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NATHANAËL

(=don de Dieu ; équiv, élohiste du nom jéhoviste Matthias =don de l'Éternel). Nommé dans le 4 e évang, seulement (Jn 1:45-51 21:2), Nathanaël est sans doute le Barthélémy (voir ce mot) des Synoptiques, dont le nom suit celui de Philippe dans les listes des Douze (Mr 3:17, Mt 10:2, Lu 6:14) ; dans celle de Ac 1:13, ils ne sont séparés que par Thomas ; Nathanaël, absent des Synoptiques, accompagne Philippe dans Jn 1:45 ; enfin, dans Jn 21:2 il est nommé parmi les apôtres. On est en droit de conclure que le nom complet serait Nathanaël, fils de Talmaï, ou Nathanaël Barthélémy. Il serait plus difficile d'admettre que Nathanaël fût le Matthias de Ac 1:23 : l'équivalence de sens de ces deux noms propres n'est nullement une raison pour qu'ils fussent portés par le même personnage.

Originaire de Cana (Jn 21:2), Nathanaël tient en piètre estime la bourgade voisine de Nazareth, soit qu'il y eût rivalité entre les deux villages, soit que, Galiléen lui-même mais fervent Israélite (Jn 1:47), il méprisât le « galil [territoire] des païens » (Esa 9:1), auquel pourtant le prophète promet la gloire ; persuadé, comme ses contemporains (Jn 7:41), que « le Christ ne peut venir de Galilée », (cf. Mic 5:1) il n'attend « rien de bon » de Nazareth (Jn 1:46). D'une nature ouverte et droite (Jn 1:47), habitué au recueillement (verset 48), dès qu'il voit que Jésus lit dans son coeur, il s'avoue vaincu et reconnaît en lui le Messie (Jn 1:49). Jésus lui donne l'assurance qu'il verra la gloire de Dieu sur le Fils de l'homme (Jn 1:51). Sans doute Nathanaël n'eut pas le privilège de contempler Jésus transfiguré (Mr 9:2, Mt 17:1, Lu 9:28), mais il fut l'un des premiers à le voir ressuscité (Jn 21:2).

On a remarqué que chacun des trois mots prononcés par Nathanaël exprime franchise et même candeur : dans son préjugé relatif à Nazareth (Jn 1:46), dans son acceptation implicite de l'éloge de Jésus (Jn 1:48), dans sa proclamation immédiate du Roi-Messie (Jn 1:49). Pour les rapports que ce passage doit établir entre l' « Israélite sans fraude » et le fraudeur Jacob devenu Israël, voir Israélite.

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      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Esaïe 9

      1 But there shall be no more gloom for her who was in anguish. In the former time, he brought into contempt the land of Zebulun and the land of Naphtali; but in the latter time he has made it glorious, by the way of the sea, beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.

      Michée 5

      1 Now you shall gather yourself in troops, daughter of troops. He has laid siege against us. They will strike the judge of Israel with a rod on the cheek.

      Matthieu 10

      2 Now the names of the twelve apostles are these. The first, Simon, who is called Peter; Andrew, his brother; James the son of Zebedee; John, his brother;

      Matthieu 17

      1 After six days, Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John his brother, and brought them up into a high mountain by themselves.

      Marc 3

      17 James the son of Zebedee; John, the brother of James, and he surnamed them Boanerges, which means, Sons of Thunder;

      Marc 9

      2 After six days Jesus took with him Peter, James, and John, and brought them up onto a high mountain privately by themselves, and he was changed into another form in front of them.

      Luc 6

      14 Simon, whom he also named Peter; Andrew, his brother; James; John; Philip; Bartholomew;

      Luc 9

      28 It happened about eight days after these sayings, that he took with him Peter, John, and James, and went up onto the mountain to pray.

      Jean 1

      45 Philip found Nathanael, and said to him, "We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, wrote: Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph."
      46 Nathanael said to him, "Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?" Philip said to him, "Come and see."
      47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and said about him, "Behold, an Israelite indeed, in whom is no deceit!"
      48 Nathanael said to him, "How do you know me?" Jesus answered him, "Before Philip called you, when you were under the fig tree, I saw you."
      49 Nathanael answered him, "Rabbi, you are the Son of God! You are King of Israel!"
      50 Jesus answered him, "Because I told you, 'I saw you underneath the fig tree,' do you believe? You will see greater things than these!"
      51 He said to him, "Most certainly, I tell you, hereafter you will see heaven opened, and the angels of God ascending and descending on the Son of Man."

      Jean 7

      41 Others said, "This is the Christ." But some said, "What, does the Christ come out of Galilee?

      Jean 21

      2 Simon Peter, Thomas called Didymus, Nathanael of Cana in Galilee, and the sons of Zebedee, and two others of his disciples were together.

      Actes 1

      13 When they had come in, they went up into the upper room, where they were staying; that is Peter, John, James, Andrew, Philip, Thomas, Bartholomew, Matthew, James the son of Alphaeus, Simon the Zealot, and Judas the son of James.
      23 They put forward two, Joseph called Barsabbas, who was surnamed Justus, and Matthias.
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