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ORGUEIL

L'A. T, revient sans cesse sur l'orgueil et n'emploie pas moins de douze mots pour le désigner. On voit par là qu'il lui attribue une capitale importance et qu'il en connaît la complexité. L'orgueil est un amour déréglé de soi-même ; il est l'état d'un homme qui se surfait, s'admire dans ses oeuvres, se prête des qualités qu'il n'a pas et qui s'ingénie pour que les autres partagent l'opinion qu'il a de lui-même. Murray a dit : « L'humilité n'est pas tant une vertu entre d'autres que la racine de toutes les vertus » ; on peut dire de même que l'orgueil n'est pas tant un vice entre d'autres que la racine de tous les vices. L'humilité exhale un parfum qui donne du prix à toutes les vertus ; l'orgueil porte en lui un ferment qui fait éclore tous les vices. L'envie, c'est l'orgueil ne pouvant prendre son parti des avantages d'autrui ; la colère nous montre l'orgueil réagissant contre ce qui lui résiste ; la jalousie naît de l'insupportable impression produite sur l'orgueil par une supériorité qui s'impose ; le mensonge lui-même n'est bien souvent que l'orgueil qui se couvre et se masque, espérant par son faux visage retenir l'estime qu'il ne mérite pas. On a observé que personne autant que l'orgueilleux n'aime à faire parade de son humilité et des exigences de sa conscience. Cette parade, qui est contredite par leur allure hautaine et par leurs mesquins partis pris, attira aux pharisiens l'apostrophe de Jésus : « Hypocrites (ou comédiens), vous vous faites des mines accablées, vous vous composez des visages exténués par le jeûne... Vous nettoyez le dehors de la coupe et du plat... Vous payez la dîme de la menthe, de l'aneth et du cumin, et vous laissez de côté ce qu'il y a de plus important dans la loi : la justice, la miséricorde, la bonne foi, l'amour de Dieu » (Mt 6 et Mt 23).

« L'orgueil, dit La Rochefoucauld, n'est jamais mieux déguisé et plus capable de tromper que lorsqu'il se cache sous la figure de l'humilité. »

On voit les ravages que cause l'orgueil dans la vie morale. Dans la vie religieuse, où l'humilité est l'introductrice de la grâce, les effets de l'orgueil sont plus redoutables encore. Il est à l'âme ce que la lèpre est au corps, il enlaidit, il ronge, il tue, c'est pourquoi l'on rencontre des hommes qui, au début de leur carrière chrétienne, exerçaient par leur enthousiasme une véritable attirance, mais qui, parvenus à une situation où l'orgueil guette les âmes mal assurées, ont perdu peu à peu leurs qualités spirituelles et jusqu'à la flamme de leur regard.

Après ces observations générales on comprendra le rôle que l'orgueil joue dans la Bible et l'insistance que met celle-ci à prémunir les croyants contre l'orgueil. Dès ses premières pages, elle nous avertit que l'habileté de l'infernal suggesteur fut d'ensemencer d'orgueil le coeur vierge du premier couple humain : « Vous serez comme des dieux ! » L'orgueil ayant levé a produit la convoitise ; celle-ci a provoqué la désobéissance et l'homme a été chassé du Paradis (Ge 3). Dans tout son effort pour sauver l'humanité perdue, Dieu se heurte à l'orgueil. Prophètes, psalmistes et sages dénoncent l'orgueil comme un compagnon de la méchanceté (Job 20:6 35:12, Ps 31:19 73:6 119:51 123:4, Pr 21:24) et de la sottise (Pr 14:3, Ps 59:13) ; ils lui donnent pour conséquences la honte, l'humiliation, les divisions, l'effusion du sang, la ruine (Pr 11:2 29:23 13:10 16:18) ; ils proclament que Dieu le hait (2Ro 19:28, Esa 37:29, Pr 8:13 16:5, Am 6:8) et en tirera vengeance (De 17:12 et suivants, Ps 119:21 31:24, cf. Ps 94:2 119:78,122, Esa 13:11 2:12, Os 7:10, Jer 13:9-17, Eze 7:10,24 16:56 etc.). On sent que pour les prophètes toute la destinée de l'homme et en particulier du peuple élu se joue entre les deux pôles : humilité et orgueil.

