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NAZARÉEN

(grec Nazarènos dans Marc et Lu 4:34 ; Nazôratos dans Matthieu, Jn, Act.). Né à Nazareth (voir ce mot), originaire ou habitant de cette ville. Jésus fut appelé « Nazaréen » (Mt 26:71), ou, comme nos versions traduisent habituellement, « Jésus de Nazareth » (Mr 1:24, Jn 1:45 etc.), parce que, sans que Nazareth fût réellement sa patrie, c'est là pourtant qu'il vécut avec sa famille jusqu'au début de son ministère (Mt 2:22 et suivant, Mr 1:9, etc.).

Aux yeux des Juifs, les chrétiens formèrent sans doute, tout d'abord, la « secte des Nazaréens » (Ac 24:5), c-à-d, des disciples du Nazaréen. Toutefois la portée de ce qualificatif attribué à Jésus dans Mt 2:23 et donné pour une prophétie est fort incertaine, malgré les multiples conjectures des auteurs anciens et modernes. Par exemple on a rapproché Nazôraîos de l'hébreu nétsèr (--rejeton) dans Esa 11:1, complété par Jer 33:13 et Esa 53:2 (note de la Vers. Syn.).

Il faut remarquer qu'au temps de Jésus un sens péjoratif semble avoir été attaché aux termes de Nazareth et de Nazaréen (cf. Jn 1:46, et, pour la Galilée dans son ensemble, Jn 7:52) ; comme d'autre part plusieurs passages tenus pour messianiques par les premiers chrétiens (en particulier Esa 52:13-53:12) nous dépeignent un Messie humble et méprisé des hommes, il se peut que dans Mt 2:23 l'évangéliste se soit borné à rapprocher ces deux ordres d'idées. Il faut, en tout cas, malgré l'opinion générale des réformateurs et de divers autres auteurs, écarter toute allusion au mot hébreu nâzîr, c-à-d, naziréen (voir ce mot) : la personne et l'oeuvre du Seigneur ne pouvaient être caractérisées par le genre de vie du naziréen (cf. No 6 ; opposer Mt 11:18 et suivant).

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      Nombres 6

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them: 'When either man or woman shall make a special vow, the vow of a Nazirite, to separate himself to Yahweh,
      3 he shall separate himself from wine and strong drink. He shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of fermented drink, neither shall he drink any juice of grapes, nor eat fresh grapes or dried.
      4 All the days of his separation he shall eat nothing that is made of the grapevine, from the seeds even to the skins.
      5 "'All the days of his vow of separation no razor shall come on his head, until the days are fulfilled, in which he separates himself to Yahweh. He shall be holy. He shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow long.
      6 "'All the days that he separates himself to Yahweh he shall not go near a dead body.
      7 He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die; because his separation to God is on his head.
      8 All the days of his separation he is holy to Yahweh.
      9 "'If any man dies very suddenly beside him, and he defiles the head of his separation; then he shall shave his head in the day of his cleansing. On the seventh day he shall shave it.
      10 On the eighth day he shall bring two turtledoves or two young pigeons to the priest, to the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      11 The priest shall offer one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make atonement for him, because he sinned by reason of the dead, and shall make his head holy that same day.
      12 He shall separate to Yahweh the days of his separation, and shall bring a male lamb a year old for a trespass offering; but the former days shall be void, because his separation was defiled.
      13 "'This is the law of the Nazirite: when the days of his separation are fulfilled, he shall be brought to the door of the Tent of Meeting,
      14 and he shall offer his offering to Yahweh, one male lamb a year old without blemish for a burnt offering, and one ewe lamb a year old without blemish for a sin offering, and one ram without blemish for peace offerings,
      15 and a basket of unleavened bread, cakes of fine flour mixed with oil, and unleavened wafers anointed with oil, and their meal offering, and their drink offerings.
      16 The priest shall present them before Yahweh, and shall offer his sin offering, and his burnt offering.
      17 He shall offer the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings to Yahweh, with the basket of unleavened bread. The priest shall offer also its meal offering, and its drink offering.
      18 The Nazirite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the Tent of Meeting, and shall take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it on the fire which is under the sacrifice of peace offerings.
      19 The priest shall take the boiled shoulder of the ram, and one unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall put them on the hands of the Nazirite, after he has shaved the head of his separation;
      20 and the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before Yahweh. This is holy for the priest, together with the breast that is waved and the thigh that is offered. After that the Nazirite may drink wine.
      21 "'This is the law of the Nazirite who vows, and of his offering to Yahweh for his separation, besides that which he is able to get. According to his vow which he vows, so he must do after the law of his separation.'"
      22 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      23 "Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying, 'This is how you shall bless the children of Israel.' You shall tell them,
      24 'Yahweh bless you, and keep you.
      25 Yahweh make his face to shine on you, and be gracious to you.
      26 Yahweh lift up his face toward you, and give you peace.'
      27 "So they shall put my name on the children of Israel; and I will bless them."

