Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

ONCTION

Action d'oindre, c-à-d, de répandre de l'huile sur une personne ou sur un objet.

1.

Usage profane.

Pour la toilette ; l'onction est très souvent associée, en effet, à l'ablution (Ru 3:3, Eze 16:9). L'huile d'olives pure, dans la fabrication de laquelle entraient des parfums variés, pouvait être très fine, d'un parfum rare et coûtait alors très cher (Am 6:6, Mr 14:3). Cette huile parfumée, préparée par des professionnels (1Sa 8:13, Pr 27:9, Eccl, 10:1, Ne 3:8), était répandue sur les cheveux, la barbe (Ps 133:2) ; on en oignait tout le corps (Eze 16:9), même les pieds ; voir (Jn 12:3, Lu 7:46) Bain. L'onction était pratiquée surtout les jours de réception (Ru 3:3, Jug 10:3), de fête et de joie (Eccl, 9:8 Esa 61:3), par les hommes aussi bien que par les femmes.

Il convenait de s'en abstenir quand on jeûnait (Mt 6:17), quand on était triste ou dans le deuil (2Sa 14:3 12:20-23, Da 10:3).

Comme remède, pour adoucir les plaies. (Esa 1:6, Mr 6:13, Lu 10:34)

Pour embaumer les morts (Mr 14:8, Lu 23:56). Il se peut qu'il y eût dans cette coutume une croyance religieuse.

Comme signe de déférence, pour rendre honneur et témoigner du respect à quelqu'un (Ps 23:5, Jn 12:3, Lu 7:38-46).

2.

Usage religieux.

Le rite de l'onction remonte à la plus haute antiquité et a été d'un usage courant chez les Hébreux, même avant la législation mosaïque. L'huile était un symbole de force (Ps 89:21 92:11), de joie (Ps 45:8), d'abondance et de richesse (Ps 23:5). Peut-être faut-il en trouver l'origine dans les anciens cultes du feu : on entretenait la flamme avec de l'huile ; celle-ci a donc pu être considérée comme participant de la nature divine du feu et la communiquant aux choses et aux êtres que l'on oignait. Ces personnages et ces objets devenaient sacrés du moment qu'ils étalent oints ; par exemple l'onction des boucliers avant le combat (2Sa 12:1, Esa 21:5) est censée leur conférer plus d'efficacité contre les coups ; Jacob oint d'huile la pierre où demeure la divinité (Ge 28:18 35:14) ; Moïse en fait autant pour tous les objets devant servir au culte (Ex 30:26,29). Il oint aussi les hommes préposés à la célébration du culte, car pour toucher les choses saintes il faut être saint (Ex 28:41 29:7 30:30 40:12-15). Il y a dans cette onction une vertu magique qui se transmet par simple contact (Ex 30:29) ou par hérédité (Ex 40:15). La purification du lépreux donnait lieu aussi à une onction d'huile sacrée (Le 14:17 et suivant). L'huile employée pour un usage profane devait avoir une composition différente de celle employée dans les cérémonies cultuelles (Ex 30:33-38).

Peu à peu cependant cette notion de l'onction se spiritualise, l'onction devient l'acte par lequel Jéhovah communique son esprit et par conséquent une puissance et une autorité surnaturelles (1Sa 10:1-6 16:13 Esa 61:1). Élisée est oint par Élie ; le roi aussi sera oint, car il est placé à la tête du peuple par une sorte de délégation de Jéhovah (1Sa 10:1,1Ro 19:15 et suivant, etc.). On trouve une fois l'expression « fils de l'huile » pour désigner des oints de l'Éternel (Za 4:14). Le mot oint lui-même--en hébreu messie, en gr. christ--devient alors synonyme de roi (1Sa 24:7-11 26:16,2Sa 11:4,16). Il désigne après l'exil le prince (Da 9:25) et même un personnage chargé par Jéhovah d'une mission spéciale : Cyrus (Esa 45:1), les patriarches (1Ch 16:22), le peuple d'Israël en tant que collectivité élue pour être la lumière des nations (Hab 3:13). Roi et Envoyé spécial de Dieu, il était naturel que le Christ fût considéré comme ayant reçu une onction spirituelle unique et comme étant l'Oint par excellence, le Messie (voir ce mot). Dans un sens figuré, le N.T. emploie parfois le mot onction pour désigner l'action du Saint-Esprit dans le chrétien (1Jn 2:20,27,2Co 1:21).

L'Église romaine a maintenu le rite de l'onction dans la cérémonie du baptême, de la confirmation, de l'ordination des prêtres et du sacre des rois. Elle a tiré de Jas 5:13,15 l'institution du sacrement de l'extrême-onction. Mais il ressort clairement du passage de Jacques que l'huile était employée pour la guérison du malade et ne jouait d'ailleurs qu'un rôle secondaire ; c'est la prière de la foi qui doit sauver le malade.

Voir Huile, Parfum. P. D.

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      2 Corinthiens 1

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