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MONDE

Ancien Testament.

Les Hébreux désignaient par l'expression « les cieux et la terre » (Ge 1:1, Ex 20:11, De 4:26,2Ro 19:15 etc.) ce que nous appelons « univers » : « les cieux et la terre » étaient pour eux l'ensemble des choses créées. Ce que nous appelons « monde » correspond plus spécialement au terme thébel, terre habitable, productive, irriguée (de la racine yâbal, couler).

C'est sur ce monde que s'est concentrée la pensée cosmologique de l'A.T. Fruit de l'intervention de Dieu, créé librement par sa volonté (Ge 1), le monde avait comme destination d'être l'habitacle de l'homme (cf. Ps 24:1 et Ge 1, considéré au point de vue de l'ordre des créations successives). Celui-ci en a acquis une connaissance suffisante (Job 28:1,11) pour y assurer sa vie et même son bonheur matériel.

Mais ce bonheur peut devenir un piège pour lui, car l'homme court le risque de s'enliser dans un matérialisme pratique insensé (Ps 17:14, Ps 49). Au contraire la vue de ce monde doit tourner les regards de l'homme vers le Créateur (Ps 19) dont monde et hommes dépendent absolument (Ps 24:1 Ps 114) ; alors l'homme servira Dieu dans la crainte, et la bénédiction de Dieu reposera sur lui.

En dehors des écrits prophétiques, l'A. T, introduit peu de notions morales plus caractérisées dans cette conception générale. La plus remarquable serait celle de la justice d'après laquelle le monde est jugé (Ps 9:8,11).

Avec les prophètes s'opère une transposition de la pensée, du plan surtout cosmologique sur le plan surtout religieux. Sans doute les prophètes partagent les vues générales qui viennent d'être indiquées, mais ils y ajoutent des vues particulièrement spirituelles. Ils insistent non seulement sur la puissance, mais, en premier lieu, sur la sagesse et l'intelligence de celui qui créa le monde (Jer 10:12, Da 2:20 etc.) ; ce monde a été créé non seulement comme habitacle pour l'homme, mais encore en vue de la gloire de Dieu (Esa 6:3) ; l'iniquité qui aura attenté à cette gloire sera punie (Esa 13:11, Jer 32:17-23 etc.). Ainsi, lorsqu'ils parlent du monde, les prophètes se placent à un point de vue plus spécifiquement religieux que le reste de l'A. T, où se manifestent plus constamment des préoccupations cosmologiques.

Nouveau Testament.

La notion du monde présente une très grande importance dans le N.T., particulièrement dans les écrits johanniques. Deux mots sont traduits par monde, aïôn et cosmos. Nous envisagerons successivement les idées qu'ils servent à évoquer.

1. Le mot aïôn (rac. aeï =toujours) désigne la durée ; s'il s'agit de l'homme, les générations ; s'il s'agit du temps en général, les siècles. L'histoire humaine étant conçue sous la forme de générations ou de siècles successifs, l'ensemble de ces générations ou de ces siècles constitue le monde. Les écrivains du N.T. donnent aussi, dans ce sens, à leur époque le nom de monde. C'est d'ailleurs le monde considéré comme l'époque où ils vivent qui les préoccupe. Ils l'envisagent avant tout au point de vue moral et, à ce point de vue, le condamnent.

Le fait peut-être le plus frappant, dans les textes où se trouve le mot aïôn, est l'opposition établie par les écrivains sacrés entre le monde actuel et le monde à. venir (Mt 12:32, Mr 10:30, Lu 20:34 et suivant, Eph 1:21 2:7, Tit 2:12, Heb 6:5 etc.).

Dans plusieurs passages, nous relevons la condamnation du monde (actuel) ; cependant, cette condamnation est parfois aggravée, par ex. dans Mt 13:22,1Co 2:8, Ga 1:4. Comment en serait-il autrement puisque ce monde est esclave de l'ennemi de Dieu, dont il a fait son dieu (2Co 4:4), alors que Dieu en était le créateur (cf. A.T. ; Heb 1:2 11:3) et devait en être le roi ? (1Ti 1:17)

2. Cosmos est le mot le plus souvent employé dans le N.T. pour désigner le monde. Ce terme peut avoir le sens d'univers matériel (Mt 25:34, Ro 1:20, Heb 4:3), plus souvent de terre en tant que demeure de l'homme avec ses richesses matérielles et ses pouvoirs constitués (texte caractéristique : Mt 16:26). Mais il présente un sens éthique particulièrement développé dans les écrits johanniques et dans les épîtres pauliniennes.

