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ORIENT

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Pour tous les Orientaux et pour les Israélites en particulier, c'est la direction de l'orient qui déterminait les points cardinaux, sans doute parce qu'elle est fixée par le lever du soleil (nous disons encore : s'orienter, quelle que soit la direction à reconnaître). L'original hébreu de Job 23:8 et suivant a conservé les termes primitifs.

1. L'orient, c'est qèdèm (=devant), parce qu'en se tournant vers le soleil levant l'observateur voit cette direction devant lui ; ce terme et d'autres de même racine sont souvent employés pour désigner l'orient (Ge 2:8 10:30 11:2 12:8, Jos 18:20 etc.).

2. L'occident, c'est âkhôr (=derrière) ; par ex. Esa 9:11 : les Syriens par devant (E.) et les Philistins par derrière (O.) ; ou Job 18:20 : les peuples d'occident (de derrière) et ceux d'orient (de devant) ; ou encore la mer de derrière (hayyâm hâakharôn), c-à-d, la mer occidentale, la Méditerranée (De 11:24 34:2 etc.), qui est aussi « la mer » tout court (Eze 47:20), opposée à celle de devant (hayyâm haqqadmôni), c-à-d, la mer orientale, la mer Morte (Joe 2:20, Za 14:8).

3. Le nord, c'est semôl (=gauche), terme assez rare (Ge 14:15, Jos 19:27).

4. Le sud, c'est yâmîn (=droite) ou thémân (voir Théman), beaucoup plus fréquent (1Sa 23:19-24, Job 39:29, Za 9:14 etc.) ; cf. Eze 16:46 : Samarie à gauche (N.) et Sodome à droite (S.) ; comp, aussi les noms donnés par les Arabes musulmans au Sud de leur pays : le Yémen (=à main droite), et au Nord (Syrie-Palestine) : al-Châm (=la gauche). Il existe d'ailleurs d'autres désignations : mizrâkh =[soleil] levant (2Ro 10:33, Esa 45:6 59:19 etc.) est l'appellation la plus commune de l'orient ; le sud est représenté par le Négeb (voir ce mot) et par le darôn (d'une racine signifiant couler, éclairer) ; ce dernier, poétique, s'oppose souvent au tsâphôn (=caché, parce que les pays du nord [v. art. ] étaient mal connus, mystérieux et tenus pour redoutables), nom habituel du nord (Eze 40:45 41:11, Ecc 1:6 11:3 etc.).

Les quatre points cardinaux sont quelquefois énumérés pour indiquer l'universalité des recherches de l'homme ou des grâces de Dieu (Ge 13:14, Job 23:8 et suivant, Ps 107:3, Mt 8:11, Lu 13:29). L'expression : fils (ou enfants) de l'Orient, rendue quelquefois par : Orientaux (Jug 6:3-33,1Ro 4:30, Esa 11:14, Jer 49:28, Eze 25:4 etc.), s'applique à des populations généralement nomades qui occupaient le désert de Syrie, voisinaient avec Madian, Ammon, Moab, et avaient une grande renommée de sagesse : la scène du poème de Job est située parmi ces tribus (Job 13), qui étaient considérées en Israël comme descendant de leur commun ancêtre Abraham par l'esclave Kétura (Ge 25:6). Dans Esa 2:6, le grief du prophète contre les gens de la maison de Jacob, « pleins de l'Orient », s'explique comme le paraphrase la Vers. Syn. : « ils sont envahis par l'idolâtrie de l'Orient », celle des peuples assyro-babyloniens.

Ancient Orient Voir Atlas 13

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 2

      8 Yahweh God planted a garden eastward, in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed.

      Genèse 10

      30 Their dwelling was from Mesha, as you go toward Sephar, the mountain of the east.

      Genèse 11

      2 It happened, as they traveled east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar, and they lived there.

      Genèse 12

      8 He left from there to the mountain on the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having Bethel on the west, and Ai on the east. There he built an altar to Yahweh and called on the name of Yahweh.

      Genèse 13

      14 Yahweh said to Abram, after Lot was separated from him, "Now, lift up your eyes, and look from the place where you are, northward and southward and eastward and westward,

      Genèse 14

      15 He divided himself against them by night, he and his servants, and struck them, and pursued them to Hobah, which is on the left hand of Damascus.

      Genèse 25

      6 but to the sons of Abraham's concubines, Abraham gave gifts. He sent them away from Isaac his son, while he yet lived, eastward, to the east country.

      Josué 18

      20 The Jordan was its border on the east quarter. This was the inheritance of the children of Benjamin, by the borders around it, according to their families.

