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MER MORTE

La plus grande mer intérieure de la Terre Sainte.

Nom.

Le nom « mer Morte » ne se rencontre pas dans la Bible, bien qu'il soit employé par d'autres écrivains de l'antiquité. Le texte hébreu massorétique dit « mer Salée » (yâm hammèlakh) neuf fois (Ge 14:3, No 34:12 etc.). Dans cinq passages (De 3:17 4:49, Jos 3:16 12:3,2Ro 14:25) on trouve « mer de l'Araba » (dans tous ces versets, Sg. et Vers. Syn. traduisent incorrectement « mer de la plaine » ; le sens originel d'Araba est plus probablement « sec »). Dans Eze Eze 47:18, Joe 2:20, Za 14:8, nous trouvons « mer orientale » (yâm haqqadmôni), et dans Am 8:12, Mic 7:12 seulement ce mer » (yâm)

« Mer Morte » semble avoir été d'abord employé en grec (thalassa nekra ; cf. Pausanias V, 7:3 et Galien 4:20). Nous le trouvons en latin dans Justin XXXVI, 3:16 ; aussi dans la traduction de la Vulgate (Incorrecte) de Jos 3:16 (mare solitudinis quod nunc vocatur mortuum). Josèphe emploie asphaltitis limnè (Ant., I, 9) et Sodomitis limnè (V, 1). Les Arabes d'aujourd'hui l'appellent Bahr Lout, vestige probable de la tradition relative au Lot biblique.

Caractéristiques des eaux.

La mer Morte s'étend à l'extrémité S. de la dépression de la surface terrestre qui commence à environ 150 km. au Nord, près du lac Houle (voir Araba). Elle reçoit par conséquent les eaux du Jourdain (environ 6 millions de mc. par jour) et d'autres affluents. Elle n'a pas de débouché. Les eaux qu'elle absorbe disparaissent par évaporation, laissant des dépôts minéraux qui consistent principalement en chlorures de magnésium, de sodium et de calcium. Ces éléments donnent à l'eau un goût désagréable et cette consistance huileuse que peuvent attester tous ceux qui s'y sont baignés.

L'analyse exacte des éléments chimiques à une profondeur de 340 m., suivant le capitaine Lynch (Report of the U. S. Exped. to the Jordan and Dead Sea, 1852), donne les proportions : chlorures de magnésium, 14,889 pour cent ; de sodium, 7.855 pour cent de calcium, 3,107 pour cent ; de potassium, 0,137 pour cent Ces éléments constituent donc 26 pour cent du volume total à la profondeur indiquée. (Les éléments en solution dans l'océan Atlantique constituent seulement 6 pour cent du volume total.) Rien d'étonnant si le corps humain, excepté la tête, ne peut s'enfoncer dans ces eaux ! Ces éléments chimiques sont dus à la fois à la nature bitumineuse d'une grande partie du bassin, aux apports des affluents et aux sources salines qui se trouvent le long de la côte.

Géologie.

Les caractéristiques exceptionnelles de la mer Morte ont donné lieu à de nombreuses hypothèses sur la formation géologique de la dépression à laquelle appartient le lac. Les géologues croient que, dans les temps préhistoriques, toute la surface qui se trouve dans le voisinage du golfe actuel d'Akaba, y compris la péninsule du Sinaï (à l'exception des hauts sommets), et qui s'étend au delà de la vallée Jourdain-Akaba jusqu'au pied du mont Hermon, était couverte par des eaux qui se sont réunies dans ce qui est maintenant la mer Rouge (cf. Blanckenhorn, Tristram, Lartet, Hull). A la fin de la période éocène, cette terre fut soulevée hors de la mer, non sans laisser à la surface du sol une dépression semblable à celle qui existe maintenant. Durant les périodes pliocène et pléistocène, cette dépression fut probablement remplie d'eau et forma un vaste lac intérieur de plus de 300 km. de longueur. Des terrasses lacustres situées à différents niveaux de la vallée d'Akaba, au Sud de la mer Morte, permettent de supposer que ces eaux s'abaissèrent par degrés vers la fin de la période glaciaire. Les observateurs compétents ont cessé d'admettre que la mer Morte est le produit d'une action volcanique, encore que les tremblements de terre ne soient pas inconnus dans cette région. Quel que soit le mérite de ces théories, il est indiscutable que la mer actuelle et ses environs sont, dans le pays de notre Seigneur, les silencieux témoins des formidables phénomènes naturels des époques géologiques.

