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MULTITUDE

Dans l'A.T., traduction de deux mots hébreu :

(a) hâmôn, employé 62 fois dans le sens d'une grande quantité d'hommes ;

(b) rôb, employé 67 fois pour désigner une grande quantité d'objets.

Dans le N.T., le mot multitude est employé pour rendre deux mots grec :

(a) okhlos, en général traduit par « foule », qui se rencontre 174 fois ;

(b) plêthos ; ce dernier est presque particulier à Luc, car, sur 32 fois dans tout le N.T., il se rencontre 8 fois dans le 3 e évangile et 17 fois dans les Actes. Dans la plupart des cas, okhlos, qui vient d'un verbe ayant le sens de : remuer, veut dire foule, sans nuance spéciale. Plêthos, qui vient d'un verbe qui exprime l'idée d'être plein, est, au contraire, beaucoup plus riche ; il peut signifier, soit une grande foule, soit les habitants d'un pays ou d'une ville, soit une assemblée, soit une grande quantité d'objets.

Multitude évoque l'idée d'une très grande, quantité, d'une masse, souvent confuse, d'hommes ; mais les mots hébreux et grecs employés dans le texte biblique peuvent exprimer des nuances plus ou moins rapprochées du sens original, et dont nous avons à tenir compte.

L'A.T., par exemple, qui emploie « multitude » pour un grand rassemblement d'hommes (voir Ramassis d'étrangers), peut aussi parler d'une multitude de chars (Esa 37:24), de sacrifices (Esa 1:11), de sortilèges (Esa 47:12), d'iniquités et de péchés (Jer 30:14,15).

Dans le N.T., « multitude » peut avoir le même sens de foule, surtout lorsque ce terme rend le mot okhlos, mais, même dans ce cas, les nuances en sont plus riches. L'idée de confusion, de désordre, qui s'attache à « multitude », peut aussi bien s'appliquer aux foules qui éveillent la compassion de Jésus parce qu'elles sont comme des brebis qui errent çà et là, n'ayant pas de berger pour les conduire (par ex. Mt 13:2 14:14,19 15:31,32,33,39 Marc 6:34 8:1,2), que, dans un sens péjoratif, à la foule ameutée (par ex. Ac 16:22 19:33 21:34). L'idée de « très grande foule » est particulièrement marquée dans Lu 6:17, où la foule (okhlos) des disciples est opposée à la multitude (plêthos) de ceux qui étaient venus écouter Jésus. Le mot plêthos peut, du reste, comme nous l'avons dit, exprimer plusieurs idées plus ou moins parentes de multitude.

En grec classique, il est employé quelquefois pour désigner le peuple soit en général : le peuple juif (1Ma 8:20,2Ma 11:16), soit dans le sens de plèbe opposée à l'aristocratie, soit dans le sens péjoratif de populace.

Ces nuances se retrouvent dans le N.T., en particulier dans Luc et dans les Actes. Luc emploie plêthos en parlant du peuple d'une ville ou d'un pays (Lu 8:37, Ac 14:4), de l'ensemble du peuple juif, considéré comme corps politique (Ac 25:24) ; il lui donne un sens plus restreint, connu d'ailleurs par des inscriptions antiques, celui de communauté, quand il l'emploie pour désigner l'assemblée des fidèles (Ac 4:32 6:2,5 15:30). Le fait que ce mot désigne dans Ac 15:12 le concile de Jérusalem semble bien indiquer que cette assemblée comprenait non seulement les apôtres et les anciens, mais aussi l'Église dans son ensemble, ce qui est confirmé par Ac 15:22.

Plêthos prend son sens péjoratif dans Lu 23:1, où ceux qui amènent Jésus devant Pilate comprennent, en plus des membres du sanhédrin, la populace qu'ils traînent derrière eux ; dans Ac 21:36, où il s'agit d'une véritable émeute de la multitude réunie dans le temple, ou dans Ac 23:7, où les juges de Paul s'abandonnent au désordre d'une assemblée populaire.

Enfin, comme dans l'A.T., multitude (plêthos) peut désigner une grande quantité d'animaux ou d'objets, par exemple dans les deux récits de pêche miraculeuse une multitude de poissons (Lu 5:6, Jn 21:6), et dans Jas 5:20 et 1Pi 4:8 une multitude de péchés.

En résumé, nous pouvons dire, sans chercher dans les passages auxquels nous avons fait allusion une signification forcée, que l'emploi des mots synonymes multitude et foule dans le N.T. montre l'attitude, faite d'amour et de raison, de Jésus et de ses véritables disciples à l'égard de l'humanité : compassion agissante pour les masses souffrantes, même quand elles sont égarées, mais en même temps éloignement pour toute forme de désordre.

Ch. B.

