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OREILLE

I Sens propre.

Nombreuses sont dans la Bible les mentions de l'organe de l'ouïe (Ps 94:9, Pr 20:12, Sir 17:6 38:28, 1Co 12:16 etc.).

Les Israélites hommes ou femmes peuvent porter des anneaux ou boucles d'oreilles (Ge 35:4, Ex 32:2 et suivant, Eze 16:12 ; voir Ornements).

Dans certains rites on marquait de sang ou d'huile le lobe de l'oreille droite, le pouce et l'orteil droits (Ex 29:20, etc. ; voir Pouce). L'esclave qui renonçait à sa liberté avait l'oreille poinçonnée par son maître (Ex 21:6, De 15:17 ; voir Esclave).

L'antiquité pratiquait sur les vaincus ou les coupables le supplice de l'essorillement (Eze 23:25) ; d'après Hérodote, Cambyse avait fait couper les oreilles à tous les mages de son empire. On sait que l'apôtre Pierre, voulant défendre son Maître en Gethsémané, tranche d'un coup d'épée l'oreille d'un serviteur, blessure que Jésus guérit (Mr 14:47 et parallèle ; voir Malchus), « Les oreilles des sourds sont ouvertes » : (Esa 35:5, Mr 7:35) c'est une périphrase désignant leur guérison.

Aussi claires sont quelques expressions courantes : dire à l'oreille, c-à-d, en secret (Mt 10:27, Lu 12:3), des oreilles qui tintent aux mauvaises nouvelles (1Sa 3:11,2Ro 21:12, Jer 19:3, cf. Job 15:21, Mic 7:16) ; et la comparaison pittoresque : « saisir un chien par les oreilles » (Pr 26:17), pour indiquer que l'on s'est mis par imprudence dans un grand embarras, équivaut exactement à la proverbiale locution latine tenere luputn auribus (=tenir un loup par les oreilles).

Dans Am 3:12 le prophète, annonçant qu' « il ne restera d'Israël que des débris informes », les compare aux pattes et au bout d'oreille que le berger réussit à grand'peine à arracher de la gueule du lion, « pièces à conviction qu'il rapporte au maître du troupeau pour lui faire constater le rapt d'une pièce de bétail par les fauves » (Ex 22:13, Ge 31:39) (Bbl. Cent.). Plusieurs des passages qui développent les ridicules des idoles font remarquer qu'elles ont des oreilles mais n'entendent point (Ps 115:6 135:17, Sag 15:15).

II Sens figuré.

1.

L'HOMME.

L'organe de l'ouïe étant l'intermédiaire par où la parole porteuse de pensée se communique à la pensée d'autrui, les oreilles représentent souvent l'accès à la personnalité du prochain : c'est à elles qu'est faite une demande (Ge 44:18), qu'est proclamée la loi (De 5:1 31:28 etc.).

Une expression très fréquente, généralement appliquée à l'action de Dieu, est : ouvrir, ou découvrir, l'oreille (Job 33:16 36:10, etc.), dans le sens de faire connaître, apprendre aux hommes ; presque toujours elle est remplacée dans nos versions par des équivalents : révéler, informer (1Sa 9:15 20:2,12 etc.). Dans Ps 40:7, la traduction : « tu m'as ouvert les oreilles » (Sg.), qu'on interprète : « tu m'as donné des oreilles attentives [à ta parole] » (Vers. Syn.), n'est pas sûre ; le verbe signifie plutôt creuser, et la traduction : « tu m'as percé les oreilles » (Ost., Mart.), expliquée par le poinçonnement de l'oreille de l'esclave (Ex 21:6), paraît peu naturelle ; l'obscurité de ces mots, qui semblent d'ailleurs interrompre le verset, a été sentie déjà par les auteurs desLXX et de la Vulgate, qui ont : « tu m'as façonné un corps » (traduction suivie dans la citation de Heb 10:5).

Par contre, dans Esa 50:4 et suivant le sens n'est pas douteux : l'Éternel m'a ouvert l'oreille pour me disposer à l'écouter en disciple. A l'inverse, Dieu peut aussi dans certains cas endurcir les oreilles (Esa 6:10) des mauvais auditeurs, ce qui nous amène aux expressions les plus fréquentes et les plus importantes à relever ici.