Dimensions et contour.

Ainsi, au stade actuel d'un lent développement, nous avons un lac de 80 km. de longueur et de 16 km. dans sa largeur la plus grande, et d'une surface totale d'environ 1.000 km 2 (une fois et demie aussi grand que le lac Léman). Sur le bord oriental se trouve une grande péninsule appelée aujourd'hui el-Lîsân (=la langue), composée de marne calcaire et qui s'étend à 5 km. de la côte O. ; el-Lîsân (fig. 151) semble ainsi séparer la mer en deux parties inégales. Les eaux du nord, de beaucoup les plus abondantes, atteignent une profondeur de 393 mètres. La partie S. est d'une très faible profondeur, qui varie de 2 à 6 mètres. Quelles bizarreries de la nature nous constatons ici ! Les plaines de Moab s'élèvent à près de 1.000 m. au-dessus du niveau de la mer. La surface de la mer Morte est à 398 m. au-dessous du niveau méditerranéen et le fond, de ce lac est encore à environ 400 m. plus bas. La mer Morte et la vallée du Jourdain en ce point se trouvent au-dessous de la mer, à un niveau de beaucoup inférieur à toute autre région du globe.

Importance biblique.

La mer Morte n'intervient pas souvent d'une manière directe dans l'histoire d'Israël. Cependant elle a toujours servi de barrière-frontière entre la Palestine et les contrées du sud-est. Elle a aussi affecté la pensée religieuse des Hébreux. Quand ils réfléchissaient aux conditions du jugement et du châtiment du péché, il est naturel qu'ils aient pensé à la mer « du Sel ». C'est ainsi que Sodome et Gomorrhe, jadis prospères dans la vallée de Siddim, projettent leur ombre sur toute la philosophie de la religion d'Israël. L'histoire de Lot et de sa famille, aux derniers jours de Sodome, est racontée dans Ge 19. La leçon trouve son application dans De 29:23 et dans les prophéties de Am 4:11, Esa 1:9 3:9, Jer 23:14 49:18 50:40, Sop 2:9, La 4:6, Eze 16:46,49,53,55 Jésus fait des allusions fréquentes à la perversité de ces deux villes. (cf. Mt 10:13 11:24, Mr 6:11, Lu 10:12 17:29) En contraste avec ces sombres tableaux, les descriptions prophétiques d'Eze 47 (cf. Za 14:8) parlent d'une transformation anticipée du désert en un lieu fertile grâce au torrent d'eau vive qui sortira du temple de la Jérusalem restaurée.

Erreurs populaires.

Au sujet de la mer Morte se sont fait jour des récits exagérés. Beaucoup de gens se figurent qu'en volant au-dessus de ses eaux les oiseaux meurent, mais nous en avons vu nous-même plusieurs les survoler sans aucun mal. On a prétendu qu'il s'y trouve certains poissons ; mais il n'y en a qu'à l'embouchure du Jourdain et des petits affluents qui descendent des montagnes. Contrairement à une opinion courante, des. tempêtes peuvent s'élever sur la mer Morte ; le capitaine Lynch, explorateur, a vu son bateau frappé par les vagues comme par des coups de marteau.

On croit aussi que la vue en est laide et triste ; mais ses eaux, aux couleurs changeantes, vertes ou bleues, ont vraiment leur beauté. On a supposé que la stérilité de la mer Morte et de ses environs dépend de quelque particularité de son eau ; mais elle est plutôt due au manque permanent d'eaux courantes et de pluie et à la chaleur intense. Aucun nom ne pouvait mieux convenir à ce phénomène unique de la nature que celui de mer Morte.

