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MOÏSE 3.

III Séjour en Madian.

Où faut-il chercher cette région de Madian ? La question a été discutée depuis longtemps par les critiques, qui ont abouti à des conclusions très diverses (voir Madian) ; disons seulement ici :

que, d'après les textes bibliques, Madian paraît devoir être cherché dans le voisinage de cette « montagne de Dieu » où l'on voit Moïse conduire les troupeaux de Jéthro, prêtre de Madian, et où il a la vision du buisson ardent (Ex 3:2) ;

qu'il ne peut être question que d'une région située à une distance relativement restreinte de l'Egypte, d'où Moïse s'enfuit ; 1Ro 11:17 (qui parle d'un personnage nommé Hadad, lequel, parti d'Édom, gagne l'Egypte en passant par Madian et Pâran) fait aboutir à la même conclusion.

Madian aurait été situé au Nord ou N. -E, de Pâran, puisque cette dernière région s'étendait entre Kadès et Pétra capitale des Edomites. La proximité, supposée par No 24:20 et suivant, de Moab, d'Amalek et de Madian appuie aussi cette localisation géographique de Madian dans la région S. -E, de la Palestine. Les géographes arabes situent Madian à l'Est du golfe d'Akaba, donc à une très grande distance de l'Egypte, et y placent l'histoire du séjour de Moïse. Il est fort possible que les Madianites, qui sont représentés, suivant les textes, comme un peuple de marchands, de bergers ou de pillards (Ge 37:28, Esa 60:6, Jug 6-8), aient essaimé dans d'autres régions, à diverses époques, et jusqu'à l'orient du golfe d'Akaba.

Le chef religieux que nos textes appellent, suivant les documents, soit Jéthro (J), soit Réuel, ou même Hobab (E) est mentionné comme Madianite dans Ex 3:1 et comme Kénien dans Jug 4:11. Ces Kéniens, qui faisaient corps avec Madian, dont ils auraient constitué un des clans, apparaissent maintes fois en relation avec Juda ; on les voit, à l'époque de la conquête de Canaan, s'unir aux Judéens (Jug 1:16), et ils semblent, pendant la période du désert, avoir entretenu avec les clans hébreux des rapports d'amitié auxquels 1Sa 15:5s fait nettement allusion. De ces rapprochements entre Kéniens et Madianites on est en droit de conclure que ces deux peuplades représentaient « un même concept ethnique, ou, en tout cas, un groupe de tribus de même race et de même origine » (Léon Cart, Au Sinaï et dans l'Arabie Pétrée, pp. 382-384). Or, Ge 25:1-6 (J) établit entre Madianites et Hébreux un degré de parenté éloignée, Madian y étant indiqué comme fils d'Abraham par sa femme Kétura ; il est donc permis de croire qu'il existait, entre ces divers clans ou peuplades, une origine commune, et que, en se réfugiant chez les Madianites, Moïse se trouvait entrer en relation avec des hommes de même race que lui.

Il faut maintenant faire un pas de plus et relever le fait que cette « montagne d'Élohim », auprès de laquelle Moïse fut mis pour la première fois en contact avec le Dieu des pères et où, plus tard, il eut les révélations solennelles qui sont concentrées, par nos textes, autour du nom de Sinaï, était déjà, avant le moment où Moïse y passa et où les Israélites y séjournèrent près d'une année, une montagne consacrée à un culte important ; voir l'expression de Ex 3:1: « montagne d'Élohim », qui se retrouve Ex 4:27 24:13,1Ro 19:8 ; il y aurait eu là un culte établi depuis une antiquité plus ou moins reculée et où les tribus nomades recherchaient la présence d'un dieu, peut-être un sanctuaire commun à plusieurs peuplades sémitiques du désert ; ce sanctuaire est celui vers lequel, d'après E (Ex 3:12) et sans doute aussi J (Ex 9:3), Moïse devra conduire les Israélites à leur sortie d'Egypte pour y offrir un sacrifice ; le sanctuaire et la « montagne d'Élohim » étaient donc situés sur la route entre Madian et l'Egypte, puisque Moïse, à son départ de Madian, y retrouve son frère Aaron venant à sa rencontre (Ex 4:27). On verra plus loin les conclusions que la critique a tirées, pour la religion de Moïse, de ce séjour en Madian.