Les Apocryphes font aussi une large part à l'orgueil (cf. 2Ma 5:21 9:7,11 15:6, Tob 4:13, Sag 5:8, Sir 13:20 15:8 etc.). Sir 10 renferme une saisissante description de l'orgueil qui paraît avoir inspiré un passage du Magnificat (cf. Sir 10:14 et suivants et Lu 15:1 et suivants). Jésus par son attitude à l'égard des pharisiens sanctionne la révélation de l'A.T. Son discours de Mt 23 n'est qu'un réquisitoire, et combien brûlant, contre les péchés de l'orgueil. L'orgueil des pharisiens les a empêchés d'aller au baptême de Jean-Baptiste ; c'est pourquoi, dit Jésus, « ils ont rendu inutile à leur égard le dessein de Dieu » (Lu 7:30, cf. Lu 15:1). L'orgueil suggère à l'homme infirme qu'il est bien portant, au pécheur qu'il est juste ; Jésus déclare : « Ceux qui sont en santé n'ont pas besoin de médecin mais ceux qui se portent mal. Je ne suis pas venu appeler des justes mais des pécheurs » (Mr 2:13-17). La parabole du pharisien et du péager est ici le texte classique : (Lu 18:9-14) « O Dieu, je te rends grâces de ce que je ne suis pas comme le reste des hommes. » Celui de qui l'orgueil s'est à ce point haussé n'a pas de prochain. Trop distant pour compatir à la peine des autres, n'attendez pas qu'il s'accuse ou qu'il cède : s'il s'avouait faillible il se diminuerait. L'orgueil installe le coeur dans l'atmosphère des résistances. L'orgueil est le grand isolant. S'il nous isole des autres, comment ne nous isolerait-il pas de Dieu dont on ne peut approcher qu'à travers l'atmosphère de la grâce. « Quiconque s'élève sera abaissé. »

Les apôtres tiennent, sur ce point, le même langage que l'A. T, et Jésus. Jacques et Pierre citant Pr 3:34 d'après les LXX s'accordent à dire : « Dieu résiste aux orgueilleux, mais il fait grâce aux humbles » (Jas 4:6,1Pi 5:5). Jean, se référant au récit de la chute (Ge 3:6), écrit : « La convoitise de la chair, la convoitise des yeux et l'orgueil de la vie ne viennent pas du Père mais du monde, or le monde passe... » (1Jn 2:16 et suivant). On pouvait s'attendre à ce que Paul, l'apôtre de la grâce, fût impitoyable pour l'orgueil (Ro 1:30,2Ti 3:2 et suivants, cf. 1Ti 6:4,1Co 5:2,2Co 12:20, Ro 11:20,1Ti 6:17), et fît un devoir aux ministres de l'Évangile de s'en tenir loin (1Ti 3:6, Tit 1:7). Voir Humilité. Alex. W.

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      Genèse 3

      1 Now the serpent was more subtle than any animal of the field which Yahweh God had made. He said to the woman, "Has God really said, 'You shall not eat of any tree of the garden?'"
      2 The woman said to the serpent, "Of the fruit of the trees of the garden we may eat,
      3 but of the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the garden, God has said, 'You shall not eat of it, neither shall you touch it, lest you die.'"
      4 The serpent said to the woman, "You won't surely die,
      5 for God knows that in the day you eat it, your eyes will be opened, and you will be like God, knowing good and evil."
      6 When the woman saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes, and that the tree was to be desired to make one wise, she took of its fruit, and ate; and she gave some to her husband with her, and he ate.
      7 The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.
      8 They heard the voice of Yahweh God walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and the man and his wife hid themselves from the presence of Yahweh God among the trees of the garden.
      9 Yahweh God called to the man, and said to him, "Where are you?"
      10 The man said, "I heard your voice in the garden, and I was afraid, because I was naked; and I hid myself."
      11 God said, "Who told you that you were naked? Have you eaten from the tree that I commanded you not to eat from?"
      12 The man said, "The woman whom you gave to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate."
      13 Yahweh God said to the woman, "What is this you have done?" The woman said, "The serpent deceived me, and I ate."
      14 Yahweh God said to the serpent, "Because you have done this, you are cursed above all livestock, and above every animal of the field. On your belly you shall go, and you shall eat dust all the days of your life.
      15 I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you will bruise his heel."
      16 To the woman he said, "I will greatly multiply your pain in childbirth. In pain you will bear children. Your desire will be for your husband, and he will rule over you."
      17 To Adam he said, "Because you have listened to your wife's voice, and have eaten of the tree, of which I commanded you, saying, 'You shall not eat of it,' cursed is the ground for your sake. In toil you will eat of it all the days of your life.
      18 It will yield thorns and thistles to you; and you will eat the herb of the field.
      19 By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground, for out of it you were taken. For you are dust, and to dust you shall return."
      20 The man called his wife Eve, because she was the mother of all living.
      21 Yahweh God made coats of skins for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them.
      22 Yahweh God said, "Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever..."
      23 Therefore Yahweh God sent him out from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken.
      24 So he drove out the man; and he placed Cherubs at the east of the garden of Eden, and the flame of a sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.