En effet, les oreilles étant l'organe destiné à entendre, (De 29:4,1Sa 15:14 etc.) elles sont souvent personnifiées comme représentant celui-là même qui entend (Job 42:5, Esa 30:21, Mt 13:16), qui comprend et qui juge (Job 12:11 13:1 34:3). Leur façon d'entendre, et par conséquent d'écouter, manifeste la disposition plus ou moins marquée à tenir compte de ce qui est dit, donc d'exaucer et d'obéir.

On incline l'oreille pour accueillir favorablement une requête (Ps 17:6 31:3), pour marquer sa sympathie (Sir 4:8), pour recueillir des leçons (Sir 51:16). D'où l'appel que reçoivent souvent les auditeurs à prêter l'oreille (Job 13:17, Pr 2:2 22:17, Sir 33:18 etc.), c-à-d, à faire attention ; à avoir des oreilles attentives (Esa 32:3, Pr 25:12, Sir 3:29, Bar 2:31 etc.), ce qui signifie volontairement tendues. Même, les oreilles des sages recherchent la connaissance (Pr 18:15, Ec 1:8).

Il faut ouvrir l'oreille à la réprimande (Pr 15:31), la fermer aux propos sanguinaires (Esa 33:15), tandis que c'est un péché de la fermer aux cris du malheureux (Pr 21:13) ou à la voix de Dieu (Ps 58:5) ; ce dernier texte décrit le méchant en une image fort expressive : « quand le charmeur n'empêchait pas le serpent de mordre, (cf. Jer 8:17, Eccl, 10:11, Sir 12:13) il disait que l'animal était sourd ou avait fermé l'oreille ; la ressemblance des méchants avec une vipère sourde [Vers. Syn. : aspic sourd], c'est qu'il n'existe aucun moyen de les empêcher de nuire : Dieu lui-même leur laisse le champ libre » (Bbl. Cent.).

Même attitude de résistance quand on détourne son oreille de la loi (Pr 28:9), quand on se bouche les oreilles (Za 7:11, Sir 27:14, Ac 7:57), quand on fait la sourde oreille (Ac 28:27, trad. Stapfer). Parmi les paroles attribuées à Jésus dans les papyrus d'Oxyrhynchus découverts en 1896 (voir Agrapha), se trouve celle-ci : « Tu entends d'une oreille ; mais tu as fermé l'autre. » C'est l'oreille ainsi devenue intentionnellement sourde que les Israélites qualifiaient parfois d'incirconcise (Jer 6:10, Ac 7:51 ; voir Circoncision).

C'est donc en définitive d'une véritable attitude spirituelle que l'oreille corporelle peut être l'emblème. Deux passages sont caractéristiques à cet égard :

1° La déclaration pessimiste du prophète Ésaïe : (Esa 6:9) ayant le coeur endurci, le peuple a les oreilles dures et les yeux bouchés, il a des yeux et ne voit point, des oreilles et n'entend point, etc. ; thème souvent traité par les prophètes (Jer 5:21, Eze 12:2, Esa 43:8) et que les apôtres reprendront (Ac 28:26 et suivant, Ro 11:8).

2° La déclaration du Seigneur à propos des paraboles, qu'il rattache précisément à cette parole d'Ésaïe : « Je leur parle en paraboles parce qu'en voyant ils ne voient point, etc. » (Mt 13:13,15). Il s'agit de « faire connaître à ceux à qui cela est donné les mystères du Royaume de Dieu » (Mt 13:11, cf. Mr 4:11, Lu 8:10), c-à-d, des vérités divines non point nécessairement inaccessibles en elles-mêmes, mais hors de la portée de l'homme qui n'en a pas reçu la révélation d'En-haut ; l'âme qui a reçu cette révélation peut en reconnaître et apprécier la valeur dans la mesure même où elle se conforme à la volonté de Dieu ; (cf. Jn 7:17) c'est cette faculté divinement inspirée de discerner sa voix et de vibrer harmoniquement avec elle qui constitue comme un sens surnaturel, sorte d'oreille ou d'ouïe spirituelle.

Telle est la signification profonde du solennel avertissement plusieurs fois répété par le Maître : « Que celui qui a des oreilles pour entendre, entende ! » (Mr 4:9-23 parallèle Mt 13:9,43 parallèle Lu 8:8, Mt 11:15, Lu 14:35, cf. Ap 2:7,11,17 etc.).

2.

DIEU.

Le langage religieux toujours anthropomorphique des Israélites ne pouvait pas manquer d'attribuer à Dieu les oreilles attentives du juge prêt à écouter, du roi ou du père prêt à exaucer.

