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NÉGEB

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(=aride). Ce mot hébreu (prononcer négueb) se trouve 112 fois dans l'A. T, et y est employé dans deux sens principaux : soit la région au Sud de Juda, soit le sud (midi) en général ; dans ce dernier sens il est employé figurativement pour Juda (Eze 21:3) et pour l'Egypte des Ptolémées (Da 11:5-40, cf. probablement Esa 30:6).

Le Négeb s'étend au Sud de sa ville principale, Béer-Séba, et au Nord de Kadès-Barnéa ; d'après Jos 15:21-32, (cf. Jos 19:1,9) il y avait 29 villes dans cette région, bien que l'énumération qu'on y lit en compte 37 ou 38. Cependant cette région est assez pauvre d'eau, difficile à franchir, et peuplée par des bédouins nomades (Amalécites, No 13:29) qui vivaient de pillage (Jug 6:3-5) et des pâturages. (cf. 1Sa 15:9) Abram ou Abraham (Ge 13:1 20:1 etc.), Isaac (Ge 24:62) et Jacob (Ge 46:5) vécurent une partie de leur vie dans le Négeb. David y fut stationné dans une garnison de frontière par un des chefs philistins (1Sa 27:6). Les subdivisions du Négeb, désignées d'après la position qu'elles occupaient par rapport au Nord, c-à-d, à Juda, sont nommées dans 1Sa 27:10 30:14, Jug 1:16. Plus tard le Négeb fit partie de Juda (Jer 13:19, cf. Jer 17 26 32:44 33:13), mais après l'exil il fut occupé par les Édomites, dont le pays avait été envahi par les Nabatéens. (cf. Ab 1:19 et suivant)

Dans beaucoup de passages le mot Négeb signifie simplement Sud ; malheureusement la Vulg, et beaucoup de traductions modernes rendent ce mot par « midi » (=sud), même dans les textes où il désigne la région particulière dont nous venons de parler : ainsi, dans Ge 13:1, « Abram remonta d'Egypte vers le midi » (au lieu de « vers le Négeb ») ; cette traduction est équivoque, puisque Abram allait vers le nord et non point vers le sud. CONSULTER : E.H. Palmer, The Désert of the Exodus, II, 1871.

R.H. Pf.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 12

      9 Abram traveled, going on still toward the South.

      Genèse 13

      1 Abram went up out of Egypt: he, his wife, all that he had, and Lot with him, into the South.
      3 He went on his journeys from the South even to Bethel, to the place where his tent had been at the beginning, between Bethel and Ai,

      Genèse 20

      1 Abraham traveled from there toward the land of the South, and lived between Kadesh and Shur. He lived as a foreigner in Gerar.

      Genèse 24

      62 Isaac came from the way of Beer Lahai Roi, for he lived in the land of the South.

      Genèse 46

      5 Jacob rose up from Beersheba, and the sons of Israel carried Jacob, their father, their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons which Pharaoh had sent to carry him.

      Nombres 13

      17 Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, and said to them, "Go up this way by the South, and go up into the hill country:
      22 They went up by the South, and came to Hebron; and Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were there. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.)
      29 Amalek dwells in the land of the South: and the Hittite, and the Jebusite, and the Amorite, dwell in the hill country; and the Canaanite dwells by the sea, and along by the side of the Jordan."

      Nombres 21

      1 The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South, heard tell that Israel came by the way of Atharim; and he fought against Israel, and took some of them captive.

      Nombres 33

      40 The Canaanite, the king of Arad, who lived in the South in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.

      Deutéronome 1

      7 turn, and take your journey, and go to the hill country of the Amorites, and to all the places near there, in the Arabah, in the hill country, and in the lowland, and in the South, and by the seashore, the land of the Canaanites, and Lebanon, as far as the great river, the river Euphrates.

      Deutéronome 34

      3 and the South, and the Plain of the valley of Jericho the city of palm trees, to Zoar.

      Josué 10

      40 So Joshua struck all the land, the hill country, and the South, and the lowland, and the slopes, and all their kings. He left none remaining, but he utterly destroyed all that breathed, as Yahweh, the God of Israel, commanded.

      Josué 11

      16 So Joshua captured all that land, the hill country, all the South, all the land of Goshen, the lowland, the Arabah, the hill country of Israel, and the lowland of the same;

      Josué 12

      8 in the hill country, and in the lowland, and in the Arabah, and in the slopes, and in the wilderness, and in the South; the Hittite, the Amorite, and the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite:

      Josué 15

      19 She said, "Give me a blessing. Because you have set me in the land of the South, give me also springs of water." He gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
      21 The farthest cities of the tribe of the children of Judah toward the border of Edom in the South were Kabzeel, Eder, Jagur,
      22 Kinah, Dimonah, Adadah,
      23 Kedesh, Hazor, Ithnan,
      24 Ziph, Telem, Bealoth,
      25 Hazor Hadattah, Kerioth Hezron (the same is Hazor),
      26 Amam, Shema, Moladah,
      27 Hazar Gaddah, Heshmon, Beth Pelet,
      28 Hazar Shual, Beersheba, Biziothiah,
      29 Baalah, Iim, Ezem,
      30 Eltolad, Chesil, Hormah,
      31 Ziklag, Madmannah, Sansannah,
      32 Lebaoth, Shilhim, Ain, and Rimmon. All the cities are twenty-nine, with their villages.

