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ORGE

(hébreu sehôrâh, gr. krithaï). Cette céréale est mentionnée dans la Bible presque aussi souvent que le blé : 36 fois, dont 3 dans le N.T. ; il y est question soit de la plante sur pied (2Sa 14:30, Joe 1:11, Job 31:40 etc.), soit de ses semailles (Esa 28:25, Le 27:16 etc.) ou de sa moisson (2Sa 21:9 etc.), soit du grain récolté, vanné (Ru 3:2), mesuré (Ru 3:15), préparé pour l'alimentation (Eze 4:9-13), etc.

L'orge est de la fam. des Graminées, genre hordeum. On pense que l'espèce connue de la Bible est généralement l'orge à deux rangs, h. disti-chum L., qui a été trouvée à l'état sauvage dans l'Asie occident., l'Arabie Pétrée, autour du Sinaï, dans les ruines de Persépolis, près de la Caspienne, au midi de la Caucasie, en Turcomanie. L'épi de cette espèce (poumoule, baillarge, partielle, mar-sèche) est comprimé, allongé, à arêtes dressées ; il ne présente que deux rangées longitudinales de grains, les quatre autres étant avortées et représentées par des glumes. Dans l' hordeum vulgare L., orge commune, les épillets sont en six rangs irréguliers, toutes leurs fleurs étant fertiles. Ce sont les glumelles inférieures, munies d'une très longue arête, qui ont valu au genre son nom d'hordeum (=hérissé de pointes, du latin horrere), comme aussi son nom hébreu qui signifie la barbue.

D'après Pline l'Ancien, l'orge aurait été le premier aliment végétal de l'homme. Elle était cultivée en Canaan avant la conquête israélite (De 8:8) ainsi qu'en Egypte (Ex 9:31).

En Palestine les semailles d'orge se font normalement après les pluies d'automne ; l'époque de la récolte varie suivant le climat, entre mars (vallée tropicale du Jourdain) et le début d'août (sur les hauteurs), dans la moyenne en avril, donc autrefois aux environs de la Pâque. (cf. Le 23:10-12) La moisson des orges précédait celle des blés (Ex 9:31 et suivant, Ru 1:22 2:23) ; la coutume généreuse envers les glaneuses était la même pour les deux moissons (Ru 2:16 et suivant).

L'orge était généralement préparée sous formé de pain ou de gâteau non levé, sorte de galette ronde (Jug 7:13). Tels devaient être les gâteaux de farine de Sara faits en l'honneur de l'étranger (Ge 18:6) ; encore aujourd'hui, les Arabes du désert offrent à leurs visiteurs imprévus des galettes d'orge cuites à la hâte. Tels étaient les vingt pains du miracle d'Elisée (2Ro 4:42). Tels étaient les cinq pains du petit garçon le jour de la multiplication des pains par Jésus : c'est le 4 e évang, qui nous apprend qu'ils étaient d'orge (Jn 6:9-13). Le pain de farine d'orge est lourd, grossier et moins nourrissant que le pain de seigle ou de blé, car il est dépourvu du gluten qui rend la farine plus savoureuse et qui est essentiel à la fermentation de la pâte. Aussi, avec le développement de la civilisation, l'orge céda-t-elle la place peu à peu au froment ; évaluée moins cher que lui, deux fois (2Ro 7:1,16) ou trois fois (Ap 6:6), elle demeura la nourriture des pauvres, des campagnards (Ru 3:15) et des populations refoulées des plaines sur les sommets.

Les troupes romaines défaillantes en temps de guerre étaient condamnées, d'après Tite-Live, au pain d'orge au lieu de pain de froment ; en pays turc, le commun peuple se plaignait couramment que les oppresseurs ne lui laissaient à manger que du pain d'orge ; les bédouins lancent parfois contre leurs ennemis Piniure : mangeurs de pain d'orge ! Cette infériorité de l'orge éclaire plusieurs textes bibliques : le gâteau d'orge que le Madianite voit en songe représente pour lui l'ennemi israélite méprisé, troupe de paysans (Jug 7:13), qui va d'ailleurs vaincre les guerriers professionnels ; le prophète dénonce un choquant contraste dans son apostrophe : « Vous me déshonorez pour quelques poignées d'orge ! » (Eze 13:19) ; c'est l'orge qui constitue le salaire infamant de la femme adultère (Os 3:2), ou encore qui remplace le blé, par flétrissure, dans l'étrange offrande de jalousie (No 5:15).

Les grains d'orge entrent dans la composition de la bière (mélangée au houblon depuis le IX° siècle). Un usage analogue était connu dès la plus haute antiquité, de l'Egypte et d'Israël, des Grecs et des Romains. La Mischna parle de différentes boissons fermentées dont le vin d'orge, pour lequel l'Egypte était renommée : c'était la boisson d'orge fermentée, et elle a précédé dans tous nos pays la bière proprement dite.