Le moment historique dans lequel se produisit, à la « montagne d'Élohim », la manifestation de la divinité est rapporté par le récit de Ex 3 (E) où Moïse, berger des troupeaux de ce prêtre Jéthro dont il avait épousé une fille, nous est montré menant paître ces troupeaux au delà du steppe, dans le voisinage de la montagne sainte. Il a dû s'écouler un temps assez long entre la fuite en Madian et le retour en Egypte ; d'après Ex 7:7, Moïse a 80 ans quand il se présente devant le pharaon, et Ac 7:30 attribue une durée de 40 ans au séjour en Madian. Au cours de ces années d'absence, il a pu se livrer à bien des réflexions, ressentir avec plus de force et d'amertume la situation douloureuse des clans hébreux en Egypte et aspirer sans doute avec plus d'énergie que jamais à l'heure où sonnera pour eux la délivrance. Le patriote présomptueux et violent qu'il était lorsqu'il tua l'exacteur égyptien, a dû devenir, sous l'influence calmante des solitudes du désert, l'homme paisible et défiant de soi que nous le voyons être lorsque Dieu l'appelle à intervenir pour la libération de ses frères. On l'a dit très justement : « Toute révélation est psychologiquement préparée. Les grandes pensées ne peuvent naître que là où le terrain a été préparé pour elles dans une grande personnalité. » (Rothstein, Unterricht im A.T., I, 49).

Les expériences faites dans le passé, les réflexions faites sur l'état misérable de son peuple, les aspirations à la liberté constituent la base psychologique nécessaire, celle qui précède et prépare chez tous les grands héros religieux l'heure où se produira la révélation décisive qui leur montrera la tâche à accomplir. Le récit d'Ex 3 nous met en présence de cette révélation, rattachée au phénomène du buisson (voir art.) qui brûle sans se consumer. Le texte qui en a conservé la tradition étant d'une date de beaucoup postérieure au fait raconté (E), il n'est évidemment pas possible d'affirmer l'exactitude matérielle de tous les détails.

Diverses hypothèses ont été émises pour essayer d'expliquer ce récit. Ainsi, par exemple, on peut se représenter que Moïse aurait été mis en face d'une théophanie, c'est-à-dire d'une manifestation de la divinité se produisant sous la forme d'un phénomène extérieur, dont les conditions auraient été empruntées au milieu spécial dans lequel il se produisit : une région désertique, pauvre en végétation, et dans laquelle la divinité pouvait même faire intervenir certains éléments visuels particuliers, tels que le mirage. Les expressions toutes réalistes de : « n'approche pas d'ici... ôte tes souliers de tes pieds... », sembleraient appuyer cette manière de voir, ce mode de révélation employé par Dieu pour inculquer au héros du récit des vérités de l'ordre spirituel et lui faire entendre l'appel qui devra déterminer sa carrière. Ou bien, on pourrait voir ici un phénomène intérieur de vision, analogue à celles qui ont inauguré le ministère de plusieurs prophètes (Ésaïe, Jérémie, Ézéchiel et d'autres encore), phénomène qui se serait présenté sous une forme assez nette pour produire une forte impression sur l'esprit conscient du spectateur, et pourrait se rattacher à certaines conditions et manifestations d'ordre extérieur, matériel, qui auraient mis son esprit dans les dispositions de réceptivité favorables pour percevoir et comprendre la vision. Tel aurait été le cas pour Moïse.

Mais à quelque explication qu'on se rallie, lorsque Dieu fera retentir l'appel qu'il lui adresse : aborder le pharaon et obtenir de lui la libération des clans hébreux, alors Moïse, éprouvant un intense sentiment de frayeur et celui de toute son incapacité, cherchera à se soustraire à la mission si grave et si périlleuse que Yahvé lui confie. Il cédera pourtant ; il se montrera dès maintenant ce qu'il sera toujours au cours de sa carrière : l'homme du devoir et de l'obéissance implicite à l'ordre divin, qui s'oublie et se sacrifie volontiers lui-même pour le bien de son peuple et pour l'honneur de Dieu.

En Egypte, la situation avait changé ; le pharaon sous lequel Moïse avait dû quitter le pays était mort, « longtemps après » dit Ex 2:23, expression qui paraît faire allusion tout à la fois au long séjour de Moïse en Madian et au long règne de ce Ramsès II qui avait occupé le trône pendant 67 ans. Moïse part donc et va au-devant de ce ministère, qui sera souvent celui de la souffrance et du renoncement, et au terme duquel il ne pourra saluer que de loin cette terre de la promesse vers laquelle il aura conduit son peuple pendant 40 ans.

