soulevée par les pharisiens et les Sadducéens (Mt 15:21-16:12).

II MINISTERE AUPRES DES DOUZE, DE GALILEE EN JUDEE, Mt 16:13-20:34.

C'est la fin de l'oeuvre de Jésus en Galilée, et son départ définitif pour Jérusalem (Mt 19:1). Il n'a guère d'occasions, et ne les cherche plus, de s'adresser aux foules ; mais il concentre son effort sur ses disciples, pour leur révéler maintenant l'Évangile du Messie, et leur ouvrir les yeux sur ses souffrances et sa mort prochaines.

1re PREDICTION, Mt 16:13-17.

(a) Leçon du chemin de Césarée (Mt 16:13-28), le pivot du ministère dans les trois synoptiques : Jésus ayant obtenu des Douze la proclamation de sa messianité, leur enseigne aussitôt qu'il va en découler, selon le plan même de Dieu, sa condamnation à mort par les chefs juifs, son supplice et sa résurrection, et pour eux ses disciples la nécessité du sacrifice ;

(b) la transfiguration (Mt 17:1,13) assure à Jésus la confirmation de son oeuvre par Dieu son Père, mais elle effraye les trois intimes du Maître au lieu de les éclairer ;

(c) l' enfant démoniaque (Mt 17:14,21) n'a pu être guéri par les autres disciples, à cause de leur manque de foi.

2e PREDICTION, Mt 17:23-20:16.

(a) Abrégée dans Matthieu (Mt 17:22 et suivant), cette annonce est attribuée par Marc au désir de Jésus de quitter la Galilée inaperçu, et Matthieu y ajoute le curieux épisode du paiement des didrachmes, à son passage à Capernaüm, par le miracle du statère (verset 24,27) ;

(b) déclarations de Jésus sur la vraie grandeur ; (Mt 18) nouveau groupement d'instructions où Matthieu garde de Marc : le petit enfant, les scandales, mais y ajoute la parabole de la brebis perdue et, à propos du pardon, la parabole du serviteur impitoyable ;

(c) en Pérée, trois incidents de route (Mt 19:1-20:16), textes à instructions, les mêmes que dans Mc : sainteté du mariage, les petits enfants, le jeune riche, mais avec l'adjonction de la parabole des ouvriers, à propos des premiers qui seront les derniers et réciproquement.

3° PREDICTION, Mt 20:17,34.

(a) Encore abrégée dans Matthieu (Mt 20:17,19), cette annonce est immédiatement suivie, en violent contraste,

(b) de la demande intéressée concernant deux disciples, dont l'ambition indigne les autres et provoque la définition par Jésus du véritable esprit de service, et de sa propre mission rédemptrice (Mt 20:20,28) ;

(c) à la fin de ce ministère itinérant, est placée à Jérico la guérison de deux aveugles (Mt 20:29,34).

III MINISTERE AUPRES DU TEMPLE, A JERUSALEM, ch. 21-25.

Dans la « ville du grand Roi » (Mt 5:35), l'action du Seigneur s'adresse directement au sanctuaire de la religion d'Israël, qui aurait dû accueillir son Roi, mais où les chefs du culte vont au contraire machiner sa perte.

1. ENTREE A JERUSALEM, Mt 21:1-22.

(a) Manifestation messianique dans les acclamations des pèlerins et l'émoi de la ville (Mt 21:1,11), suivie de deux actes symbolisant le jugement messianique :

(b) purification du temple (Mt 21:12,17), et

(c) malédiction du figuier (Mt 21:18,23).

2. DISCUSSIONS DANS LE TEMPLE, Mt 21:23-23:39.

Matthieu intercale, parmi les informations de Marc sur les quatre pièges des chefs juifs (l'autorité, l'impôt, la résurrection, le grand commandement) et les trois offensives de Jésus (parabole des vignerons, question sur le Fils de David, dénonciation des scribes), les paraboles des deux fils et du grand festin, qui l'une et l'autre condamnent l'orgueil juif devancé par les humbles dans le Royaume et confirment le rejet d'Israël par Dieu ; (Mt 21:23-22:46)

--il supprime, de Marc l'épisode de l'offrande de la veuve, mais il développe la dénonciation des scribes, auxquels sont adjoints les pharisiens, dans un grand discours rythmé, rigoureux, prophétique : « Malheur à vous, scribes et pharisiens hypocrites ! » (Mt 23).