Sodome et Gomorrhe.

Une étude sur la mer Morte ne saurait être complète sans un examen des vues de l'orientaliste américain, W. F. Albright, à propos de l'emplacement de Sodome et Gomorrhe. La localisation des deux « villes de la plaine », soit à l'extrémité N. soit à l'extrémité S. de la mer Morte, est matière à controverse (voir Plaine [villes de la]). Les conclusions d'Albright viennent à l'appui de l'hypothèse sud. Il rétablit l'opinion traditionnelle souvent rejetée que le site exact des villes de la plaine, mentionné dans Ge 14, peut avoir été submergé par les eaux peu profondes du sud. Il fonde son argumentation sur le fait que le niveau de la mer Morte s'est élevé même dans les temps modernes et que sa surface est plus grande qu'il y a un siècle.

La question de savoir si la région située à l'extrémité sud de la mer était occupée pendant l'âge du bronze, se résout par l'affirmative d'après les découvertes d'Albright à Bâb ed-Drâb, lieu situé non loin de l'extrémité sud de la mer. Les preuves nouvelles qu'il apporte nous donnent le lieu en question comme un centre de pèlerinages religieux des Cananéens de cette période. D'où y venaient les pèlerins, sinon des cités de la région maintenant aride ou submergée ?

Il est remarquable que la preuve archéologique ainsi apportée assigne l'abandon d'ed-Drâb à peu près à la période même où Sodome et Gomorrhe furent détruites. Le même savant en a trouvé une confirmation plus récente dans certains retranchements datant de l'âge du bronze, sur la ligne d'Irbid à Djérach, ce qui est en faveur de l'historicité souvent disputée des villes mentionnées dans Ge 14:5 comme jalonnant la marche des rois d'Orient conduits par Kedor-Laomer contre les princes cananéens de la région de la mer Morte (cf. Bull. Amer. Schools of Orient. Res., oct. 1929, p. 10). L'archéologie peut donc encore donner quelque vie à Ge 14 aussi bien qu'à cette région désolée du S. de la mer maintenant appelée « Morte ». BIBLIOGRAPHIE. --Lynch, Rapport cité plus haut ; Duc de Luynes, Voyage d'exploration à la mer Morte, 1875, spéct vol. III par Lartet ; G.A. Smith, Hist. Geog., 1894, pp. 499-516 ; Hull, Memoir on the Geol. and Geog. of Arabia Petroea, Palestine, etc., 1889 ; W.F. Albright, art. « The JordanValley in the Bronze Age » (Ann. Amer. Schools of Orient. Res., vol. VI, 1924-25, pp. 54ss). A.R. S.