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      Genèse 25

      1 Abraham took another wife, and her name was Keturah.
      2 She bore him Zimran, Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah.
      3 Jokshan became the father of Sheba, and Dedan. The sons of Dedan were Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim.
      4 The sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch, Abida, and Eldaah. All these were the children of Keturah.
      5 Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac,
      6 but to the sons of Abraham's concubines, Abraham gave gifts. He sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, to the east country.

      Genèse 37

      28 Midianites who were merchants passed by, and they drew and lifted up Joseph out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites for twenty pieces of silver. They brought Joseph into Egypt.

      Exode 2

      23 It happened in the course of those many days, that the king of Egypt died, and the children of Israel sighed because of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up to God because of the bondage.

      Exode 3

      1 Now Moses was keeping the flock of Jethro, his father-in-law, the priest of Midian, and he led the flock to the back of the wilderness, and came to God's mountain, to Horeb.
      2 The angel of Yahweh appeared to him in a flame of fire out of the midst of a bush. He looked, and behold, the bush burned with fire, and the bush was not consumed.
      3 Moses said, "I will turn aside now, and see this great sight, why the bush is not burnt."
      4 When Yahweh saw that he turned aside to see, God called to him out of the midst of the bush, and said, "Moses! Moses!" He said, "Here I am."
      5 He said, "Don't come close. Take your sandals off of your feet, for the place you are standing on is holy ground."
      6 Moreover he said, "I am the God of your father, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." Moses hid his face; for he was afraid to look at God.
      7 Yahweh said, "I have surely seen the affliction of my people who are in Egypt, and have heard their cry because of their taskmasters, for I know their sorrows.
      8 I have come down to deliver them out of the hand of the Egyptians, and to bring them up out of that land to a good and large land, to a land flowing with milk and honey; to the place of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite.
      9 Now, behold, the cry of the children of Israel has come to me. Moreover I have seen the oppression with which the Egyptians oppress them.
      10 Come now therefore, and I will send you to Pharaoh, that you may bring my people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt."
      11 Moses said to God, "Who am I, that I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should bring the children of Israel out of Egypt?"
      12 He said, "Certainly I will be with you. This will be the token to you, that I have sent you: when you have brought the people out of Egypt, you shall serve God on this mountain."
      13 Moses said to God, "Behold, when I come to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you;' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' What should I tell them?"
      14 God said to Moses, "I AM WHO I AM," and he said, "You shall tell the children of Israel this: 'I AM has sent me to you.'"
      15 God said moreover to Moses, "You shall tell the children of Israel this, 'Yahweh, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent me to you.' This is my name forever, and this is my memorial to all generations.
      16 Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, and tell them, 'Yahweh, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, has appeared to me, saying, "I have surely visited you, and seen that which is done to you in Egypt;
      17 and I have said, I will bring you up out of the affliction of Egypt to the land of the Canaanite, the Hittite, the Amorite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite, to a land flowing with milk and honey."'
      18 They will listen to your voice, and you shall come, you and the elders of Israel, to the king of Egypt, and you shall tell him, 'Yahweh, the God of the Hebrews, has met with us. Now please let us go three days' journey into the wilderness, that we may sacrifice to Yahweh, our God.'
      19 I know that the king of Egypt won't give you permission to go, no, not by a mighty hand.
      20 I will reach out my hand and strike Egypt with all my wonders which I will do in its midst, and after that he will let you go.
      21 I will give this people favor in the sight of the Egyptians, and it will happen that when you go, you shall not go empty-handed.
      22 But every woman shall ask of her neighbor, and of her who visits her house, jewels of silver, jewels of gold, and clothing; and you shall put them on your sons, and on your daughters. You shall plunder the Egyptians."

      Exode 4

      27 Yahweh said to Aaron, "Go into the wilderness to meet Moses." He went, and met him on God's mountain, and kissed him.

      Exode 7

      7 Moses was eighty years old, and Aaron eighty-three years old, when they spoke to Pharaoh.

      Exode 9

      3 behold, the hand of Yahweh is on your livestock which are in the field, on the horses, on the donkeys, on the camels, on the herds, and on the flocks with a very grievous pestilence.

      Exode 24

      1 He said to Moses, "Come up to Yahweh, you, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and seventy of the elders of Israel; and worship from a distance.
      13 Moses rose up with Joshua, his servant, and Moses went up onto God's Mountain.

      Nombres 24

      20 He looked at Amalek, and took up his parable, and said, "Amalek was the first of the nations, But his latter end shall come to destruction."