3. INSTRUCTIONS SUR LES DERNIERS TEMPS, Mt 24 et suivants

(a) A propos des bâtiments du temple, Jésus annonce aux disciples sa ruine et celle de Jérusalem, l'avènement du Fils de l'homme, et conclut par des appels à la vigilance (Mt 24:1,42) ;

(b) à ce sujet de la vigilance est rattaché par Matthieu un nouvel important groupement d'instructions du Maître, inconnues de Marc et comprenant les paraboles du serviteur vigilant, des dix vierges, des talents et le tableau du jugement dernier (Mt 24:13-25).

IV MINISTÈRE DE LA PASSION, DE LA MORT ET DE LA RESURRECTION, ch. 26-28.

Quelques jours seulement : (cf. Mt 26:2) les derniers ; le drame est prompt.

1. LES POSITIONS SONT PRISES, Mt 26 1-16.

Et ce sont les contrastes tragiques : complot du Sanhédrin, hommage à Béthanie, trahison de Judas pour de l'argent.

2. INSTITUTION DE LA CENE, Mt 26:17,35.

(a) Préparation du repas, annonce de la trahison, distribution du pain et de la coupe (Mt 26:17,29) ;

(b) avertissement aux Douze et à Pierre au sortir de la salle du repas (Mt 26:30,35).

3. GETHSEMANE, Mt 26:36,56. L'agonie du Sauveur et son arrestation

4. LE TRIBUNAL DES CHEFS JUIFS, Mt 26:57-27:10.

(a) Comparution devant Caïphe, grand-prêtre entouré des membres du tribunal juif, condamnation par le conseil (Mt 26:57,59-68 27:1,2) ;

(b) reniement de Pierre (Mt 26:58,69,73) ;

(c) remords de Judas qui, repoussé par les prêtres, jette son argent dans le temple et va se pendre (Mt 27:3-10).

5. LE TRIBUNAL DU GOUVERNEUR ROMAIN, Mt 27:11-31.

(a) Comparution de Jésus devant Pilate, qui après interrogatoire et plusieurs essais pour le sauver abandonne l'accusé pour le crucifiement que réclament les chefs juifs (verset 11,36) ;

(b) outrages infligés à Jésus par les soldats (Mt 27:27-31).

6. CRUCIFIEMENT ET SEPULTURE, Mt 27:32-66.

(a) La marche au Calvaire, la croix, les insultes, la mort, suivie de phénomènes prodigieux (Mt 27:32-34) ;

(b) ami du Crucifié, Joseph d'Arimathée obtient l'autorisation de l'ensevelir dans son sépulcre neuf (Mt 27:55,61) ;

(c) les chefs juifs demandent à Pilate une garde pour empêcher toute supercherie (Mt 27:62,66).

7. RESURRECTION, Mt 28.

(a) Les femmes trouvent le tombeau vide (Mt 28:1,7),

(b) puis voient Jésus ressuscité (Mt 28:8-10) ;

(c) les chefs juifs répandent le, bruit de l'enlèvement de son corps (Mt 28:11,15) ;

(d) Jésus apparaît aux Onze, en Galilée, et les envoie évangéliser toutes les nations, au nom de sa toute-puissance et de sa continuelle présence assurée à ses disciples (Mt 28:16-20).