      Esaïe 11

      1 A shoot will come out of the stock of Jesse, and a branch out of his roots will bear fruit.

      Esaïe 52

      13 Behold, my servant shall deal wisely, he shall be exalted and lifted up, and shall be very high.
      14 Like as many were astonished at you (his appearance was marred more than any man, and his form more than the sons of men),
      15 so shall he sprinkle many nations; kings shall shut their mouths at him: for that which had not been told them shall they see; and that which they had not heard shall they understand.

      Esaïe 53

      1 Who has believed our message? To whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed?
      2 For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of dry ground. He has no good looks or majesty. When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.
      3 He was despised, and rejected by men; a man of suffering, and acquainted with disease. He was despised as one from whom men hide their face; and we didn't respect him.
      4 Surely he has borne our sickness, and carried our suffering; yet we considered him plagued, struck by God, and afflicted.
      5 But he was pierced for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities. The punishment that brought our peace was on him; and by his wounds we are healed.
      6 All we like sheep have gone astray. Everyone has turned to his own way; and Yahweh has laid on him the iniquity of us all.
      7 He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he didn't open his mouth. As a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is mute, so he didn't open his mouth.
      8 He was taken away by oppression and judgment; and as for his generation, who considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living and stricken for the disobedience of my people?
      9 They made his grave with the wicked, and with a rich man in his death; although he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth.
      10 Yet it pleased Yahweh to bruise him. He has caused him to suffer. When you make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed. He shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of Yahweh shall prosper in his hand.
      11 After the suffering of his soul, he will see the light and be satisfied. My righteous servant will justify many by the knowledge of himself; and he will bear their iniquities.
      12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he poured out his soul to death, and was numbered with the transgressors; yet he bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.

      Jérémie 33

      13 In the cities of the hill country, in the cities of the lowland, and in the cities of the South, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, shall the flocks again pass under the hands of him who numbers them, says Yahweh.

      Matthieu 2

      22 But when he heard that Archelaus was reigning over Judea in the place of his father, Herod, he was afraid to go there. Being warned in a dream, he withdrew into the region of Galilee,
      23 and came and lived in a city called Nazareth; that it might be fulfilled which was spoken through the prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."

      Matthieu 11

      18 For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, 'He has a demon.'

      Matthieu 26

      71 When he had gone out onto the porch, someone else saw him, and said to those who were there, "This man also was with Jesus of Nazareth."

      Marc 1

      9 It happened in those days, that Jesus came from Nazareth of Galilee, and was baptized by John in the Jordan.
      24 saying, "Ha! What do we have to do with you, Jesus, you Nazarene? Have you come to destroy us? I know you who you are: the Holy One of God!"

      Luc 4

      34 saying, "Ah! what have we to do with you, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know you who you are: the Holy One of God!"

      Jean 1

      45 Philip found Nathanael, and said to him, "We have found him, of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, wrote: Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph."
      46 Nathanael said to him, "Can any good thing come out of Nazareth?" Philip said to him, "Come and see."

      Jean 7

      52 They answered him, "Are you also from Galilee? Search, and see that no prophet has arisen out of Galilee. "

      Actes 24

      5 For we have found this man to be a plague, an instigator of insurrections among all the Jews throughout the world, and a ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes.
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