(a) ÉPITRES PAULINIENNES.

Ce qui frappe d'abord dans la notion de saint Paul relative au monde, c'est l'opposition, constamment présente à sa pensée, entre le monde et Dieu. Il existe un esprit du monde et un esprit de Dieu (1Co 2:12), une sagesse du monde et une sagesse de Dieu (1Co 1:21), une hiérarchie des valeurs du monde et une hiérarchie des valeurs de Dieu.

Qu'est-ce donc que le monde ? C'est la société organisée, avec tout ce qui en émane, l'organisme social. Essentiellement, il n'est pas mauvais, mais c'est un fait qu'il l'est devenu parce que le péché est entré en lui (Ro 5:12) et l'a entièrement contaminé (Ro 3:19).

La vie naturelle de l'homme de ce monde est donc, bien qu'il la croie une sagesse, une folie (1Co 1:20 3:19), bien qu'il la croie une source de joie, une source de tristesse (2Co 7:10), bien qu'il la croie un acte de liberté, un esclavage (Ga 4:3) et un esclavage à des « rudiments » (Ga 4:3, cf. Col 2:8,20).

Tout cela, ce sont ceux qui ont l'esprit de Dieu qui peuvent le comprendre (1Co 2:12), car ce sont les saints qui jugent le monde (1Co 6:3). Ils savent que ce monde est condamné (1Co 11:32). Cependant ils ne peuvent prendre leur parti de cet état de fait. Jésus-Christ a accompli l'oeuvre du salut. Eux-mêmes, sauvés par Jésus-Christ, doivent annoncer aux hommes cette bonne nouvelle qui les amènera à faire partie de cet organisme social nouveau, l'Église, qui est le corps du Christ, qui n'est plus contagionnée par le monde (1Co 2:12), qui n'en est plus esclave (1Co 6:12 7:30), qui ne l'aime plus (2Co 4:18, Col 3:2), qui, en un mot, est morte au monde (Ga 6:14). Ainsi, d'une part, il faut en arriver à condamner le monde et à rompre avec lui (Php 2:15 et suivant) et, d'autre part, à le sauver (1Ti 4:16).

(b) ÉCRITS JOHANNIQUES.

Le mot cosmos est un des termes caractéristiques de saint Jean. C'est dans les écrits johanniques que l'on trouve plus de la moitié des cas où il est employé par le N.T.

Il désigne parfois l'univers organisé (Jn 11:9 17:5). Dans des passages de portée capitale, le monde n'est autre chose que l'humanité prise dans son ensemble et envisagée comme l'objet des compassions de Dieu qui lui offre le salut (Jn 3:16 17:21).

Mais dans la grande majorité des textes, ce qui frappe le plus, c'est la conception morale que recouvre le vocable cosmos. Celle-ci se compose d'abord de notions parallèles à celles de saint Paul : le monde est le milieu où le mal règne depuis la chute (1Jn 5:19), où il manifeste sa puissance funeste (1Jn 5:4), où il rend la créature esclave par le moyen de la convoitise de la chair et des yeux, de l'orgueil de la vie (1Jn 2:16), etc., etc.

Elle accentue en second lieu les données éthiques du paulinisme : en effet, cosmos devient synonyme de ténèbres (Jn 3:19) et de mal (Jn 12:46). Ce qui le caractérise, c'est l'état de haine envers l'envoyé de Dieu (Jn 15:18) et envers ses élus (Jn 15:19). Il constitue donc le royaume de Satan, appelé directement : le Prince de ce monde (Jn 12:31 14:30 16:11). Comme tel, le monde n'est pas touché par la prière de Jésus (Jn 17:9) ; incapable de recevoir l'Esprit de vérité (Jn 14:17), il est irrémédiablement condamné (Jn 12:31). Cependant, vaincu par le Christ, le monde sera aussi vaincu par ses disciples (Jn 16:33) ; cela se fera par la vertu de l'Esprit de vérité (Jn 14:16 et suivant).

(c) AUTRES ECRITS DU N.T.

Nous retrouvons des notions morales du monde analogues dans les autres écrits néo-testamentaires : même opposition entre le monde et Dieu, dont nous trouvons l'écho dans Jas 4:4.