      Josué 19

      27 It turned toward the sunrise to Beth Dagon, and reached to Zebulun, and to the valley of Iphtah El northward to Beth Emek and Neiel. It went out to Cabul on the left hand,

      Juges 6

      1 The children of Israel did that which was evil in the sight of Yahweh: and Yahweh delivered them into the hand of Midian seven years.
      3 So it was, when Israel had sown, that the Midianites came up, and the Amalekites, and the children of the east; they came up against them;
      4 and they encamped against them, and destroyed the increase of the earth, until you come to Gaza, and left no sustenance in Israel, neither sheep, nor ox, nor donkey.
      5 For they came up with their livestock and their tents; they came in as locusts for multitude; both they and their camels were without number: and they came into the land to destroy it.
      6 Israel was brought very low because of Midian; and the children of Israel cried to Yahweh.
      7 It happened, when the children of Israel cried to Yahweh because of Midian,
      8 that Yahweh sent a prophet to the children of Israel: and he said to them, "Thus says Yahweh, the God of Israel, 'I brought you up from Egypt, and brought you forth out of the house of bondage;
      9 and I delivered you out of the hand of the Egyptians, and out of the hand of all who oppressed you, and drove them out from before you, and gave you their land;
      10 and I said to you, "I am Yahweh your God; you shall not fear the gods of the Amorites, in whose land you dwell." But you have not listened to my voice.'"
      11 The angel of Yahweh came, and sat under the oak which was in Ophrah, that pertained to Joash the Abiezrite: and his son Gideon was beating out wheat in the winepress, to hide it from the Midianites.
      12 The angel of Yahweh appeared to him, and said to him, "Yahweh is with you, you mighty man of valor!"
      13 Gideon said to him, "Oh, my lord, if Yahweh is with us, why then has all this happened to us? Where are all his wondrous works which our fathers told us of, saying, 'Didn't Yahweh bring us up from Egypt?' But now Yahweh has cast us off, and delivered us into the hand of Midian."
      14 Yahweh looked at him, and said, "Go in this your might, and save Israel from the hand of Midian. Haven't I sent you?"
      15 He said to him, "O Lord , how shall I save Israel? Behold, my family is the poorest in Manasseh, and I am the least in my father's house."
      16 Yahweh said to him, "Surely I will be with you, and you shall strike the Midianites as one man."
      17 He said to him, "If now I have found favor in your sight, then show me a sign that it is you who talk with me.
      18 Please don't go away, until I come to you, and bring out my present, and lay it before you." He said, "I will wait until you come back."
      19 Gideon went in, and prepared a young goat, and unleavened cakes of an ephah of meal. He put the meat in a basket and he put the broth in a pot, and brought it out to him under the oak, and presented it.
      20 The angel of God said to him, "Take the meat and the unleavened cakes, and lay them on this rock, and pour out the broth." He did so.
      21 Then the angel of Yahweh stretched out the end of the staff that was in his hand, and touched the meat and the unleavened cakes; and fire went up out of the rock, and consumed the meat and the unleavened cakes; and the angel of Yahweh departed out of his sight.
      22 Gideon saw that he was the angel of Yahweh; and Gideon said, "Alas, Lord Yahweh! Because I have seen the angel of Yahweh face to face!"
      23 Yahweh said to him, "Peace be to you! Don't be afraid. You shall not die."
      24 Then Gideon built an altar there to Yahweh, and called it "Yahweh is Peace ." To this day it is still in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
      25 It happened the same night, that Yahweh said to him, "Take your father's bull, even the second bull seven years old, and throw down the altar of Baal that your father has, and cut down the Asherah that is by it;
      26 and build an altar to Yahweh your God on the top of this stronghold, in an orderly way, and take the second bull, and offer a burnt offering with the wood of the Asherah which you shall cut down."
      27 Then Gideon took ten men of his servants, and did as Yahweh had spoken to him: and it happened, because he feared his father's household and the men of the city, so that he could not do it by day, that he did it by night.
      28 When the men of the city arose early in the morning, behold, the altar of Baal was broken down, and the Asherah was cut down that was by it, and the second bull was offered on the altar that was built.
      29 They said one to another, "Who has done this thing?" When they inquired and asked, they said, "Gideon the son of Joash has done this thing."
      30 Then the men of the city said to Joash, "Bring out your son, that he may die, because he has broken down the altar of Baal, and because he has cut down the Asherah that was by it."
      31 Joash said to all who stood against him, "Will you contend for Baal? Or will you save him? He who will contend for him, let him be put to death by morning. If he is a god, let him contend for himself, because someone has broken down his altar."
      32 Therefore on that day he named him Jerub-Baal, saying, "Let Baal contend against him, because he has broken down his altar."
      33 Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites and the children of the east assembled themselves together; and they passed over, and encamped in the valley of Jezreel.

      1 Samuel 23

      19 Then the Ziphites came up to Saul to Gibeah, saying, "Doesn't David hide himself with us in the strongholds in the wood, in the hill of Hachilah, which is on the south of the desert?
      20 Now therefore, O king, come down, according to all the desire of your soul to come down; and our part shall be to deliver him up into the king's hand."
      21 Saul said, "You are blessed by Yahweh; for you have had compassion on me.
      22 Please go make yet more sure, and know and see his place where his haunt is, and who has seen him there; for it is told me that he deals very subtly.
      23 See therefore, and take knowledge of all the lurking places where he hides himself, and come again to me with certainty, and I will go with you: and it shall happen, if he is in the land, that I will search him out among all the thousands of Judah."
      24 They arose, and went to Ziph before Saul: but David and his men were in the wilderness of Maon, in the Arabah on the south of the desert.

