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MÉDECIN

(hébreu rôphé, participe de râphâ =guérir ; grec iatros ; lat. medicus, de medeor =soigner, guérir).

Le soin des malades est dans l'humanité aussi vieux que la maladie elle-même. Les premiers médecins furent des hommes qui, par leur puissance d'observation, leur potentiel nerveux et leur intérêt pour la souffrance, s'imposèrent à l'attention comme des autorités secourables. A mesure que la superstition peupla d'esprits la terre, les eaux et le ciel, la maladie fut attribuée à l'influence des esprits mauvais. Le malade devient un possédé, et le guérisseur fait figure de magicien, c'est-à-dire d'homme capable de délivrer les envoûtés et de chasser les démons. A l'origine de la civilisation, mages, sorciers, prêtres et guérisseurs apparaissent comme des variétés d'un même genre. Leur fonction c'est l'exorcisme. Cependant, peu à peu, l'empirisme ouvrait la voie à la science. Au temps d'Abraham, déjà, le code de Hammourapi montre que l'on prend le médecin au sérieux, et qu'il ne lui est pas permis d'ignorer ses responsabilités. En cas d'insuccès, il arrivait que la peine du talion lui fût appliquée. S'il tuait son patient au cours d'une opération malheureuse, on lui laissait la VI° sauve, mais à l'occasion on coupait la main inexperte (art. 215-223). Les articles 224 à 227 parlent aussi de vétérinaires...

Le jéhovisme hébreu étant, par définition, l'irréductible adversaire des moeurs idolâtriques et de la magie, le médecin ne peut pas jouir chez lui d'un grand crédit. C'est Dieu seul qui sauve, ce n'est pas l'homme. Chercher dans des pratiques superstitieuses ou dans des moyens empiriques la guérison plutôt que de la demander à Jéhovah, n'était-ce pas manquer de foi ? sacrifier aux vaines idoles ? « Ton guérisseur c'est moi », dit Jéhovah à Israël (Ex 15:26, cf. 2Ro 5). On trouve une marque certaine de cette défaveur de la médecine dans le passage où l'annaliste hébreu ne dissimule point son mépris pour le roi Asa, parce que celui-ci recourait aux hommes de l'art plutôt que de demander la guérison au Dieu d'Israël (2Ch 16:12). 2Ro 9:29 (cf. 2Ro 9:15) semble prouver qu'il y avait à la résidence royale de Jizréel tout au moins un médecin, auquel le roi Joram eut recours. --Dans le Code sacerdotal, Jéhovah confie des attributions médicales aux fils d'Aaron (Le 13), qui devaient diagnostiquer certaines maladies contagieuses et éloigner de la société les individus atteints de lèpre ou d'affections analogues. Par là, en Israël, la médecine et la religion se réconcilièrent.

Il faut arriver au début du II° siècle av. J. -C, pour trouver l'éloge du médecin sous la plume d'un Juif. Il est vrai que ce Juif de Jérusalem se vante d'avoir beaucoup voyagé (Sir 34:11 et suivant, cf. 51:13). Si, comme il est probable, ses pas l'ont conduit au pays des lumières, l'Egypte, où plus tard son petit-fils devait traduire son livre en grec, il connut ainsi la vraie patrie des médecins, voire des médecins spécialistes (Hérodote II, 84) et aussi des fameux rebouteux qui remettaient les fractures avec une dextérité merveilleuse. La réputation des guérisseurs de l'Egypte était telle qu'encore au temps des Achéménides, les Perses, lorsqu'ils voulaient un médecin capable, le faisaient venir de la terre des Pharaons : « Honore le médecin », écrit Jésus fils de Sirach, « car on a besoin de lui, et lui aussi a été créé par le Seigneur. C'est du Très-Haut qu'il tient son art... » (Sir 38:1 et suivants). On dirait dans ces lignes une réhabilitation, un appel au bon sens en faveur de l'intervention médicale. « C'est Dieu qui a fait produire à la terre les médicaments, l'homme sensé n'en a point horreur » (Sir 38:4). Vient ensuite un conseil direct et fort avisé : « Mon fils, si tu es malade..., prie le Seigneur..., offre de l'encens... ; puis accepte l'office du médecin et qu'il ne te quitte pas, car tu as besoin de lui... Mépriser le médecin, c'est pécher devant son Créateur » (Sir 38:9 et suivants). On voit ici déjà combien la moderne doctrine de la « Science chrétienne » est peu fondée à se réclamer de la littérature des milieux bibliques. Plus tard, Je Temple de Jérusalem s'attacha un médecin chargé de soigner les prêtres malades. Ce médecin était plus spécialement désigné sous le nom de « médecin des entrailles » (Traité Cheqalim, V, 1), parce que les prêtres, grassement nourris, légèrement vêtus et obligés d'officier pieds nus dans le sanctuaire, étaient fort sujets aux diverses formes de l'entérite.