      Josué 19

      1 The second lot came out for Simeon, even for the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families. Their inheritance was in the midst of the inheritance of the children of Judah.
      8 and all the villages that were around these cities to Baalath Beer, Ramah of the South. This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon according to their families.
      9 Out of the part of the children of Judah was the inheritance of the children of Simeon; for the portion of the children of Judah was too much for them. Therefore the children of Simeon had inheritance in the midst of their inheritance.

      Juges 1

      9 Afterward the children of Judah went down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in the hill country, and in the South, and in the lowland.
      15 She said to him, "Give me a blessing; for that you have set me in the land of the South, give me also springs of water." Then Caleb gave her the upper springs and the lower springs.
      16 The children of the Kenite, Moses' brother-in-law, went up out of the city of palm trees with the children of Judah into the wilderness of Judah, which is in the south of Arad; and they went and lived with the people.

      Juges 6

      3 So it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east; they came up against them;
      4 and they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, until you come to Gaza, and left no sustenance in Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor donkey.
      5 For they came up with their livestock and their tents; they came in as locusts for multitude; both they and their camels were without number: and they came into the land to destroy it.

      1 Samuel 15

      9 But Saul and the people spared Agag, and the best of the sheep, and of the cattle, and of the fatlings, and the lambs, and all that was good, and wouldn't utterly destroy them: but everything that was vile and refuse, that they destroyed utterly.

      1 Samuel 27

      6 Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day: why Ziklag pertains to the kings of Judah to this day.
      10 Achish said, "Against whom have you made a raid today?" David said, "Against the South of Judah, against the South of the Jerahmeelites, and against the South of the Kenites."

      1 Samuel 30

      1 It happened, when David and his men had come to Ziklag on the third day, that the Amalekites had made a raid on the South, and on Ziklag, and had struck Ziklag, and burned it with fire,
      14 We made a raid on the South of the Cherethites, and on that which belongs to Judah, and on the South of Caleb; and we burned Ziklag with fire."
      27 He sent it to those who were in Bethel, and to those who were in Ramoth of the South, and to those who were in Jattir,

      2 Samuel 24

      7 and came to the stronghold of Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites, and of the Canaanites; and they went out to the south of Judah, at Beersheba.

      2 Chroniques 28

      18 The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the lowland, and of the South of Judah, and had taken Beth Shemesh, and Aijalon, and Gederoth, and Soco with its towns, and Timnah with its towns, Gimzo also and its towns: and they lived there.

      Psaumes 126

      4 Restore our fortunes again, Yahweh, like the streams in the Negev.

      Esaïe 21

      1 The burden of the wilderness of the sea. As whirlwinds in the South sweep through, it comes from the wilderness, from an awesome land.

      Esaïe 30

      6 The burden of the animals of the South. Through the land of trouble and anguish, of the lioness and the lion, the viper and fiery flying serpent, they carry their riches on the shoulders of young donkeys, and their treasures on the humps of camels, to an unprofitable people.

      Jérémie 13

      19 The cities of the South are shut up, and there is none to open them: Judah is carried away captive, all of it; it is wholly carried away captive.

      Jérémie 17

      26 They shall come from the cities of Judah, and from the places around Jerusalem, and from the land of Benjamin, and from the lowland, and from the hill country, and from the South, bringing burnt offerings, and sacrifices, and meal offerings, and frankincense, and bringing sacrifices of thanksgiving, to the house of Yahweh.

      Jérémie 32

      44 Men shall buy fields for money, and subscribe the deeds, and seal them, and call witnesses, in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, and in the cities of the hill country, and in the cities of the lowland, and in the cities of the South: for I will cause their captivity to return, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 33

      13 In the cities of the hill country, in the cities of the lowland, and in the cities of the South, and in the land of Benjamin, and in the places about Jerusalem, and in the cities of Judah, shall the flocks again pass under the hands of him who numbers them, says Yahweh.

      Ezéchiel 20

      46 Son of man, set your face toward the south, and drop [your word] toward the south, and prophesy against the forest of the field in the South;
      47 and tell the forest of the South, Hear the word of Yahweh: Thus says the Lord Yahweh, Behold, I will kindle a fire in you, and it shall devour every green tree in you, and every dry tree: the flaming flame shall not be quenched, and all faces from the south to the north shall be burnt thereby.

      Ezéchiel 21

      3 and tell the land of Israel, Thus says Yahweh: Behold, I am against you, and will draw forth my sword out of its sheath, and will cut off from you the righteous and the wicked.