      Job 20

      6 Though his height mount up to the heavens, and his head reach to the clouds,

      Job 35

      12 There they cry, but none gives answer, because of the pride of evil men.

      Psaumes 31

      19 Oh how great is your goodness, which you have laid up for those who fear you, which you have worked for those who take refuge in you, before the sons of men!
      24 Be strong, and let your heart take courage, all you who hope in Yahweh.

      Psaumes 59

      13 Consume them in wrath. Consume them, and they will be no more. Let them know that God rules in Jacob, to the ends of the earth. Selah.

      Psaumes 73

      6 Therefore pride is like a chain around their neck. Violence covers them like a garment.

      Psaumes 94

      2 Rise up, you judge of the earth. Pay back the proud what they deserve.

      Psaumes 119

      21 You have rebuked the proud who are cursed, who wander from your commandments.
      51 The arrogant mock me excessively, but I don't swerve from your law.
      78 Let the proud be disappointed, for they have overthrown me wrongfully. I will meditate on your precepts.
      122 Ensure your servant's well-being. Don't let the proud oppress me.

      Psaumes 123

      4 Our soul is exceedingly filled with the scoffing of those who are at ease, with the contempt of the proud.

      Proverbes 3

      34 Surely he mocks the mockers, but he gives grace to the humble.

      Proverbes 8

      13 The fear of Yahweh is to hate evil. I hate pride, arrogance, the evil way, and the perverse mouth.

      Proverbes 11

      2 When pride comes, then comes shame, but with humility comes wisdom.

      Proverbes 13

      10 Pride only breeds quarrels, but with ones who take advice is wisdom.

      Proverbes 14

      3 The fool's talk brings a rod to his back, but the lips of the wise protect them.

      Proverbes 16

      5 Everyone who is proud in heart is an abomination to Yahweh: they shall certainly not be unpunished.
      18 Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.

      Proverbes 21

      24 The proud and haughty man, "scoffer" is his name; he works in the arrogance of pride.

      Proverbes 29

      23 A man's pride brings him low, but one of lowly spirit gains honor.

      Esaïe 2

      12 For there will be a day of Yahweh of Armies for all that is proud and haughty, and for all that is lifted up; and it shall be brought low:

      Esaïe 13

      11 I will punish the world for their evil, and the wicked for their iniquity. I will cause the arrogance of the proud to cease, and will humble the haughtiness of the terrible.

      Esaïe 37

      29 Because of your raging against me, and because your arrogance has come up into my ears, therefore will I put my hook in your nose and my bridle in your lips, and I will turn you back by the way by which you came.

      Jérémie 13

      9 Thus says Yahweh, In this way I will mar the pride of Judah, and the great pride of Jerusalem.
      10 This evil people, who refuse to hear my words, who walk in the stubbornness of their heart, and are gone after other gods to serve them, and to worship them, shall even be as this belt, which is profitable for nothing.
      11 For as the belt clings to the waist of a man, so have I caused to cling to me the whole house of Israel and the whole house of Judah, says Yahweh; that they may be to me for a people, and for a name, and for a praise, and for a glory: but they would not hear.
      12 Therefore you shall speak to them this word: Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, Every bottle shall be filled with wine: and they shall tell you, Do we not certainly know that every bottle shall be filled with wine?
      13 Then you shall tell them, Thus says Yahweh, Behold, I will fill all the inhabitants of this land, even the kings who sit on David's throne, and the priests, and the prophets, and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, with drunkenness.
      14 I will dash them one against another, even the fathers and the sons together, says Yahweh: I will not pity, nor spare, nor have compassion, that I should not destroy them.
      15 Hear, and give ear; don't be proud; for Yahweh has spoken.
      16 Give glory to Yahweh your God, before he causes darkness, and before your feet stumble on the dark mountains, and, while you look for light, he turns it into the shadow of death, and makes it gross darkness.
      17 But if you will not hear it, my soul shall weep in secret for your pride; and my eye shall weep bitterly, and run down with tears, because Yahweh's flock is taken captive.