Le N.T. nomme un seul médecin, Luc (voir ce mot), l'ami de saint Paul (Col 4:14) ; mais il met en cause le corps médical dans l'histoire de la femme atteinte d'une perte de sang. Mr 5:26 dit de cette femme : « Elle avait beaucoup souffert d'un bon nombre de médecins et elle y avait dépensé tout son bien sans recevoir aucun soulagement ; son état avait plutôt empiré. » Lu 8:43 reprend la question et dit : « Elle avait dépensé tout son bien en médecins sans avoir pu être guérie par aucun. » Il y a une nuance. Dans cette nuance on peut voir l'indication que le Luc médecin dont parle Col 4:14 était bien, comme l'affirme la tradition, le même que Luc l'évangéliste (voir Luc, évangile de). Quoi qu'il en soit, le proverbe cité par Jésus : « Médecin, guéris-toi toi-même » (Lu 4:23) et sa déclaration : « Ce ne sont pas les bien portants qui ont besoin de médecin, mais les malades » (Mt 9:12 et suivants), suffiraient à prouver qu'en Palestine, du moins depuis la conquête romaine, les médecins avaient plein droit de cité.

--Bien que la science médicale à travers les siècles ait honoré le génie humain par l'étendue de ses découvertes, la présence persistante du serpent parmi les attributs du corps médical maintient le lien qui unit ses origines à l'oracle d'Épidaure et à la magie antique. Alex. W.

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      Exode 15

      26 and he said, "If you will diligently listen to the voice of Yahweh your God, and will do that which is right in his eyes, and will pay attention to his commandments, and keep all his statutes, I will put none of the diseases on you, which I have put on the Egyptians; for I am Yahweh who heals you."