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      Genèse 14

      1 It happened in the days of Amraphel, king of Shinar, Arioch, king of Ellasar, Chedorlaomer, king of Elam, and Tidal, king of Goiim,
      2 that they made war with Bera, king of Sodom, and with Birsha, king of Gomorrah, Shinab, king of Admah, and Shemeber, king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (the same is Zoar).
      3 All these joined together in the valley of Siddim (the same is the Salt Sea).
      4 Twelve years they served Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year, they rebelled.
      5 In the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer came, and the kings who were with him, and struck the Rephaim in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the Zuzim in Ham, and the Emim in Shaveh Kiriathaim,
      6 and the Horites in their Mount Seir, to Elparan, which is by the wilderness.
      7 They returned, and came to En Mishpat (the same is Kadesh), and struck all the country of the Amalekites, and also the Amorites, that lived in Hazazon Tamar.
      8 The king of Sodom, and the king of Gomorrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (the same is Zoar) went out; and they set the battle in array against them in the valley of Siddim;
      9 against Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of Goiim, and Amraphel king of Shinar, and Arioch king of Ellasar; four kings against the five.
      10 Now the valley of Siddim was full of tar pits; and the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and they fell there, and those who remained fled to the hills.
      11 They took all the goods of Sodom and Gomorrah, and all their food, and went their way.
      12 They took Lot, Abram's brother's son, who lived in Sodom, and his goods, and departed.
      13 One who had escaped came and told Abram, the Hebrew. Now he lived by the oaks of Mamre, the Amorite, brother of Eshcol, and brother of Aner; and these were allies of Abram.
      14 When Abram heard that his relative was taken captive, he led out his trained men, born in his house, three hundred and eighteen, and pursued as far as Dan.
      15 He divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and struck them, and pursued them to Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.
      16 He brought back all the goods, and also brought back his relative, Lot, and his goods, and the women also, and the people.
      17 The king of Sodom went out to meet him, after his return from the slaughter of Chedorlaomer and the kings who were with him, at the valley of Shaveh (that is, the King's Valley).
      18 Melchizedek king of Salem brought out bread and wine: and he was priest of God Most High.
      19 He blessed him, and said, "Blessed be Abram of God Most High, possessor of heaven and earth:
      20 and blessed be God Most High, who has delivered your enemies into your hand." Abram gave him a tenth of all.
      21 The king of Sodom said to Abram, "Give me the people, and take the goods to yourself."
      22 Abram said to the king of Sodom, "I have lifted up my hand to Yahweh, God Most High, possessor of heaven and earth,
      23 that I will not take a thread nor a sandal strap nor anything that is yours, lest you should say, 'I have made Abram rich.'
      24 I will accept nothing from you except that which the young men have eaten, and the portion of the men who went with me: Aner, Eshcol, and Mamre. Let them take their portion."

      Genèse 19

      1 The two angels came to Sodom at evening. Lot sat in the gate of Sodom. Lot saw them, and rose up to meet them. He bowed himself with his face to the earth,
      2 and he said, "See now, my lords, please turn aside into your servant's house, stay all night, wash your feet, and you can rise up early, and go on your way." They said, "No, but we will stay in the street all night."
      3 He urged them greatly, and they came in with him, and entered into his house. He made them a feast, and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.
      4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, both young and old, all the people from every quarter.
      5 They called to Lot, and said to him, "Where are the men who came in to you this night? Bring them out to us, that we may have sex with them."
      6 Lot went out to them to the door, and shut the door after him.
      7 He said, "Please, my brothers, don't act so wickedly.
      8 See now, I have two virgin daughters. Please let me bring them out to you, and you may do to them what seems good to you. Only don't do anything to these men, because they have come under the shadow of my roof."
      9 They said, "Stand back!" Then they said, "This one fellow came in to live as a foreigner, and he appoints himself a judge. Now will we deal worse with you, than with them!" They pressed hard on the man Lot, and drew near to break the door.
      10 But the men reached out their hand, and brought Lot into the house to them, and shut the door.
      11 They struck the men who were at the door of the house with blindness, both small and great, so that they wearied themselves to find the door.
      12 The men said to Lot, "Do you have anybody else here? Sons-in-law, your sons, your daughters, and whoever you have in the city, bring them out of the place:
      13 for we will destroy this place, because the outcry against them has grown great before Yahweh that Yahweh has sent us to destroy it."
      14 Lot went out, and spoke to his sons-in-law, who were pledged to marry his daughters, and said, "Get up! Get out of this place, for Yahweh will destroy the city." But he seemed to his sons-in-law to be joking.
      15 When the morning came, then the angels hurried Lot, saying, "Get up! Take your wife, and your two daughters who are here, lest you be consumed in the iniquity of the city."
      16 But he lingered; and the men grabbed his hand, his wife's hand, and his two daughters' hands, Yahweh being merciful to him; and they took him out, and set him outside of the city.
      17 It came to pass, when they had taken them out, that he said, "Escape for your life! Don't look behind you, and don't stay anywhere in the plain. Escape to the mountains, lest you be consumed!"
      18 Lot said to them, "Oh, not so, my lord.
      19 See now, your servant has found favor in your sight, and you have magnified your loving kindness, which you have shown to me in saving my life. I can't escape to the mountain, lest evil overtake me, and I die.
      20 See now, this city is near to flee to, and it is a little one. Oh let me escape there (isn't it a little one?), and my soul will live."
      21 He said to him, "Behold, I have granted your request concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow the city of which you have spoken.
      22 Hurry, escape there, for I can't do anything until you get there." Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.
      23 The sun had risen on the earth when Lot came to Zoar.
      24 Then Yahweh rained on Sodom and on Gomorrah sulfur and fire from Yahweh out of the sky.
      25 He overthrew those cities, all the plain, all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew on the ground.
      26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
      27 Abraham got up early in the morning to the place where he had stood before Yahweh.
      28 He looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the plain, and looked, and saw that the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace.
      29 It happened, when God destroyed the cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the middle of the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in which Lot lived.
      30 Lot went up out of Zoar, and lived in the mountain, and his two daughters with him; for he was afraid to live in Zoar. He lived in a cave with his two daughters.
      31 The firstborn said to the younger, "Our father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to come in to us in the way of all the earth.
      32 Come, let's make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve our father's seed."
      33 They made their father drink wine that night: and the firstborn went in, and lay with her father. He didn't know when she lay down, nor when she arose.
      34 It came to pass on the next day, that the firstborn said to the younger, "Behold, I lay last night with my father. Let us make him drink wine again, tonight. You go in, and lie with him, that we may preserve our father's seed."
      35 They made their father drink wine that night also. The younger went and lay with him. He didn't know when she lay down, nor when she got up.
      36 Thus both of Lot's daughters were with child by their father.
      37 The firstborn bore a son, and named him Moab. He is the father of the Moabites to this day.
      38 The younger also bore a son, and called his name Ben Ammi. He is the father of the children of Ammon to this day.

