OFFICIER

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Ce titre, qui primitivement avait le sens indéfini de : chargé d'office (comme un fonctionnaire est chargé de fonctions), ne désigne pas exclusivement des chefs de la cour ou de l'armée ; il correspond d'ailleurs à différents termes des langues originales, dont la signification est quelquefois variable et souvent indéterminée.

I Ancien Testament (termes hébreux).

1. Le chôtèr (d'une racine assyr, signifiant : écrire) doit avoir été à l'origine un secrétaire (voir ce mot) des autorités militaires, judiciaires ou civiles ; d'où les traductions, dans Vers. Syn. : surveillant (Ex 5:14, Pr 6:7), prévôt (2Ch 26:11), magistrats, scribes, intendants, préposés auprès des juges (De 16:18,1Ch 23:4 26:29), secrétaire ou commissaire (2Ch 19:11 34:13), etc. Mais le titre d'officier est resté dans bien des passages, dont un bon nombre sont clairement en rapport avec la guerre (De 20:5,8 29:10, Jos 1:10 3:2 8:33 23:2 24:1 etc.).

2. Le sârîs est le plus souvent un eunuque (voir ce mot) ; ce peut être aussi le titre d'un officier haut gradé militaire (Ge 37:36 39:1 40:2 7,1Ro 22:9 parallèle 2Ch 18:8, 2 Ro 8:6,1Ch 28:1, Jer 34:19 38:7), mais les traductions hésitent parfois, même dans les textes parallèles, entre : eunuque, et : officier (2Ro 23:11 24:12,15, Jer 29:2 41:16,2Ro 25:19 parallèle Jer 52:25, Est 1:10). Le Rabsaris (voir ce mot) est le général en chef des saris en Assyrie (2Ro 18:17 et suivants) et à Babylone (Jer 39:3,13).

3. Le rab est en effet un chef, et si ce nom peut être appliqué à des officiers royaux (Est 1:8), il entre aussi dans les titres composés de grands dignitaires assyro-babyloniens : non seulement le Rabsaris précité, mais aussi le Rab-Mag et le Rabsaké (voir ces mots).

4. Les peqoûdîm (=nommés en charge) commandent des troupes au temps de Moïse (No 31:14) ; le même terme est traduit : centeniers, ou : chefs de centaines, dans 2Ro 11:15 parallèle 2Ch 23:14.

5. Le châlîch (=troisième ; sans doute, primitivement, le dernier des trois hommes montés sur le même char [v. ce mot]), officier militaire (2Ro 9:25 15:25), peut être l'aide de camp d'un roi, son « bras droit » ; (cf. 2Ro 7:2 17,19) on traduit aussi : capitaine (2Ro 10:25), combattant (Ex 14:7), guerrier. --Tel (Eze 23:15) de ces termes peut apparaître occasionnellement dans les Apocryphes (Jug 2:2 7:16 etc.).

II Nouveau Testament (termes grecs).

1. Dans Lu 12:58 et Mt 5:25, la trad. Sg. : officier de justice, est assez exacte soit pour praktôr soit pour hupèrétès (voir Sergent).

2. Mais le même hupèrétès, dans Jn 7:32-45 18:3-12, Ac 5:22, etc., rendu dans les Bibles du XVI e siècle par : officier, en un temps où ce mot français avait surtout) un sens général, et dans le vieil Ost. par : sergent, doit plutôt l'être par : agent (Vers. Syn., Bbl. Cent.) ; le terme gr. s'appliqua d'abord à des rameurs subalternes, puis à des sous-officiers, et dans les passages indiqués il désigne des fonctionnaires de police.

3. Les « officiers » d'Hérode Antipas, dans Mr 6:21, ou « chefs militaires » (Sg.), sont littéralement des chiliarques, ou chefs de mille.

4. L' « officier royal » de Jn 4:46,49 est simplement appelé dans le texte « un royal » ; on peut suppléer, pour le nom sous-entendu : fonctionnaire, courtisan, « homme de la cour » (vers. Laus.), aussi bien qu'officier ; il s'agit encore ici de la cour d'Hérode Antipas. Certaines traditions catholiques ont doté ce personnage anonyme du nom propre de Régulus (=petit roi).

5. Le titre d' « officier » donné à l'eunuque éthiopien (Ac 8:27) représente le gr. dunastès, c-à-d, puissant, (cf. Lu 15:2) ou seigneur (1Ti 6:15) ; on le traduit aussi par : ministre (Sg.).