Le chrétien doit donc condamner le monde (par analogie avec l'attitude de Noé, dans Heb 11:7), mais aussi le sauver. En somme rien de saillant n'est ajouté à la pensée de Paul ou de Jean. Jean B.

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      Genèse 1

      1 In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth.
      2 Now the earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep. God's Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.
      3 God said, "Let there be light," and there was light.
      4 God saw the light, and saw that it was good. God divided the light from the darkness.
      5 God called the light "day," and the darkness he called "night." There was evening and there was morning, one day.
      6 God said, "Let there be an expanse in the middle of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters."
      7 God made the expanse, and divided the waters which were under the expanse from the waters which were above the expanse; and it was so.
      8 God called the expanse "sky." There was evening and there was morning, a second day.
      9 God said, "Let the waters under the sky be gathered together to one place, and let the dry land appear"; and it was so.
      10 God called the dry land "earth," and the gathering together of the waters he called "seas." God saw that it was good.
      11 God said, "Let the earth yield grass, herbs yielding seed, and fruit trees bearing fruit after their kind, with its seed in it, on the earth"; and it was so.
      12 The earth yielded grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with its seed in it, after their kind; and God saw that it was good.
      13 There was evening and there was morning, a third day.
      14 God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years;
      15 and let them be for lights in the expanse of sky to give light on the earth"; and it was so.
      16 God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.
      17 God set them in the expanse of sky to give light to the earth,
      18 and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.
      19 There was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.
      20 God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of sky."
      21 God created the large sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
      23 There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
      24 God said, "Let the earth produce living creatures after their kind, livestock, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind"; and it was so.
      25 God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the livestock after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      26 God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
      27 God created man in his own image. In God's image he created him; male and female he created them.
      28 God blessed them. God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."
      29 God said, "Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.
      30 To every animal of the earth, and to every bird of the sky, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food"; and it was so.
      31 God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. There was evening and there was morning, a sixth day.

      Exode 20

      11 for in six days Yahweh made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore Yahweh blessed the Sabbath day, and made it holy.

      Job 28

      1 "Surely there is a mine for silver, and a place for gold which they refine.
      11 He binds the streams that they don't trickle. The thing that is hidden he brings forth to light.

      Psaumes 9

      8 He will judge the world in righteousness. He will administer judgment to the peoples in uprightness.
      11 Sing praises to Yahweh, who dwells in Zion, and declare among the people what he has done.

      Psaumes 17

      14 from men by your hand, Yahweh, from men of the world, whose portion is in this life. You fill the belly of your cherished ones. Your sons have plenty, and they store up wealth for their children.

      Psaumes 19

      1 <> The heavens declare the glory of God. The expanse shows his handiwork.
      2 Day after day they pour forth speech, and night after night they display knowledge.
      3 There is no speech nor language, where their voice is not heard.
      4 Their voice has gone out through all the earth, their words to the end of the world. In them he has set a tent for the sun,
      5 which is as a bridegroom coming out of his room, like a strong man rejoicing to run his course.
      6 His going forth is from the end of the heavens, his circuit to its ends; There is nothing hidden from its heat.
      7 Yahweh's law is perfect, restoring the soul. Yahweh's testimony is sure, making wise the simple.
      8 Yahweh's precepts are right, rejoicing the heart. Yahweh's commandment is pure, enlightening the eyes.
      9 The fear of Yahweh is clean, enduring forever. Yahweh's ordinances are true, and righteous altogether.
      10 More to be desired are they than gold, yes, than much fine gold; sweeter also than honey and the extract of the honeycomb.
      11 Moreover by them is your servant warned. In keeping them there is great reward.
      12 Who can discern his errors? Forgive me from hidden errors.
      13 Keep back your servant also from presumptuous sins. Let them not have dominion over me. Then I will be upright. I will be blameless and innocent of great transgression.
      14 Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in your sight, Yahweh, my rock, and my redeemer.