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      Lévitique 3

      1 "'If his offering is a sacrifice of peace offerings; if he offers it from the herd, whether male or female, he shall offer it without blemish before Yahweh.
      2 He shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and kill it at the door of the Tent of Meeting: and Aaron's sons, the priests shall sprinkle the blood around on the altar.
      3 He shall offer of the sacrifice of peace offerings an offering made by fire to Yahweh; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      4 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away.
      5 Aaron's sons shall burn it on the altar on the burnt offering, which is on the wood that is on the fire: it is an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      6 "'If his offering for a sacrifice of peace offerings to Yahweh is from the flock; male or female, he shall offer it without blemish.
      7 If he offers a lamb for his offering, then he shall offer it before Yahweh;
      8 and he shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and kill it before the Tent of Meeting: and Aaron's sons shall sprinkle its blood around on the altar.
      9 He shall offer from the sacrifice of peace offerings an offering made by fire to Yahweh; its fat, the entire tail fat, he shall take away close to the backbone; and the fat that covers the inwards, and all the fat that is on the inwards,
      10 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away.
      11 The priest shall burn it on the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      12 "'If his offering is a goat, then he shall offer it before Yahweh:
      13 and he shall lay his hand on its head, and kill it before the Tent of Meeting; and the sons of Aaron shall sprinkle its blood around on the altar.
      14 He shall offer from it as his offering, an offering made by fire to Yahweh; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      15 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away.
      16 The priest shall burn them on the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire, for a pleasant aroma; all the fat is Yahweh's.
      17 "'It shall be a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwellings, that you shall eat neither fat nor blood.'"

      Esaïe 1

      11 "What are the multitude of your sacrifices to me?," says Yahweh. "I have had enough of the burnt offerings of rams, and the fat of fed animals. I don't delight in the blood of bulls, or of lambs, or of male goats.

      Esaïe 37

      24 By your servants, have you defied the Lord, and have said, "With the multitude of my chariots I have come up to the height of the mountains, to the innermost parts of Lebanon. I will cut down its tall cedars and its choice fir trees. I will enter into its farthest height, the forest of its fruitful field.

      Esaïe 47

      12 "Stand now with your enchantments, and with the multitude of your sorceries, in which you have labored from your youth; if so be you shall be able to profit, if so be you may prevail.

      Jérémie 30

      14 All your lovers have forgotten you; they don't seek you: for I have wounded you with the wound of an enemy, with the chastisement of a cruel one, for the greatness of your iniquity, because your sins were increased.
      15 Why do you cry for your hurt? Your pain is incurable: for the greatness of your iniquity, because your sins were increased, I have done these things to you.

      Matthieu 13

      2 Great multitudes gathered to him, so that he entered into a boat, and sat, and all the multitude stood on the beach.

      Matthieu 14

      14 Jesus went out, and he saw a great multitude. He had compassion on them, and healed their sick.
      19 He commanded the multitudes to sit down on the grass; and he took the five loaves and the two fish, and looking up to heaven, he blessed, broke and gave the loaves to the disciples, and the disciples gave to the multitudes.

      Matthieu 15

      31 so that the multitude wondered when they saw the mute speaking, injured whole, lame walking, and blind seeing--and they glorified the God of Israel.
      39 Then he sent away the multitudes, got into the boat, and came into the borders of Magdala.

      Marc 6

      34 Jesus came out, saw a great multitude, and he had compassion on them, because they were like sheep without a shepherd, and he began to teach them many things.

      Marc 8

      1 In those days, when there was a very great multitude, and they had nothing to eat, Jesus called his disciples to himself, and said to them,

      Luc 5

      6 When they had done this, they caught a great multitude of fish, and their net was breaking.

      Luc 6

      17 He came down with them, and stood on a level place, with a crowd of his disciples, and a great number of the people from all Judea and Jerusalem, and the sea coast of Tyre and Sidon, who came to hear him and to be healed of their diseases;

      Luc 8

      37 All the people of the surrounding country of the Gadarenes asked him to depart from them, for they were very much afraid. He entered into the boat, and returned.

      Luc 23

      1 The whole company of them rose up and brought him before Pilate.

      Jean 21

      6 He said to them, "Cast the net on the right side of the boat, and you will find some." They cast it therefore, and now they weren't able to draw it in for the multitude of fish.

      Actes 4

      32 The multitude of those who believed were of one heart and soul. Not one of them claimed that anything of the things which he possessed was his own, but they had all things in common.

      Actes 6

      2 The twelve summoned the multitude of the disciples and said, "It is not appropriate for us to forsake the word of God and serve tables.
      5 These words pleased the whole multitude. They chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch;

      Actes 14

      4 But the multitude of the city was divided. Part sided with the Jews, and part with the apostles.

      Actes 15

      12 All the multitude kept silence, and they listened to Barnabas and Paul reporting what signs and wonders God had done among the nations through them.
      22 Then it seemed good to the apostles and the elders, with the whole assembly, to choose men out of their company, and send them to Antioch with Paul and Barnabas: Judas called Barsabbas, and Silas, chief men among the brothers.
      30 So, when they were sent off, they came to Antioch. Having gathered the multitude together, they delivered the letter.

      Actes 16

      22 The multitude rose up together against them, and the magistrates tore their clothes off of them, and commanded them to be beaten with rods.

      Actes 19

      33 They brought Alexander out of the multitude, the Jews putting him forward. Alexander beckoned with his hand, and would have made a defense to the people.

      Actes 21

      34 Some shouted one thing, and some another, among the crowd. When he couldn't find out the truth because of the noise, he commanded him to be brought into the barracks.
      36 for the multitude of the people followed after, crying out, "Away with him!"

      Actes 23

      7 When he had said this, an argument arose between the Pharisees and Sadducees, and the assembly was divided.

      Actes 25

      24 Festus said, "King Agrippa, and all men who are here present with us, you see this man, about whom all the multitude of the Jews petitioned me, both at Jerusalem and here, crying that he ought not to live any longer.

      Jacques 5

      20 let him know that he who turns a sinner from the error of his way will save a soul from death, and will cover a multitude of sins.

      1 Pierre 4

      8 And above all things be earnest in your love among yourselves, for love covers a multitude of sins.
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