      Daniel 11

      5 The king of the south shall be strong, and [one] of his princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion.
      6 At the end of years they shall join themselves together; and the daughter of the king of the south shall come to the king of the north to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the strength of her arm; neither shall he stand, nor his arm; but she shall be given up, and those who brought her, and he who became the father of her, and he who strengthened her in those times.
      7 But out of a shoot from her roots shall one stand up in his place, who shall come to the army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail.
      8 Also their gods, with their molten images, [and] with their goodly vessels of silver and of gold, shall he carry captive into Egypt; and he shall refrain some years from the king of the north.
      9 He shall come into the realm of the king of the south, but he shall return into his own land.
      10 His sons shall war, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces, which shall come on, and overflow, and pass through; and they shall return and war, even to his fortress.
      11 The king of the south shall be moved with anger, and shall come forth and fight with him, even with the king of the north; and he shall set forth a great multitude, and the multitude shall be given into his hand.
      12 The multitude shall be lifted up, and his heart shall be exalted; and he shall cast down tens of thousands, but he shall not prevail.
      13 The king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former; and he shall come on at the end of the times, [even of] years, with a great army and with much substance.
      14 In those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: also the children of the violent among your people shall lift themselves up to establish the vision; but they shall fall.
      15 So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mound, and take a well-fortified city: and the forces of the south shall not stand, neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any strength to stand.
      16 But he who comes against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him; and he shall stand in the glorious land, and in his hand shall be destruction.
      17 He shall set his face to come with the strength of his whole kingdom, and with him equitable conditions; and he shall perform them: and he shall give him the daughter of women, to corrupt her; but she shall not stand, neither be for him.
      18 After this shall he turn his face to the islands, and shall take many: but a prince shall cause the reproach offered by him to cease; yes, moreover, he shall cause his reproach to turn on him.
      19 Then he shall turn his face toward the fortresses of his own land; but he shall stumble and fall, and shall not be found.
      20 Then shall stand up in his place one who shall cause a tax collector to pass through the kingdom to maintain its glory; but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle.
      21 In his place shall stand up a contemptible person, to whom they had not given the honor of the kingdom: but he shall come in time of security, and shall obtain the kingdom by flatteries.
      22 The overwhelming forces shall be overwhelmed from before him, and shall be broken; yes, also the prince of the covenant.
      23 After the treaty made with him he shall work deceitfully; for he shall come up, and shall become strong, with a small people.
      24 In time of security shall he come even on the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them prey, and spoil, and substance: yes, he shall devise his devices against the strongholds, even for a time.
      25 He shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall war in battle with an exceeding great and mighty army; but he shall not stand; for they shall devise devices against him.
      26 Yes, they who eat of his dainties shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow; and many shall fall down slain.
      27 As for both these kings, their hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table: but it shall not prosper; for yet the end shall be at the time appointed.
      28 Then shall he return into his land with great substance; and his heart [shall be] against the holy covenant; and he shall do [his pleasure], and return to his own land.
      29 At the time appointed he shall return, and come into the south; but it shall not be in the latter time as it was in the former.
      30 For ships of Kittim shall come against him; therefore he shall be grieved, and shall return, and have indignation against the holy covenant, and shall do [his pleasure]: he shall even return, and have regard to those who forsake the holy covenant.
      31 Forces shall stand on his part, and they shall profane the sanctuary, even the fortress, and shall take away the continual [burnt offering], and they shall set up the abomination that makes desolate.
      32 Such as do wickedly against the covenant shall he pervert by flatteries; but the people who know their God shall be strong, and do [exploits].
      33 Those who are wise among the people shall instruct many; yet they shall fall by the sword and by flame, by captivity and by spoil, [many] days.
      34 Now when they shall fall, they shall be helped with a little help; but many shall join themselves to them with flatteries.
      35 Some of those who are wise shall fall, to refine them, and to purify, and to make them white, even to the time of the end; because it is yet for the time appointed.
      36 The king shall do according to his will; and he shall exalt himself, and magnify himself above every god, and shall speak marvelous things against the God of gods; and he shall prosper until the indignation be accomplished; for that which is determined shall be done.
      37 Neither shall he regard the gods of his fathers, nor the desire of women, nor regard any god; for he shall magnify himself above all.
      38 But in his place shall he honor the god of fortresses; and a god whom his fathers didn't know shall he honor with gold, and silver, and with precious stones, and pleasant things.
      39 He shall deal with the strongest fortresses by the help of a foreign god: whoever acknowledges [him] he will increase with glory; and he shall cause them to rule over many, and shall divide the land for a price.
      40 At the time of the end shall the king of the south contend with him; and the king of the north shall come against him like a whirlwind, with chariots, and with horsemen, and with many ships; and he shall enter into the countries, and shall overflow and pass through.

      Abdias 1

      19 Those of the South will possess the mountain of Esau, and those of the lowland, the Philistines. They will possess the field of Ephraim, and the field of Samaria. Benjamin will possess Gilead.
      20 The captives of this army of the children of Israel, who are among the Canaanites, will possess even to Zarephath; and the captives of Jerusalem, who are in Sepharad, will possess the cities of the Negev.
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