Voir encore Armée, Capitaine, Centenier, Général, Chef, Prince, etc.

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  Genèse 37
  
  36 The Midianites sold him into Egypt to Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard.
  
  Genèse 39
  
  1 Joseph was brought down to Egypt. Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him from the hand of the Ishmaelites that had brought him down there.
  
  Genèse 40
  
  1 It happened after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker offended their lord, the king of Egypt.
  
  2 Pharaoh was angry with his two officers, the chief cupbearer and the chief baker.
  
  7 He asked Pharaoh's officers who were with him in custody in his master's house, saying, "Why do you look so sad today?"
  
  Exode 5
  
  14 The officers of the children of Israel, whom Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and demanded, "Why haven't you fulfilled your quota both yesterday and today, in making brick as before?"
  
  Exode 14
  
  7 and he took six hundred chosen chariots, and all the chariots of Egypt, and captains over all of them.
  
  Nombres 31
  
  14 Moses was angry with the officers of the army, the captains of thousands and the captains of hundreds, who came from the service of the war.
  
  Josué 1
  
  10 Then Joshua commanded the officers of the people, saying,
  
  Josué 3
  
  2 It happened after three days, that the officers went through the midst of the camp;
  
  Josué 8
  
  33 All Israel, and their elders and officers, and their judges, stood on this side of the ark and on that side before the priests the Levites, who carried the ark of Yahweh's covenant, the foreigner as well as the native; half of them in front of Mount Gerizim, and half of them in front of Mount Ebal, as Moses the servant of Yahweh had commanded at the first, that they should bless the people of Israel.
  
  Josué 23
  
  2 that Joshua called for all Israel, for their elders and for their heads, and for their judges and for their officers, and said to them, "I am old and well advanced in years.
  
  Josué 24
  
  1 Joshua gathered all the tribes of Israel to Shechem, and called for the elders of Israel, for their heads, for their judges, and for their officers; and they presented themselves before God.
  
  Juges 2
  
  2 and you shall make no covenant with the inhabitants of this land; you shall break down their altars.' But you have not listened to my voice: why have you done this?
  
  Juges 7
  
  16 He divided the three hundred men into three companies, and he put into the hands of all of them trumpets, and empty pitchers, with torches within the pitchers.
  
  1 Chroniques 23
  
  4 David said, "Of these, twenty-four thousand were to oversee the work of the house of Yahweh; six thousand were officers and judges;
  
  1 Chroniques 28
  
  1 David assembled all the princes of Israel, the princes of the tribes, and the captains of the companies who served the king by division, and the captains of thousands, and the captains of hundreds, and the rulers over all the substance and possessions of the king and of his sons, with the officers, and the mighty men, even all the mighty men of valor, to Jerusalem.
  
  2 Chroniques 18
  
  8 Then the king of Israel called an officer, and said, "Get Micaiah the son of Imla quickly."
  
  2 Chroniques 19
  
  11 Behold, Amariah the chief priest is over you in all matters of Yahweh; and Zebadiah the son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house of Judah, in all the king's matters: also the Levites shall be officers before you. Deal courageously, and may Yahweh be with the good."
  
  2 Chroniques 23
  
  14 Jehoiada the priest brought out the captains of hundreds who were set over the army, and said to them, "Bring her out between the ranks; and whoever follows her, let him be slain with the sword." For the priest said, "Don't kill her in the Yahweh's house."
  
  2 Chroniques 26
  
  11 Moreover Uzziah had an army of fighting men, who went out to war by bands, according to the number of their reckoning made by Jeiel the scribe and Maaseiah the officer, under the hand of Hananiah, one of the king's captains.
  
  Esther 1
  
  8 In accordance with the law, the drinking was not compulsory; for so the king had instructed all the officials of his house, that they should do according to every man's pleasure.
  
  10 On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcass, the seven eunuchs who served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king,
  
  Proverbes 6
  
  7 which having no chief, overseer, or ruler,
  
  Jérémie 29
  
  2 (after that Jeconiah the king, the queen mother, the eunuchs, the princes of Judah and Jerusalem, the craftsmen, and the smiths, had departed from Jerusalem),
  
  Jérémie 34
  
  19 the princes of Judah, and the princes of Jerusalem, the eunuchs, and the priests, and all the people of the land, who passed between the parts of the calf;
  
  Jérémie 38
  
  7 Now when Ebedmelech the Ethiopian, a eunuch, who was in the king's house, heard that they had put Jeremiah in the dungeon (the king then sitting in the gate of Benjamin),
  
  Jérémie 39
  
  3 that all the princes of the king of Babylon came in, and sat in the middle gate, Nergal Sharezer, Samgarnebo, Sarsechim, Rabsaris, Nergal Sharezer, Rabmag, with all the rest of the princes of the king of Babylon.
  