L'A. T, parle fréquemment de l'oreille de Jéhovah (No 11:18,2Ro 19:28, Esa 59:1, Eze 8:18, Ps 18:7, cf. Jas 5:4 etc.) ; dans Sag 1:10 elle est appelée jalouse, en ce sens que rien n'échappe au Dieu jaloux, c-à-d, exclusif (voir Jalousie). Et les croyants lui adressent leurs prières émues en termes simplement humains : Ne ferme pas l'oreille ! (La 3:56) Prête l'oreille ! (Ps 86:1 88:3, Da 9:18) Incline ton oreille ! (Esa 37:17, Ps 17:6, Bar 2:16)

Jn L.

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      Genèse 31

      39 That which was torn of animals, I didn't bring to you. I bore its loss. Of my hand you required it, whether stolen by day or stolen by night.

      Genèse 35

      4 They gave to Jacob all the foreign gods which were in their hands, and the rings which were in their ears; and Jacob hid them under the oak which was by Shechem.

      Genèse 44

      18 Then Judah came near to him, and said, "Oh, my lord, please let your servant speak a word in my lord's ears, and don't let your anger burn against your servant; for you are even as Pharaoh.

      Exode 21

      6 then his master shall bring him to God, and shall bring him to the door or to the doorpost, and his master shall bore his ear through with an awl, and he shall serve him for ever.

      Exode 22

      13 If it is torn in pieces, let him bring it for evidence. He shall not make good that which was torn.

      Exode 29

      20 Then you shall kill the ram, and take some of its blood, and put it on the tip of the right ear of Aaron, and on the tip of the right ear of his sons, and on the thumb of their right hand, and on the big toe of their right foot, and sprinkle the blood around on the altar.

      Exode 32

      2 Aaron said to them, "Take off the golden rings, which are in the ears of your wives, of your sons, and of your daughters, and bring them to me."

      Nombres 11

      2 The people cried to Moses; and Moses prayed to Yahweh, and the fire abated.
      18 "Say to the people, 'Sanctify yourselves against tomorrow, and you will eat flesh; for you have wept in the ears of Yahweh, saying, "Who will give us flesh to eat? For it was well with us in Egypt." Therefore Yahweh will give you flesh, and you will eat.

      1 Samuel 3

      11 Yahweh said to Samuel, "Behold, I will do a thing in Israel, at which both the ears of everyone who hears it shall tingle.

      1 Samuel 9

      15 Now Yahweh had revealed to Samuel a day before Saul came, saying,

      1 Samuel 15

      14 Samuel said, "Then what does this bleating of the sheep in my ears, and the lowing of the cattle which I hear mean?"

      Job 12

      11 Doesn't the ear try words, even as the palate tastes its food?

      Job 13

      1 "Behold, my eye has seen all this. My ear has heard and understood it.
      17 Hear diligently my speech. Let my declaration be in your ears.

      Job 15

      21 A sound of terrors is in his ears. In prosperity the destroyer shall come on him.

      Job 33

      16 Then he opens the ears of men, and seals their instruction,

      Job 34

      3 For the ear tries words, as the palate tastes food.

      Job 36

      10 He also opens their ears to instruction, and commands that they return from iniquity.

      Job 42

      5 I had heard of you by the hearing of the ear, but now my eye sees you.

      Psaumes 17

      6 I have called on you, for you will answer me, God. Turn your ear to me. Hear my speech.

      Psaumes 18

      7 Then the earth shook and trembled. The foundations also of the mountains quaked and were shaken, because he was angry.

      Psaumes 31

      3 For you are my rock and my fortress, therefore for your name's sake lead me and guide me.

      Psaumes 40

      7 Then I said, "Behold, I have come. It is written about me in the book in the scroll.

      Psaumes 58

      5 which doesn't listen to the voice of charmers, no matter how skillful the charmer may be.