      Juges 1

      16 The children of the Kenite, Moses' brother-in-law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the wilderness of Judah, which is in the south of Arad; and they went and lived with the people.

      Juges 4

      11 Now Heber the Kenite had separated himself from the Kenites, even from the children of Hobab the brother-in-law of Moses, and had pitched his tent as far as the oak in Zaanannim, which is by Kedesh.

      Juges 6

      1 The children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh: and Yahweh delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.
      2 The hand of Midian prevailed against Israel; and because of Midian the children of Israel made them the dens which are in the mountains, and the caves, and the strongholds.
      3 So it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east; they came up against them;
      4 and they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, until you come to Gaza, and left no sustenance in Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor donkey.
      5 For they came up with their livestock and their tents; they came in as locusts for multitude; both they and their camels were without number: and they came into the land to destroy it.
      6 Israel was brought very low because of Midian; and the children of Israel cried to Yahweh.
      7 It happened, when the children of Israel cried to Yahweh because of Midian,
      8 that Yahweh sent a prophet to the children of Israel: and he said to them, "Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, 'I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of the house of bondage;
      9 and I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all who oppressed you, and drove them out from before you, and gave you their land;
      10 and I said to you, "I am Yahweh your God; you shall not fear the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you dwell." But you have not listened to my voice.'"
      11 The angel of Yahweh came, and sat under the oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained to Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon was beating out wheat in the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites.
      12 The angel of Yahweh appeared to him, and said to him, "Yahweh is with you, you mighty man of valor!"
      13 Gideon said to him, "Oh, my lord, if Yahweh is with us, why then has all this happened to us? Where are all his wondrous works which our fathers told us of, saying, 'Didn't Yahweh bring us up from Egypt?' But now Yahweh has cast us off, and delivered us into the hand of Midian."
      14 Yahweh looked at him, and said, "Go in this your might, and save Israel from the hand of Midian. Haven't I sent you?"
      15 He said to him, "O Lord , how shall I save Israel? Behold, my family is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house."
      16 Yahweh said to him, "Surely I will be with you, and you shall strike the Midianites as one man."
      17 He said to him, "If now I have found favor in your sight, then show me a sign that it is you who talk with me.
      18 Please don't go away, until I come to you, and bring out my present, and lay it before you." He said, "I will wait until you come back."
      19 Gideon went in, and prepared a young goat, and unleavened cakes of an ephah of meal. He put the meat in a basket and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out to him under the oak, and presented it.
      20 The angel of God said to him, "Take the meat and the unleavened cakes, and lay them on this rock, and pour out the broth." He did so.
      21 Then the angel of Yahweh stretched out the end of the staff that was in his hand, and touched the meat and the unleavened cakes; and fire went up out of the rock, and consumed the meat and the unleavened cakes; and the angel of Yahweh departed out of his sight.
      22 Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh; and Gideon said, "Alas, Lord Yahweh! Because I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"
      23 Yahweh said to him, "Peace be to you! Don't be afraid. You shall not die."
      24 Then Gideon built an altar there to Yahweh, and called it "Yahweh is Peace ." To this day it is still in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
      25 It happened the same night, that Yahweh said to him, "Take your father's bull, even the second bull seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that your father has, and cut down the Asherah that is by it;
      26 and build an altar to Yahweh your God on the top of this stronghold, in an orderly way, and take the second bull, and offer a burnt offering with the wood of the Asherah which you shall cut down."
      27 Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as Yahweh had spoken to him: and it happened, because he feared his father's household and the men of the city, so that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night.
      28 When the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was broken down, and the Asherah was cut down that was by it, and the second bull was offered on the altar that was built.
      29 They said one to another, "Who has done this thing?" When they inquired and asked, they said, "Gideon the son of Joash has done this thing."
      30 Then the men of the city said to Joash, "Bring out your son, that he may die, because he has broken down the altar of Baal, and because he has cut down the Asherah that was by it."
      31 Joash said to all who stood against him, "Will you contend for Baal? Or will you save him? He who will contend for him, let him be put to death by morning. If he is a god, let him contend for himself, because someone has broken down his altar."
      32 Therefore on that day he named him Jerub-Baal, saying, "Let Baal contend against him, because he has broken down his altar."
      33 Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east assembled themselves together; and they passed over, and encamped in the valley of Jezreel.
      34 But the Spirit of Yahweh came on Gideon; and he blew a trumpet; and Abiezer was gathered together after him.
      35 He sent messengers throughout all Manasseh; and they also were gathered together after him: and he sent messengers to Asher, and to Zebulun, and to Naphtali; and they came up to meet them.
      36 Gideon said to God, "If you will save Israel by my hand, as you have spoken,
      37 behold, I will put a fleece of wool on the threshing floor; if there is dew on the fleece only, and it is dry on all the ground, then shall I know that you will save Israel by my hand, as you have spoken."
      38 It was so; for he rose up early on the next day, and pressed the fleece together, and wrung the dew out of the fleece, a bowl full of water.
      39 Gideon said to God, "Don't let your anger be kindled against me, and I will speak but this once. Please let me make a trial just this once with the fleece. Let it now be dry only on the fleece, and on all the ground let there be dew."
      40 God did so that night: for it was dry on the fleece only, and there was dew on all the ground.