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      Matthieu 1

      1 The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ , the son of David, the son of Abraham.
      2 Abraham became the father of Isaac. Isaac became the father of Jacob. Jacob became the father of Judah and his brothers.
      3 Judah became the father of Perez and Zerah by Tamar. Perez became the father of Hezron. Hezron became the father of Ram.
      4 Ram became the father of Amminadab. Amminadab became the father of Nahshon. Nahshon became the father of Salmon.
      11 Josiah became the father of Jechoniah and his brothers, at the time of the exile to Babylon.
      13 Zerubbabel became the father of Abiud. Abiud became the father of Eliakim. Eliakim became the father of Azor.
      14 Azor became the father of Sadoc. Sadoc became the father of Achim. Achim became the father of Eliud.
      15 Eliud became the father of Eleazar. Eleazar became the father of Matthan. Matthan became the father of Jacob.
      16 Jacob became the father of Joseph, the husband of Mary, from whom was born Jesus , who is called Christ.
      17 So all the generations from Abraham to David are fourteen generations; from David to the exile to Babylon fourteen generations; and from the carrying away to Babylon to the Christ, fourteen generations.
      18 Now the birth of Jesus Christ was like this; for after his mother, Mary, was engaged to Joseph, before they came together, she was found pregnant by the Holy Spirit.
      19 Joseph, her husband, being a righteous man, and not willing to make her a public example, intended to put her away secretly.
      20 But when he thought about these things, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream, saying, "Joseph, son of David, don't be afraid to take to yourself Mary, your wife, for that which is conceived in her is of the Holy Spirit.
      21 She shall bring forth a son. You shall call his name Jesus, for it is he who shall save his people from their sins."
      22 Now all this has happened, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying,
      23 "Behold, the virgin shall be with child, and shall bring forth a son. They shall call his name Immanuel"; which is, being interpreted, "God with us."
      24 Joseph arose from his sleep, and did as the angel of the Lord commanded him, and took his wife to himself;
      25 and didn't know her sexually until she had brought forth her firstborn son. He named him Jesus.

      Matthieu 2

      1 Now when Jesus was born in Bethlehem of Judea in the days of King Herod, behold, wise men from the east came to Jerusalem, saying,
      2 "Where is he who is born King of the Jews? For we saw his star in the east, and have come to worship him."
      3 When King Herod heard it, he was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him.
      4 Gathering together all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he asked them where the Christ would be born.
      5 They said to him, "In Bethlehem of Judea, for this is written through the prophet,
      6 'You Bethlehem, land of Judah, are in no way least among the princes of Judah: for out of you shall come forth a governor, who shall shepherd my people, Israel.'"
      7 Then Herod secretly called the wise men, and learned from them exactly what time the star appeared.
      8 He sent them to Bethlehem, and said, "Go and search diligently for the young child. When you have found him, bring me word, so that I also may come and worship him."
      9 They, having heard the king, went their way; and behold, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, until it came and stood over where the young child was.
      10 When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceedingly great joy.
      11 They came into the house and saw the young child with Mary, his mother, and they fell down and worshiped him. Opening their treasures, they offered to him gifts: gold, frankincense, and myrrh.
      12 Being warned in a dream that they shouldn't return to Herod, they went back to their own country another way.
      13 Now when they had departed, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared to Joseph in a dream, saying, "Arise and take the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt, and stay there until I tell you, for Herod will seek the young child to destroy him."
      14 He arose and took the young child and his mother by night, and departed into Egypt,
      15 and was there until the death of Herod; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by the Lord through the prophet, saying, "Out of Egypt I called my son."
      16 Then Herod, when he saw that he was mocked by the wise men, was exceedingly angry, and sent out, and killed all the male children who were in Bethlehem and in all the surrounding countryside, from two years old and under, according to the exact time which he had learned from the wise men.
      17 Then that which was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet was fulfilled, saying,
      18 "A voice was heard in Ramah, lamentation, weeping and great mourning, Rachel weeping for her children; she wouldn't be comforted, because they are no more."
      19 But when Herod was dead, behold, an angel of the Lord appeared in a dream to Joseph in Egypt, saying,
      20 "Arise and take the young child and his mother, and go into the land of Israel, for those who sought the young child's life are dead."
      21 He arose and took the young child and his mother, and came into the land of Israel.
      22 But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the place of his father, Herod, he was afraid to go there. Being warned in a dream, he withdrew into the region of Galilee,
      23 and came and lived in a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through the prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."