      Psaumes 86

      Psaumes 88

      3 For my soul is full of troubles. My life draws near to Sheol .

      Psaumes 94

      9 He who implanted the ear, won't he hear? He who formed the eye, won't he see?

      Psaumes 115

      6 They have ears, but they don't hear. They have noses, but they don't smell.

      Psaumes 135

      17 They have ears, but they can't hear; neither is there any breath in their mouths.

      Proverbes 2

      2 So as to turn your ear to wisdom, and apply your heart to understanding;

      Proverbes 15

      31 The ear that listens to reproof lives, and will be at home among the wise.

      Proverbes 18

      15 The heart of the discerning gets knowledge. The ear of the wise seeks knowledge.

      Proverbes 20

      12 The hearing ear, and the seeing eye, Yahweh has made even both of them.

      Proverbes 21

      13 Whoever stops his ears at the cry of the poor, he will also cry out, but shall not be heard.

      Proverbes 22

      17 Turn your ear, and listen to the words of the wise. Apply your heart to my teaching.

      Proverbes 25

      12 As an earring of gold, and an ornament of fine gold, so is a wise reprover to an obedient ear.

      Proverbes 26

      17 Like one who grabs a dog's ears is one who passes by and meddles in a quarrel not his own.

      Proverbes 28

      9 He who turns away his ear from hearing the law, even his prayer is an abomination.

      Ecclésiaste 1

      8 All things are full of weariness beyond uttering. The eye is not satisfied with seeing, nor the ear filled with hearing.

      Ecclésiaste 10

      11 If the snake bites before it is charmed, then is there no profit for the charmer's tongue.

      Esaïe 6

      9 He said, "Go, and tell this people, 'You hear indeed, but don't understand; and you see indeed, but don't perceive.'
      10 Make the heart of this people fat. Make their ears heavy, and shut their eyes; lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and understand with their heart, and turn again, and be healed."

      Esaïe 30

      21 and when you turn to the right hand, and when you turn to the left, your ears will hear a voice behind you, saying, "This is the way. Walk in it."

      Esaïe 32

      3 The eyes of those who see will not be dim, and the ears of those who hear will listen.

      Esaïe 33

      15 He who walks righteously, and speaks blamelessly; He who despises the gain of oppressions, who gestures with his hands, refusing to take a bribe, who stops his ears from hearing of blood, and shuts his eyes from looking at evil--

      Esaïe 35

      5 Then the eyes of the blind will be opened, and the ears of the deaf will be unstopped.

      Esaïe 37

      17 Turn your ear, Yahweh, and hear. Open your eyes, Yahweh, and behold. Hear all of the words of Sennacherib, who has sent to defy the living God.

      Esaïe 43

      8 Bring out the blind people who have eyes, and the deaf who have ears.

      Esaïe 50

      4 The Lord Yahweh has given me the tongue of those who are taught, that I may know how to sustain with words him who is weary: he wakens morning by morning, he wakens my ear to hear as those who are taught.

      Esaïe 59

      1 Behold, Yahweh's hand is not shortened, that it can't save; neither his ear heavy, that it can't hear:

      Jérémie 5

      21 'Hear now this, foolish people, and without understanding; who have eyes, and don't see; who have ears, and don't hear:

      Jérémie 6

      10 To whom shall I speak and testify, that they may hear? Behold, their ear is uncircumcised, and they can't listen. Behold, the word of Yahweh has become a reproach to them. They have no delight in it.

      Jérémie 8

      17 For, behold, I will send serpents, adders, among you, which will not be charmed; and they shall bite you, says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 19

      3 and say, Hear the word of Yahweh, kings of Judah, and inhabitants of Jerusalem: thus says Yahweh of Armies, the God of Israel, Behold, I will bring evil on this place, which whoever hears, his ears shall tingle.

      Lamentations 3

      56 You heard my voice; don't hide your ear at my breathing, at my cry.

      Ezéchiel 8

      18 Therefore will I also deal in wrath; my eye shall not spare, neither will I have pity; and though they cry in my ears with a loud voice, yet will I not hear them.

      Ezéchiel 12

      2 Son of man, you dwell in the midst of the rebellious house, who have eyes to see, and don't see, who have ears to hear, and don't hear; for they are a rebellious house.

      Ezéchiel 16

      12 I put a ring on your nose, and earrings in your ears, and a beautiful crown on your head.

      Ezéchiel 23

      25 I will set my jealousy against you, and they shall deal with you in fury; they shall take away your nose and your ears; and your residue shall fall by the sword: they shall take your sons and your daughters; and your residue shall be devoured by the fire.

      Daniel 9

      18 My God, turn your ear, and hear; open your eyes, and see our desolations, and the city which is called by your name: for we do not present our petitions before you for our righteousness, but for your great mercies' sake.