      Juges 7

      1 Then Jerubbaal, who is Gideon, and all the people who were with him, rose up early, and encamped beside the spring of Harod: and the camp of Midian was on the north side of them, by the hill of Moreh, in the valley.
      2 Yahweh said to Gideon, "The people who are with you are too many for me to give the Midianites into their hand, lest Israel vaunt themselves against me, saying, 'My own hand has saved me.'
      3 Now therefore proclaim in the ears of the people, saying, 'Whoever is fearful and trembling, let him return and depart from Mount Gilead.'" Twenty-two thousand of the people returned, and ten thousand remained.
      4 Yahweh said to Gideon, "The people are still too many. Bring them down to the water, and I will test them for you there. It shall be, that of whom I tell you, 'This shall go with you,' the same shall go with you; and of whoever I tell you, 'This shall not go with you,' the same shall not go."
      5 So he brought down the people to the water; and Yahweh said to Gideon, "Everyone who laps of the water with his tongue, like a dog laps, you shall set him by himself; likewise everyone who bows down on his knees to drink."
      6 The number of those who lapped, putting their hand to their mouth, was three hundred men; but all the rest of the people bowed down on their knees to drink water.
      7 Yahweh said to Gideon, "By the three hundred men who lapped will I save you, and deliver the Midianites into your hand. Let all the other people go, each to his own place."
      8 So the people took food in their hand, and their trumpets; and he sent all the men of Israel every man to his tent, but retained the three hundred men: and the camp of Midian was beneath him in the valley.
      9 It happened the same night, that Yahweh said to him, "Arise, go down into the camp; for I have delivered it into your hand.
      10 But if you are afraid to go down, go with Purah your servant down to the camp:
      11 and you shall hear what they say; and afterward your hands will be strengthened to go down into the camp." Then went he down with Purah his servant to the outermost part of the armed men who were in the camp.
      12 The Midianites and the Amalekites and all the children of the east lay along in the valley like locusts for multitude; and their camels were without number, as the sand which is on the seashore for multitude.
      13 When Gideon had come, behold, there was a man telling a dream to his fellow; and he said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream; and behold, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the camp of Midian, and came to the tent, and struck it so that it fell, and turned it upside down, so that the tent lay flat."
      14 His fellow answered, "This is nothing other than the sword of Gideon the son of Joash, a man of Israel. God has delivered Midian into his hand, with all the army."
      15 It was so, when Gideon heard the telling of the dream, and its interpretation, that he worshiped; and he returned into the camp of Israel, and said, "Arise; for Yahweh has delivered the army of Midian into your hand!"
      16 He divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he put into the hands of all of them trumpets, and empty pitchers, with torches within the pitchers.
      17 He said to them, "Watch me, and do likewise. Behold, when I come to the outermost part of the camp, it shall be that, as I do, so you shall do.
      18 When I blow the trumpet, I and all who are with me, then blow the trumpets also on every side of all the camp, and shout, 'For Yahweh and for Gideon!'"
      19 So Gideon, and the hundred men who were with him, came to the outermost part of the camp in the beginning of the middle watch, when they had but newly set the watch: and they blew the trumpets, and broke in pieces the pitchers that were in their hands.
      20 The three companies blew the trumpets, and broke the pitchers, and held the torches in their left hands, and the trumpets in their right hands with which to blow; and they shouted, "The sword of Yahweh and of Gideon!"
      21 They each stood in his place around the camp; and all the army ran; and they shouted, and put them to flight.
      22 They blew the three hundred trumpets, and Yahweh set every man's sword against his fellow, and against all the army; and the army fled as far as Beth Shittah toward Zererah, as far as the border of Abel Meholah, by Tabbath.
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