      Nombres 34

      12 and the border shall go down to the Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the Salt Sea. This shall be your land according to its borders around it.'"

      Josué 3

      16 that the waters which came down from above stood, and rose up in one heap, a great way off, at Adam, the city that is beside Zarethan; and those that went down toward the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, were wholly cut off. Then the people passed over right against Jericho.

      Josué 12

      2 Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon, and ruled from Aroer, which is on the edge of the valley of the Arnon, and the middle of the valley, and half Gilead, even to the river Jabbok, the border of the children of Ammon;
      3 and the Arabah to the sea of Chinneroth, eastward, and to the sea of the Arabah, even the Salt Sea, eastward, the way to Beth Jeshimoth; and on the south, under the slopes of Pisgah:

      Esaïe 1

      9 Unless Yahweh of Armies had left to us a very small remnant, we would have been as Sodom; we would have been like Gomorrah.

      Esaïe 3

      9 The look of their faces testify against them. They parade their sin like Sodom. They don't hide it. Woe to their soul! For they have brought disaster upon themselves.

      Jérémie 23

      14 In the prophets of Jerusalem also I have seen a horrible thing: they commit adultery, and walk in lies; and they strengthen the hands of evildoers, so that none does return from his wickedness: they are all of them become to me as Sodom, and its inhabitants as Gomorrah.

      Jérémie 49

      18 As in the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbor cities of it, says Yahweh, no man shall dwell there, neither shall any son of man live therein.

      Jérémie 50

      40 As when God overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah and the neighbor cities of it, says Yahweh, so shall no man dwell there, neither shall any son of man live therein.

      Lamentations 4

      6 For the iniquity of the daughter of my people is greater than the sin of Sodom, That was overthrown as in a moment, and no hands were laid on her.

      Ezéchiel 16

      46 Your elder sister is Samaria, who dwells at your left hand, she and her daughters; and your younger sister, who dwells at your right hand, is Sodom and her daughters.
      49 Behold, this was the iniquity of your sister Sodom: pride, fullness of bread, and prosperous ease was in her and in her daughters; neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy.
      53 I will turn again their captivity, the captivity of Sodom and her daughters, and the captivity of Samaria and her daughters, and the captivity of your captives in their midst;
      55 Your sisters, Sodom and her daughters, shall return to their former estate; and Samaria and her daughters shall return to their former estate; and you and your daughters shall return to your former estate.