L'orge était si commune en Palestine qu'elle ne servait pas seulement, comme le blé, à certains paiements en nature (2Ch 2:10 27:5), mais qu'elle entrait surtout, à la place de l'avoine, à peu près inconnue, dans l'alimentation du bétail : attelages de Salomon (1Ro 4:28), mulets, etc., comme on le voit aussi dans Homère. Les rabbins l'appelaient la nourriture des animaux. C'est aussi l'abondance de ses grains qui lui valut de servir primitivement d'unité de mesure linéaire : en longueur, 2 grains d'orge équivalaient à un doigt, 8 à une main, 24 à un empan, 48 à une coudée de 45 cm. ; cette dernière mesure était encore établie, d'après la tradition rabbinique, par 144 grains d'orge (12 x 12) de taille moyenne placés côte à côte en largeur. Jn L.

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      Genèse 18

      6 Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah, and said, "Quickly prepare three measures of fine meal, knead it, and make cakes."

      Exode 9

      31 The flax and the barley were struck, for the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bloom.

      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Lévitique 23

      10 "Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them, 'When you have come into the land which I give to you, and shall reap its the harvest, then you shall bring the sheaf of the first fruits of your harvest to the priest:
      11 and he shall wave the sheaf before Yahweh, to be accepted for you. On the next day after the Sabbath the priest shall wave it.
      12 On the day when you wave the sheaf, you shall offer a male lamb without blemish a year old for a burnt offering to Yahweh.

      Lévitique 27

      16 "'If a man dedicates to Yahweh part of the field of his possession, then your valuation shall be according to the seed for it: the sowing of a homer of barley shall be valued at fifty shekels of silver.

      Nombres 5

      15 then the man shall bring his wife to the priest, and shall bring her offering for her: the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal. He shall pour no oil on it, nor put frankincense on it, for it is a meal offering of jealousy, a meal offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to memory.

      Juges 7

      13 When Gideon had come, behold, there was a man telling a dream to his fellow; and he said, "Behold, I dreamed a dream; and behold, a cake of barley bread tumbled into the camp of Midian, and came to the tent, and struck it so that it fell, and turned it upside down, so that the tent lay flat."

      Ruth 1

      22 So Naomi returned, and Ruth the Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, with her, who returned out of the country of Moab: and they came to Bethlehem in the beginning of barley harvest.

      Ruth 2

      16 Also pull out some for her from the bundles, and leave it, and let her glean, and don't rebuke her."
      23 So she stayed close to the maidens of Boaz, to glean to the end of barley harvest and of wheat harvest; and she lived with her mother-in-law.

      Ruth 3

      2 Now isn't Boaz our kinsman, with whose maidens you were? Behold, he winnows barley tonight in the threshing floor.
      15 He said, "Bring the mantle that is on you, and hold it." She held it; and he measured six measures of barley, and laid it on her; and he went into the city.

      2 Samuel 14

      30 Therefore he said to his servants, "Behold, Joab's field is near mine, and he has barley there. Go and set it on fire." Absalom's servants set the field on fire.

      2 Samuel 21

      9 He delivered them into the hands of the Gibeonites, and they hanged them in the mountain before Yahweh, and all seven of them fell together. They were put to death in the days of harvest, in the first days, at the beginning of barley harvest.

      2 Chroniques 2

      10 Behold, I will give to your servants, the cutters who cut timber, twenty thousand measures of beaten wheat, and twenty thousand measures of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and twenty thousand baths of oil."

      Job 31

      40 let briars grow instead of wheat, and stinkweed instead of barley." The words of Job are ended.

      Esaïe 28

      25 When he has leveled its surface, doesn't he plant the dill, and scatter the cumin seed, and put in the wheat in rows, the barley in the appointed place, and the spelt in its place?

      Ezéchiel 4

      9 Take for yourself also wheat, and barley, and beans, and lentils, and millet, and spelt, and put them in one vessel, and make bread of it; according to the number of the days that you shall lie on your side, even three hundred ninety days, you shall eat of it.
      10 Your food which you shall eat shall be by weight, twenty shekels a day: from time to time you shall eat it.
      11 You shall drink water by measure, the sixth part of a hin: from time to time you shall drink.
      12 You shall eat it as barley cakes, and you shall bake it in their sight with dung that comes out of man.
      13 Yahweh said, Even thus shall the children of Israel eat their bread unclean, among the nations where I will drive them.

      Ezéchiel 13

      19 You have profaned me among my people for handfuls of barley and for pieces of bread, to kill the souls who should not die, and to save the souls alive who should not live, by your lying to my people who listen to lies.

      Osée 3

      2 So I bought her for myself for fifteen pieces of silver and a homer and a half of barley.

      Joël 1

      11 Be confounded, you farmers! Wail, you vineyard keepers; for the wheat and for the barley; for the harvest of the field has perished.

      Jean 6

      9 "There is a boy here who has five barley loaves and two fish, but what are these among so many?"
      10 Jesus said, "Have the people sit down." Now there was much grass in that place. So the men sat down, in number about five thousand.
      11 Jesus took the loaves; and having given thanks, he distributed to the disciples, and the disciples to those who were sitting down; likewise also of the fish as much as they desired.
      12 When they were filled, he said to his disciples, "Gather up the broken pieces which are left over, that nothing be lost."
      13 So they gathered them up, and filled twelve baskets with broken pieces from the five barley loaves, which were left over by those who had eaten.

      Apocalypse 6

      6 I heard a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, "A choenix of wheat for a denarius, and three choenix of barley for a denarius! Don't damage the oil and the wine!"
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