      Amos 3

      12 Thus says Yahweh: "As the shepherd rescues out of the mouth of the lion two legs, or a piece of an ear, so shall the children of Israel be rescued who sit in Samaria on the corner of a couch, and on the silken cushions of a bed."

      Michée 7

      16 The nations will see and be ashamed of all their might. They will lay their hand on their mouth. Their ears will be deaf.

      Zacharie 7

      11 But they refused to listen, and turned their backs, and stopped their ears, that they might not hear.

      Matthieu 10

      27 What I tell you in the darkness, speak in the light; and what you hear whispered in the ear, proclaim on the housetops.

      Matthieu 11

      15 He who has ears to hear, let him hear.

      Matthieu 13

      9 He who has ears to hear, let him hear."
      11 He answered them, "To you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven, but it is not given to them.
      13 Therefore I speak to them in parables, because seeing they don't see, and hearing, they don't hear, neither do they understand.
      15 for this people's heart has grown callous, their ears are dull of hearing, they have closed their eyes; or else perhaps they might perceive with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their heart, and should turn again; and I would heal them.'
      16 "But blessed are your eyes, for they see; and your ears, for they hear.
      43 Then the righteous will shine forth like the sun in the Kingdom of their Father. He who has ears to hear, let him hear.

      Marc 4

      9 He said, "Whoever has ears to hear, let him hear."
      10 When he was alone, those who were around him with the twelve asked him about the parables.
      11 He said to them, "To you is given the mystery of the Kingdom of God, but to those who are outside, all things are done in parables,
      12 that 'seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand; lest perhaps they should turn again, and their sins should be forgiven them.'"
      13 He said to them, "Don't you understand this parable? How will you understand all of the parables?
      14 The farmer sows the word.
      15 The ones by the road are the ones where the word is sown; and when they have heard, immediately Satan comes, and takes away the word which has been sown in them.
      16 These in the same way are those who are sown on the rocky places, who, when they have heard the word, immediately receive it with joy.
      17 They have no root in themselves, but are short-lived. When oppression or persecution arises because of the word, immediately they stumble.
      18 Others are those who are sown among the thorns. These are those who have heard the word,
      19 and the cares of this age, and the deceitfulness of riches, and the lusts of other things entering in choke the word, and it becomes unfruitful.
      20 Those which were sown on the good ground are those who hear the word, and accept it, and bear fruit, some thirty times, some sixty times, and some one hundred times."
      21 He said to them, "Is the lamp brought to be put under a basket or under a bed? Isn't it put on a stand?
      22 For there is nothing hidden, except that it should be made known; neither was anything made secret, but that it should come to light.
      23 If any man has ears to hear, let him hear."

      Marc 7

      35 Immediately his ears were opened, and the impediment of his tongue was released, and he spoke clearly.

      Marc 14

      47 But a certain one of those who stood by drew his sword, and struck the servant of the high priest, and cut off his ear.

      Luc 8

      8 Other fell into the good ground, and grew, and brought forth fruit one hundred times." As he said these things, he called out, "He who has ears to hear, let him hear!"
      10 He said, "To you it is given to know the mysteries of the Kingdom of God, but to the rest in parables; that 'seeing they may not see, and hearing they may not understand.'

      Luc 12

      3 Therefore whatever you have said in the darkness will be heard in the light. What you have spoken in the ear in the inner rooms will be proclaimed on the housetops.

      Luc 14

      35 It is fit neither for the soil nor for the manure pile. It is thrown out. He who has ears to hear, let him hear."

      Jean 7

      17 If anyone desires to do his will, he will know about the teaching, whether it is from God, or if I am speaking from myself.

      Actes 7

      51 "You stiff-necked and uncircumcised in heart and ears, you always resist the Holy Spirit! As your fathers did, so you do.
      57 But they cried out with a loud voice, and stopped their ears, and rushed at him with one accord.

      Actes 28

      26 saying, 'Go to this people, and say, in hearing, you will hear, but will in no way understand. In seeing, you will see, but will in no way perceive.
      27 For this people's heart has grown callous. Their ears are dull of hearing. Their eyes they have closed. Lest they should see with their eyes, hear with their ears, understand with their heart, and would turn again, and I would heal them.'

      Romains 11

      8 According as it is written, "God gave them a spirit of stupor, eyes that they should not see, and ears that they should not hear, to this very day."

      1 Corinthiens 12

      16 If the ear would say, "Because I'm not the eye, I'm not part of the body," it's not therefore not part of the body.
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