      Matthieu 3

      1 In those days, John the Baptizer came, preaching in the wilderness of Judea, saying,
      2 "Repent, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand!"
      3 For this is he who was spoken of by Isaiah the prophet, saying, "The voice of one crying in the wilderness, make ready the way of the Lord. Make his paths straight."
      4 Now John himself wore clothing made of camel's hair, with a leather belt around his waist. His food was locusts and wild honey.
      5 Then people from Jerusalem, all of Judea, and all the region around the Jordan went out to him.
      6 They were baptized by him in the Jordan, confessing their sins.
      7 But when he saw many of the Pharisees and Sadducees coming for his baptism, he said to them, "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?
      8 Therefore bring forth fruit worthy of repentance!
      9 Don't think to yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father,' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones.
      10 "Even now the axe lies at the root of the trees. Therefore every tree that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and cast into the fire.
      11 I indeed baptize you in water for repentance, but he who comes after me is mightier than I, whose shoes I am not worthy to carry. He will baptize you in the Holy Spirit.
      12 His winnowing fork is in his hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his threshing floor. He will gather his wheat into the barn, but the chaff he will burn up with unquenchable fire."
      13 Then Jesus came from Galilee to the Jordan to John, to be baptized by him.
      14 But John would have hindered him, saying, "I need to be baptized by you, and you come to me?"
      15 But Jesus, answering, said to him, "Allow it now, for this is the fitting way for us to fulfill all righteousness." Then he allowed him.
      16 Jesus, when he was baptized, went up directly from the water: and behold, the heavens were opened to him. He saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming on him.
      17 Behold, a voice out of the heavens said, "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased."

      Matthieu 4

      1 Then Jesus was led up by the Spirit into the wilderness to be tempted by the devil.
      2 When he had fasted forty days and forty nights, he was hungry afterward.
      3 The tempter came and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command that these stones become bread."
      4 But he answered, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.'"
      5 Then the devil took him into the holy city. He set him on the pinnacle of the temple,
      6 and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you.' and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don't dash your foot against a stone.'"
      7 Jesus said to him, "Again, it is written, 'You shall not test the Lord, your God.'"
      8 Again, the devil took him to an exceedingly high mountain, and showed him all the kingdoms of the world, and their glory.
      9 He said to him, "I will give you all of these things, if you will fall down and worship me."
      10 Then Jesus said to him, "Get behind me, Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      11 Then the devil left him, and behold, angels came and served him.
      12 Now when Jesus heard that John was delivered up, he withdrew into Galilee.
      13 Leaving Nazareth, he came and lived in Capernaum, which is by the sea, in the region of Zebulun and Naphtali,
      14 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through Isaiah the prophet, saying,
      15 "The land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, toward the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles,
      16 the people who sat in darkness saw a great light, to those who sat in the region and shadow of death, to them light has dawned."
      17 From that time, Jesus began to preach, and to say, "Repent! For the Kingdom of Heaven is at hand."
      18 Walking by the sea of Galilee, he saw two brothers: Simon, who is called Peter, and Andrew, his brother, casting a net into the sea; for they were fishermen.
      19 He said to them, "Come after me, and I will make you fishers for men."
      20 They immediately left their nets and followed him.
      21 Going on from there, he saw two other brothers, James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother, in the boat with Zebedee their father, mending their nets. He called them.
      22 They immediately left the boat and their father, and followed him.
      23 Jesus went about in all Galilee, teaching in their synagogues, preaching the Good News of the Kingdom, and healing every disease and every sickness among the people.
      24 The report about him went out into all Syria. They brought to him all who were sick, afflicted with various diseases and torments, possessed with demons, epileptics, and paralytics; and he healed them.
      25 Great multitudes from Galilee, Decapolis, Jerusalem, Judea and from beyond the Jordan followed him.

      Matthieu 5

      1 Seeing the multitudes, he went up onto the mountain. When he had sat down, his disciples came to him.
      2 He opened his mouth and taught them, saying,
      3 "Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.
      4 Blessed are those who mourn, for they shall be comforted.
      5 Blessed are the gentle, for they shall inherit the earth.
      6 Blessed are those who hunger and thirst after righteousness, for they shall be filled.
      7 Blessed are the merciful, for they shall obtain mercy.
      8 Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God.
      9 Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called children of God.
      10 Blessed are those who have been persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.
      11 "Blessed are you when people reproach you, persecute you, and say all kinds of evil against you falsely, for my sake.
      12 Rejoice, and be exceedingly glad, for great is your reward in heaven. For that is how they persecuted the prophets who were before you.
      13 "You are the salt of the earth, but if the salt has lost its flavor, with what will it be salted? It is then good for nothing, but to be cast out and trodden under the feet of men.
      14 You are the light of the world. A city located on a hill can't be hidden.
      15 Neither do you light a lamp, and put it under a measuring basket, but on a stand; and it shines to all who are in the house.
      16 Even so, let your light shine before men; that they may see your good works, and glorify your Father who is in heaven.
      17 "Don't think that I came to destroy the law or the prophets. I didn't come to destroy, but to fulfill.
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