      Job 13

      1 "Behold, my eye has seen all this. My ear has heard and understood it.
      2 What you know, I know also. I am not inferior to you.
      3 "Surely I would speak to the Almighty. I desire to reason with God.
      4 But you are forgers of lies. You are all physicians of no value.
      5 Oh that you would be completely silent! Then you would be wise.
      6 Hear now my reasoning. Listen to the pleadings of my lips.
      7 Will you speak unrighteously for God, and talk deceitfully for him?
      8 Will you show partiality to him? Will you contend for God?
      9 Is it good that he should search you out? Or as one deceives a man, will you deceive him?
      10 He will surely reprove you if you secretly show partiality.
      11 Shall not his majesty make you afraid, And his dread fall on you?
      12 Your memorable sayings are proverbs of ashes, Your defenses are defenses of clay.
      13 "Be silent, leave me alone, that I may speak. Let come on me what will.
      14 Why should I take my flesh in my teeth, and put my life in my hand?
      15 Behold, he will kill me. I have no hope. Nevertheless, I will maintain my ways before him.
      16 This also shall be my salvation, that a godless man shall not come before him.
      17 Hear diligently my speech. Let my declaration be in your ears.
      18 See now, I have set my cause in order. I know that I am righteous.
      19 Who is he who will contend with me? For then would I hold my peace and give up the spirit.
      20 "Only don't do two things to me; then I will not hide myself from your face:
      21 withdraw your hand far from me; and don't let your terror make me afraid.
      22 Then call, and I will answer; or let me speak, and you answer me.
      23 How many are my iniquities and sins? Make me know my disobedience and my sin.
      24 Why hide you your face, and hold me for your enemy?
      25 Will you harass a driven leaf? Will you pursue the dry stubble?
      26 For you write bitter things against me, and make me inherit the iniquities of my youth:
      27 You also put my feet in the stocks, and mark all my paths. You set a bound to the soles of my feet,
      28 though I am decaying like a rotten thing, like a garment that is moth-eaten.

      Job 18

      20 Those who come after shall be astonished at his day, as those who went before were frightened.

      Job 23

      8 "If I go east, he is not there; if west, I can't find him;

      Job 39

      29 From there he spies out the prey. His eyes see it afar off.

      Psaumes 107

      3 And gathered out of the lands, from the east and from the west, from the north and from the south.

      Esaïe 2

      6 For you have forsaken your people, the house of Jacob, because they are filled from the east, with those who practice divination like the Philistines, and they clasp hands with the children of foreigners.

      Esaïe 9

      11 Therefore Yahweh will set up on high against him the adversaries of Rezin, and will stir up his enemies,

      Esaïe 11

      14 They will fly down on the shoulders of the Philistines on the west. Together they will plunder the children of the east. They will extend their power over Edom and Moab, and the children of Ammon will obey them.

      Esaïe 45

      6 that they may know from the rising of the sun, and from the west, that there is none besides me. I am Yahweh, and there is no one else.

      Esaïe 59

      19 So shall they fear the name of Yahweh from the west, and his glory from the rising of the sun; for he will come as a rushing stream, which the breath of Yahweh drives.

      Jérémie 49

      28 Of Kedar, and of the kingdoms of Hazor, which Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon struck. Thus says Yahweh: Arise, go up to Kedar, and destroy the children of the east.

      Ezéchiel 16

      46 Your elder sister is Samaria, who dwells at your left hand, she and her daughters; and your younger sister, who dwells at your right hand, is Sodom and her daughters.

      Ezéchiel 25

      4 therefore, behold, I will deliver you to the children of the east for a possession, and they shall set their encampments in you, and make their dwellings in you; they shall eat your fruit, and they shall drink your milk.

      Ezéchiel 40

      45 He said to me, This room, whose prospect is toward the south, is for the priests, the keepers of the duty of the house;

      Ezéchiel 41

      11 The doors of the side rooms were toward [the place] that was left, one door toward the north, and another door toward the south: and the breadth of the place that was left was five cubits all around.

      Ezéchiel 47

      20 The west side shall be the great sea, from the [south] border as far as over against the entrance of Hamath. This is the west side.

      Joël 2

      20 But I will remove the northern army far away from you, and will drive it into a barren and desolate land, its front into the eastern sea, and its back into the western sea; and its stench will come up, and its bad smell will rise." Surely he has done great things.

      Zacharie 9

      14 Yahweh will be seen over them; and his arrow will go flash like lightning; and the Lord Yahweh will blow the trumpet, and will go with whirlwinds of the south.

      Zacharie 14

      8 It will happen in that day, that living waters will go out from Jerusalem; half of them toward the eastern sea, and half of them toward the western sea; in summer and in winter will it be.

      Matthieu 8

      11 I tell you that many will come from the east and the west, and will sit down with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the Kingdom of Heaven,

      Luc 13

      29 They will come from the east, west, north, and south, and will sit down in the Kingdom of God.
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