  13 So Nebuzaradan the captain of the guard sent, and Nebushazban, Rabsaris, and Nergal Sharezer, Rabmag, and all the chief officers of the king of Babylon;
  
  Jérémie 41
  
  2 Then arose Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, and the ten men who were with him, and struck Gedaliah the son of Ahikam the son of Shaphan with the sword, and killed him, whom the king of Babylon had made governor over the land.
  
  16 Then took Johanan the son of Kareah, and all the captains of the forces who were with him, all the remnant of the people whom he had recovered from Ishmael the son of Nethaniah, from Mizpah, after that he had killed Gedaliah the son of Ahikam, the men of war, and the women, and the children, and the eunuchs, whom he had brought back from Gibeon:
  
  Jérémie 52
  
  25 and out of the city he took an officer who was set over the men of war; and seven men of those who saw the king's face, who were found in the city; and the scribe of the captain of the army, who mustered the people of the land; and sixty men of the people of the land, who were found in the midst of the city.
  
  Ezéchiel 23
  
  15 dressed with girdles on their waists, with flowing turbans on their heads, all of them princes to look on, after the likeness of the Babylonians in Chaldea, the land of their birth.
  
  Matthieu 5
  
  25 Agree with your adversary quickly, while you are with him in the way; lest perhaps the prosecutor deliver you to the judge, and the judge deliver you to the officer, and you be cast into prison.
  
  Marc 6
  
  21 Then a convenient day came, that Herod on his birthday made a supper for his nobles, the high officers, and the chief men of Galilee.
  
  Luc 12
  
  58 For when you are going with your adversary before the magistrate, try diligently on the way to be released from him, lest perhaps he drag you to the judge, and the judge deliver you to the officer, and the officer throw you into prison.
  
  Luc 15
  
  2 The Pharisees and the scribes murmured, saying, "This man welcomes sinners, and eats with them."
  
  Jean 4
  
  46 Jesus came therefore again to Cana of Galilee, where he made the water into wine. There was a certain nobleman whose son was sick at Capernaum.
  
  49 The nobleman said to him, "Sir, come down before my child dies."
  
  Jean 7
  
  32 The Pharisees heard the multitude murmuring these things concerning him, and the chief priests and the Pharisees sent officers to arrest him.
  
  33 Then Jesus said, "I will be with you a little while longer, then I go to him who sent me.
  
  34 You will seek me, and won't find me; and where I am, you can't come."
  
  35 The Jews therefore said among themselves, "Where will this man go that we won't find him? Will he go to the Dispersion among the Greeks, and teach the Greeks?
  
  36 What is this word that he said, 'You will seek me, and won't find me; and where I am, you can't come'?"
  
  37 Now on the last and greatest day of the feast, Jesus stood and cried out, "If anyone is thirsty, let him come to me and drink!
  
  38 He who believes in me, as the Scripture has said, from within him will flow rivers of living water."
  
  39 But he said this about the Spirit, which those believing in him were to receive. For the Holy Spirit was not yet given, because Jesus wasn't yet glorified.
  
  40 Many of the multitude therefore, when they heard these words, said, "This is truly the prophet."
  
  41 Others said, "This is the Christ." But some said, "What, does the Christ come out of Galilee?
  
  42 Hasn't the Scripture said that the Christ comes of the seed of David, and from Bethlehem, the village where David was?"
  
  43 So there arose a division in the multitude because of him.
  
  44 Some of them would have arrested him, but no one laid hands on him.
  
  45 The officers therefore came to the chief priests and Pharisees, and they said to them, "Why didn't you bring him?"
  
  Jean 18
  
  3 Judas then, having taken a detachment of soldiers and officers from the chief priests and the Pharisees, came there with lanterns, torches, and weapons.
  
  Actes 5
  
  22 But the officers who came didn't find them in the prison. They returned and reported,
  
  Actes 8
  
  27 He arose and went; and behold, there was a man of Ethiopia, a eunuch of great authority under Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, who was over all her treasure, who had come to Jerusalem to worship.
  
  Romains 8
  
  6 For the mind of the flesh is death, but the mind of the Spirit is life and peace;
  
  1 Timothée 6
  
  15 which in its own times he will show, who is the blessed and only Ruler, the King of kings, and Lord of lords;

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