      Ezéchiel 7

      10 Behold, the day, behold, it comes: your doom is gone forth; the rod has blossomed, pride has budded.
      24 Therefore I will bring the worst of the nations, and they shall possess their houses: I will also make the pride of the strong to cease; and their holy places shall be profaned.

      Ezéchiel 16

      56 For your sister Sodom was not mentioned by your mouth in the day of your pride,

      Osée 7

      10 The pride of Israel testifies to his face; yet they haven't returned to Yahweh their God, nor sought him, for all this.

      Amos 6

      8 "The Lord Yahweh has sworn by himself," says Yahweh, the God of Armies: "I abhor the pride of Jacob, and detest his fortresses. Therefore I will deliver up the city with all that is in it.

      Matthieu 6

      1 "Be careful that you don't do your charitable giving before men, to be seen by them, or else you have no reward from your Father who is in heaven.
      2 Therefore when you do merciful deeds, don't sound a trumpet before yourself, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, that they may get glory from men. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.
      3 But when you do merciful deeds, don't let your left hand know what your right hand does,
      4 so that your merciful deeds may be in secret, then your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.
      5 "When you pray, you shall not be as the hypocrites, for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and in the corners of the streets, that they may be seen by men. Most certainly, I tell you, they have received their reward.
      6 But you, when you pray, enter into your inner room, and having shut your door, pray to your Father who is in secret, and your Father who sees in secret will reward you openly.
      7 In praying, don't use vain repetitions, as the Gentiles do; for they think that they will be heard for their much speaking.
      8 Therefore don't be like them, for your Father knows what things you need, before you ask him.
      9 Pray like this: 'Our Father in heaven, may your name be kept holy.
      10 Let your Kingdom come. Let your will be done, as in heaven, so on earth.
      11 Give us today our daily bread.
      12 Forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors.
      13 Bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one. For yours is the Kingdom, the power, and the glory forever. Amen. '
      14 "For if you forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.
      15 But if you don't forgive men their trespasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasses.
      16 "Moreover when you fast, don't be like the hypocrites, with sad faces. For they disfigure their faces, that they may be seen by men to be fasting. Most certainly I tell you, they have received their reward.
      17 But you, when you fast, anoint your head, and wash your face;
      18 so that you are not seen by men to be fasting, but by your Father who is in secret, and your Father, who sees in secret, will reward you.
      19 "Don't lay up treasures for yourselves on the earth, where moth and rust consume, and where thieves break through and steal;
      20 but lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust consume, and where thieves don't break through and steal;
      21 for where your treasure is, there your heart will be also.
      22 "The lamp of the body is the eye. If therefore your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light.
      23 But if your eye is evil, your whole body will be full of darkness. If therefore the light that is in you is darkness, how great is the darkness!
      24 "No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other; or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other. You can't serve both God and Mammon.
      25 Therefore I tell you, don't be anxious for your life: what you will eat, or what you will drink; nor yet for your body, what you will wear. Isn't life more than food, and the body more than clothing?
      26 See the birds of the sky, that they don't sow, neither do they reap, nor gather into barns. Your heavenly Father feeds them. Aren't you of much more value than they?
      27 "Which of you, by being anxious, can add one moment to his lifespan?
      28 Why are you anxious about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow. They don't toil, neither do they spin,
      29 yet I tell you that even Solomon in all his glory was not dressed like one of these.
      30 But if God so clothes the grass of the field, which today exists, and tomorrow is thrown into the oven, won't he much more clothe you, you of little faith?
      31 "Therefore don't be anxious, saying, 'What will we eat?', 'What will we drink?' or, 'With what will we be clothed?'
      32 For the Gentiles seek after all these things; for your heavenly Father knows that you need all these things.
      33 But seek first God's Kingdom, and his righteousness; and all these things will be given to you as well.
      34 Therefore don't be anxious for tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself. Each day's own evil is sufficient.

      Matthieu 23

      1 Then Jesus spoke to the multitudes and to his disciples,
      2 saying, "The scribes and the Pharisees sat on Moses' seat.
      3 All things therefore whatever they tell you to observe, observe and do, but don't do their works; for they say, and don't do.
      4 For they bind heavy burdens that are grievous to be borne, and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not lift a finger to help them.
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