      Ezéchiel 47

      1 He brought me back to the door of the house; and behold, waters issued out from under the threshold of the house eastward; (for the forefront of the house was toward the east;) and the waters came down from under, from the right side of the house, on the south of the altar.
      2 Then he brought me out by the way of the gate northward, and led me round by the way outside to the outer gate, by the way of [the gate] that looks toward the east; and behold, there ran out waters on the right side.
      3 When the man went forth eastward with the line in his hand, he measured one thousand cubits, and he caused me to pass through the waters, waters that were to the ankles.
      4 Again he measured one thousand, and caused me to pass through the waters, waters that were to the knees. Again he measured one thousand, and caused me to pass through [the waters], waters that were to the waist.
      5 Afterward he measured one thousand; [and it was] a river that I could not pass through; for the waters were risen, waters to swim in, a river that could not be passed through.
      6 He said to me, Son of man, have you seen [this]? Then he brought me, and caused me to return to the bank of the river.
      7 Now when I had returned, behold, on the bank of the river were very many trees on the one side and on the other.
      8 Then he said to me, These waters issue forth toward the eastern region, and shall go down into the Arabah; and they shall go toward the sea; into the sea [shall the waters go] which were made to issue forth; and the waters shall be healed.
      9 It shall happen, that every living creature which swarms, in every place where the rivers come, shall live; and there shall be a very great multitude of fish; for these waters have come there, and [the waters of the sea] shall be healed, and everything shall live wherever the river comes.
      10 It shall happen, that fishermen shall stand by it: from En Gedi even to En Eglaim shall be a place for the spreading of nets; their fish shall be after their kinds, as the fish of the great sea, exceeding many.
      11 But the miry places of it, and its marshes, shall not be healed; they shall be given up to salt.
      12 By the river on its bank, on this side and on that side, shall grow every tree for food, whose leaf shall not wither, neither shall its fruit fail: it shall bring forth new fruit every month, because its waters issue out of the sanctuary; and its fruit shall be for food, and its leaf for healing.
      13 Thus says the Lord Yahweh: This shall be the border, by which you shall divide the land for inheritance according to the twelve tribes of Israel: Joseph [shall have two] portions.
      14 You shall inherit it, one as well as another; for I swore to give it to your fathers: and this land shall fall to you for inheritance.
      15 This shall be the border of the land: On the north side, from the great sea, by the way of Hethlon, to the entrance of Zedad;
      16 Hamath, Berothah, Sibraim, which is between the border of Damascus and the border of Hamath; Hazer Hatticon, which is by the border of Hauran.
      17 The border from the sea, shall be Hazar Enon at the border of Damascus; and on the north northward is the border of Hamath. This is the north side.
      18 The east side, between Hauran and Damascus and Gilead, and the land of Israel, shall be the Jordan; from the [north] border to the east sea you shall measure. This is the east side.
      19 The south side southward shall be from Tamar as far as the waters of Meriboth Kadesh, to the brook [of Egypt], to the great sea. This is the south side southward.
      20 The west side shall be the great sea, from the [south] border as far as over against the entrance of Hamath. This is the west side.
      21 So you shall divide this land to you according to the tribes of Israel.
      22 It shall happen, that you shall divide it by lot for an inheritance to you and to the aliens who live among you, who shall father children among you; and they shall be to you as the native-born among the children of Israel; they shall have inheritance with you among the tribes of Israel.
      23 It shall happen, that in what tribe the stranger lives, there you shall give him his inheritance, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Joël 2

      20 But I will remove the northern army far away from you, and will drive it into a barren and desolate land, its front into the eastern sea, and its back into the western sea; and its stench will come up, and its bad smell will rise." Surely he has done great things.
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