      Lévitique 13

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,
      2 "When a man shall have a rising in his body's skin, or a scab, or a bright spot, and it becomes in the skin of his body the plague of leprosy, then he shall be brought to Aaron the priest, or to one of his sons, the priests:
      3 and the priest shall examine the plague in the skin of the body: and if the hair in the plague has turned white, and the appearance of the plague is deeper than the body's skin, it is the plague of leprosy; and the priest shall examine him, and pronounce him unclean.
      4 If the bright spot is white in the skin of his body, and its appearance isn't deeper than the skin, and its hair hasn't turned white, then the priest shall isolate the infected person for seven days.
      5 The priest shall examine him on the seventh day, and, behold, if in his eyes the plague is arrested, and the plague hasn't spread in the skin, then the priest shall isolate him for seven more days.
      6 The priest shall examine him again on the seventh day; and behold, if the plague has faded, and the plague hasn't spread in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him clean. It is a scab. He shall wash his clothes, and be clean.
      7 But if the scab spreads on the skin, after he has shown himself to the priest for his cleansing, he shall show himself to the priest again.
      8 The priest shall examine him; and behold, if the scab has spread on the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is leprosy.
      9 "When the plague of leprosy is in a man, then he shall be brought to the priest;
      10 and the priest shall examine him. Behold, if there is a white rising in the skin, and it has turned the hair white, and there is raw flesh in the rising,
      11 it is a chronic leprosy in the skin of his body, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean. He shall not isolate him, for he is unclean.
      12 "If the leprosy breaks out all over the skin, and the leprosy covers all the skin of the infected person from his head even to his feet, as far as it appears to the priest;
      13 then the priest shall examine him; and, behold, if the leprosy has covered all his flesh, he shall pronounce him clean of the plague. It has all turned white: he is clean.
      14 But whenever raw flesh appears in him, he shall be unclean.
      15 The priest shall examine the raw flesh, and pronounce him unclean: the raw flesh is unclean. It is leprosy.
      16 Or if the raw flesh turns again, and is changed to white, then he shall come to the priest;
      17 and the priest shall examine him; and, behold, if the plague has turned white, then the priest shall pronounce him clean of the plague. He is clean.
      18 "When the body has a boil on its skin, and it has healed,
      19 and in the place of the boil there is a white rising, or a bright spot, reddish-white, then it shall be shown to the priest;
      20 and the priest shall examine it; and behold, if its appearance is lower than the skin, and its hair has turned white, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is the plague of leprosy. It has broken out in the boil.
      21 But if the priest examines it, and behold, there are no white hairs in it, and it isn't deeper than the skin, but is dim, then the priest shall isolate him seven days.
      22 If it spreads in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is a plague.
      23 But if the bright spot stays in its place, and hasn't spread, it is the scar from the boil; and the priest shall pronounce him clean.
      24 "Or when the body has a burn from fire on its skin, and the raw flesh of the burn becomes a bright spot, reddish-white, or white,
      25 then the priest shall examine it; and behold, if the hair in the bright spot has turned white, and its appearance is deeper than the skin; it is leprosy. It has broken out in the burning, and the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is the plague of leprosy.
      26 But if the priest examines it, and behold, there is no white hair in the bright spot, and it isn't lower than the skin, but is faded; then the priest shall isolate him seven days.
      27 The priest shall examine him on the seventh day. If it has spread in the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean. It is the plague of leprosy.
      28 If the bright spot stays in its place, and hasn't spread in the skin, but is faded, it is the swelling from the burn, and the priest shall pronounce him clean; for it is the scar from the burn.
      29 "When a man or woman has a plague on the head or on the beard,
      30 then the priest shall examine the plague; and behold, if its appearance is deeper than the skin, and the hair in it is yellow and thin, then the priest shall pronounce him unclean: it is an itch, it is leprosy of the head or of the beard.
      31 If the priest examines the plague of itching, and behold, its appearance isn't deeper than the skin, and there is no black hair in it, then the priest shall isolate him the person infected with itching seven days.
      32 On the seventh day the priest shall examine the plague; and behold, if the itch hasn't spread, and there is no yellow hair in it, and the appearance of the itch isn't deeper than the skin,
      33 then he shall be shaved, but he shall not shave the itch; and the priest shall shut him up who has the itch seven more days.
      34 On the seventh day, the priest shall examine the itch; and behold, if the itch hasn't spread in the skin, and its appearance isn't deeper than the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him clean. He shall wash his clothes, and be clean.
      35 But if the itch spreads in the skin after his cleansing,
      36 then the priest shall examine him; and behold, if the itch has spread in the skin, the priest shall not look for the yellow hair; he is unclean.
      37 But if in his eyes the itch is arrested, and black hair has grown in it; the itch is healed, he is clean. The priest shall pronounce him clean.
      38 "When a man or a woman has bright spots in the skin of the body, even white bright spots;
      39 then the priest shall examine them; and behold, if the bright spots on the skin of their body are a dull white, it is a harmless rash, it has broken out in the skin; he is clean.
      40 "If a man's hair has fallen from his head, he is bald. He is clean.
      41 If his hair has fallen off from the front part of his head, he is forehead bald. He is clean.
      42 But if there is in the bald head, or the bald forehead, a reddish-white plague; it is leprosy breaking out in his bald head, or his bald forehead.
      43 Then the priest shall examine him; and, behold, if the rising of the plague is reddish-white in his bald head, or in his bald forehead, like the appearance of leprosy in the skin of the flesh,
      44 he is a leprous man. He is unclean. The priest shall surely pronounce him unclean. His plague is on his head.
      45 "The leper in whom the plague is shall wear torn clothes, and the hair of his head shall hang loose. He shall cover his upper lip, and shall cry, 'Unclean! Unclean!'
      46 All the days in which the plague is in him he shall be unclean. He is unclean. He shall dwell alone. Outside of the camp shall be his dwelling.
      47 "The garment also that the plague of leprosy is in, whether it is a woolen garment, or a linen garment;
      48 whether it is in warp, or woof; of linen, or of wool; whether in a skin, or in anything made of skin;
      49 if the plague is greenish or reddish in the garment, or in the skin, or in the warp, or in the woof, or in anything made of skin; it is the plague of leprosy, and shall be shown to the priest.
      50 The priest shall examine the plague, and isolate the plague seven days.
      51 He shall examine the plague on the seventh day. If the plague has spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in the skin, whatever use the skin is used for, the plague is a destructive mildew. It is unclean.
      52 He shall burn the garment, whether the warp or the woof, in wool or in linen, or anything of skin, in which the plague is: for it is a destructive mildew. It shall be burned in the fire.
      53 "If the priest examines it, and behold, the plague hasn't spread in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in anything of skin;
      54 then the priest shall command that they wash the thing in which the plague is, and he shall isolate it seven more days.
      55 Then the priest shall examine it, after the plague is washed; and behold, if the plague hasn't changed its color, and the plague hasn't spread, it is unclean; you shall burn it in the fire. It is a mildewed spot, whether the bareness is inside or outside.
      56 If the priest looks, and behold, the plague has faded after it is washed, then he shall tear it out of the garment, or out of the skin, or out of the warp, or out of the woof:
      57 and if it appears again in the garment, either in the warp, or in the woof, or in anything of skin, it is spreading. You shall burn with fire that in which the plague is.
      58 The garment, either the warp, or the woof, or whatever thing of skin it is, which you shall wash, if the plague has departed from them, then it shall be washed the second time, and it will be clean."
      59 This is the law of the plague of mildew in a garment of wool or linen, either in the warp, or the woof, or in anything of skin, to pronounce it clean, or to pronounce it unclean.

      2 Chroniques 16

      12 In the thirty-ninth year of his reign Asa was diseased in his feet; his disease was exceeding great: yet in his disease he didn't seek Yahweh, but to the physicians.

      Matthieu 9

      12 When Jesus heard it, he said to them, "Those who are healthy have no need for a physician, but those who are sick do.

      Marc 5

      26 and had suffered many things by many physicians, and had spent all that she had, and was no better, but rather grew worse,

      Luc 4

      23 He said to them, "Doubtless you will tell me this parable, 'Physician, heal yourself! Whatever we have heard done at Capernaum, do also here in your hometown.'"

      Luc 8

      43 A woman who had a flow of blood for twelve years, who had spent all her living on physicians, and could not be healed by any,

      Romains 9

      29 As Isaiah has said before, "Unless the Lord of Armies had left us a seed, we would have become like Sodom, and would have been made like Gomorrah."

      Colossiens 4

      14 Luke, the beloved physician, and Demas greet you.
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