      Psaumes 24

      Psaumes 49

      1 <> Hear this, all you peoples. Listen, all you inhabitants of the world,
      2 both low and high, rich and poor together.
      3 My mouth will speak words of wisdom. My heart shall utter understanding.
      4 I will incline my ear to a proverb. I will open my riddle on the harp.
      5 Why should I fear in the days of evil, when iniquity at my heels surrounds me?
      6 Those who trust in their wealth, and boast in the multitude of their riches--
      7 none of them can by any means redeem his brother, nor give God a ransom for him.
      8 For the redemption of their life is costly, no payment is ever enough,
      9 That he should live on forever, that he should not see corruption.
      10 For he sees that wise men die; likewise the fool and the senseless perish, and leave their wealth to others.
      11 Their inward thought is that their houses will endure forever, and their dwelling places to all generations. They name their lands after themselves.
      12 But man, despite his riches, doesn't endure. He is like the animals that perish.
      13 This is the destiny of those who are foolish, and of those who approve their sayings. Selah.
      14 They are appointed as a flock for Sheol . Death shall be their shepherd. The upright shall have dominion over them in the morning. Their beauty shall decay in Sheol , far from their mansion.
      15 But God will redeem my soul from the power of Sheol , for he will receive me. Selah.
      16 Don't be afraid when a man is made rich, when the glory of his house is increased.
      17 For when he dies he shall carry nothing away. His glory shall not descend after him.
      18 Though while he lived he blessed his soul-- and men praise you when you do well for yourself--
      19 he shall go to the generation of his fathers. They shall never see the light.
      20 A man who has riches without understanding, is like the animals that perish.

      Psaumes 114

      1 When Israel went forth out of Egypt, the house of Jacob from a people of foreign language;
      2 Judah became his sanctuary, Israel his dominion.
      3 The sea saw it, and fled. The Jordan was driven back.
      4 The mountains skipped like rams, the little hills like lambs.
      5 What was it, you sea, that you fled? You Jordan, that you turned back?
      6 You mountains, that you skipped like rams; you little hills, like lambs?
      7 Tremble, you earth, at the presence of the Lord, at the presence of the God of Jacob,
      8 who turned the rock into a pool of water, the flint into a spring of waters.

      Esaïe 6

      3 One called to another, and said, "Holy, holy, holy, is Yahweh of Armies! The whole earth is full of his glory!"

      Esaïe 13

      11 I will punish the world for their evil, and the wicked for their iniquity. I will cause the arrogance of the proud to cease, and will humble the haughtiness of the terrible.

      Jérémie 10

      12 He has made the earth by his power, he has established the world by his wisdom, and by his understanding has he stretched out the heavens:

      Jérémie 32

      17 Ah Lord Yahweh! Behold, you have made the heavens and the earth by your great power and by your outstretched arm; there is nothing too hard for you,
      18 who show loving kindness to thousands, and recompense the iniquity of the fathers into the bosom of their children after them; the great, the mighty God, Yahweh of Armies is his name;
      19 great in counsel, and mighty in work; whose eyes are open on all the ways of the sons of men, to give everyone according to his ways, and according to the fruit of his doings:
      20 who performed signs and wonders in the land of Egypt, even to this day, both in Israel and among other men; and made yourself a name, as in this day;
      21 and brought forth your people Israel out of the land of Egypt with signs, and with wonders, and with a strong hand, and with an outstretched arm, and with great terror;
      22 and gave them this land, which you swore to their fathers to give them, a land flowing with milk and honey;
      23 and they came in, and possessed it, but they didn't obey your voice, neither walked in your law; they have done nothing of all that you commanded them to do: therefore you have caused all this evil to come on them.

      Daniel 2

      20 Daniel answered, Blessed be the name of God forever and ever; for wisdom and might are his.

      Matthieu 12

      32 Whoever speaks a word against the Son of Man, it will be forgiven him; but whoever speaks against the Holy Spirit, it will not be forgiven him, neither in this age, nor in that which is to come.

      Matthieu 13

      22 What was sown among the thorns, this is he who hears the word, but the cares of this age and the deceitfulness of riches choke the word, and he becomes unfruitful.

      Matthieu 16

      26 For what will it profit a man, if he gains the whole world, and forfeits his life? Or what will a man give in exchange for his life?

      Matthieu 25

      34 Then the King will tell those on his right hand, 'Come, blessed of my Father, inherit the Kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world;

      Marc 10

      30 but he will receive one hundred times more now in this time, houses, brothers, sisters, mothers, children, and land, with persecutions; and in the age to come eternal life.

      Luc 20

      34 Jesus said to them, "The children of this age marry, and are given in marriage.

      Jean 2

      16 To those who sold the doves, he said, "Take these things out of here! Don't make my Father's house a marketplace!"

      Jean 3

      16 For God so loved the world, that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life.
      19 This is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; for their works were evil.
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