Dictionnaire Biblique de Top Bible

PÂQUES

Pâques est la grande fête chrétienne qui rappelle la résurrection de Jésus-Christ. Dans les premiers siècles, la solennité en était encore rehaussée par le baptême des catéchumènes et leur admission à la sainte Cène. Les plus anciens auteurs chrétiens font dériver le mot Pâques (Pascha) du verbe grec paskheïn, qui veut dire « souffrir », et voient dans l'immolation de l'agneau pascal une préfiguration de la Passion du Christ. Toutefois, saint Augustin contredit cette interprétation : il fait remarquer que le mot pascha n'est pas un mot d'origine grecque, mais hébraïque, signifiant « passage ». D'après lui, ce terme désigne le passage de la mort à la vie tant pour les disciples du Sauveur que pour le Sauveur lui-même. Qu'était-ce donc au juste que Pâques pour les chrétiens des premiers temps ? Commémoration de la Passion du Christ, ou de sa Résurrection ? Le mot Pascha semble bien avoir désigné tantôt la fête de Pâques elle-même, tantôt le temps, d'ailleurs variable, de jeûne sévère qui la précédait--plus particulièrement le jour du vendredi saint--, et tantôt à la fois l'une et l'autre.

Le manque d'unanimité dans les textes permet de penser qu'il y avait quelque flottement dans les esprits au cours des trois premiers siècles quant à la signification du mot et quant à la manière de célébrer Pâques. Il est probable que dans bien des endroits le souvenir de la Passion et celui de la Résurrection étaient célébrés le même jour (comme l'étaient aussi, primitivement, la fête de l'Ascension et celle de Pentecôte). Il n'y avait rien de déplacé à rappeler ensemble deux souvenirs aussi différents, mais aussi intimement unis pour la piété chrétienne : n'y a-t-il pas un lien très étroit entre les souffrances expiatoires du Christ, la joie du salut et l'espérance de la résurrection ? Quand, plus tard, on distingua nettement le jour anniversaire de la mort de Jésus de celui de sa résurrection et quand il y eut deux solennités séparées, on appela la première : « pâque de la crucifixion » et la seconde : « pâque de la résurrection ».

A quelle époque la fête de Pâques est-elle apparue comme fête distincte ? Rien ne nous permet de fixer une date précise. On ne trouve aucune trace de la fête chrétienne de Pâques chez les Pères apostoliques, ni dans Justin Martyr ni dans la Didachè. Mais il paraît certain qu'elle était célébrée à Rome déjà du temps du pape Sixte, si l'on s'en rapporte au témoignage d'Irénée. En Orient, d'après le même auteur, on faisait remonter à saint Jean lui-même l'origine de la célébration de Pâques. Il semble bien résulter de ce qui précède que dans la première moitié du second siècle la fête de Pâques n'était pas encore universellement célébrée en tant que commémoration annuelle de la Résurrection, et qu'elle n'avait pas alors l'importance qu'elle devait prendre plus tard.

La fixation de la date de Pâques a donné lieu, au second siècle, à une longue et célèbre controverse. Certaines Églises, celles d'Asie, voulaient célébrer la Pâque chrétienne à la manière de la Pâque juive, c'est-à-dire le 14 du mois de nisan, suivant en cela l'exemple de Polycarpe, évêque de Smyrne, qui aurait tenu cette tradition de l'apôtre Jean. Ceux qui partageaient cette façon de voir ont été désignés pour cette raison par le nom de « Quartodécimains » (du mot latin qui signifie « quatorzième »). Les Églises latines, au contraire, étaient d'avis que Pâques fût célébré le dimanche d'après le quatorze, parce que le Christ était ressuscité le dimanche. La question fut abordée au cours d'un voyage à Rome de Polycarpe, qui la discuta dans un esprit de concorde avec l'évêque de Rome, Anicet. Ils convinrent d'ailleurs d'en ajourner la solution. Elle devait être reprise, mais cette fois avec passion, vers la fin du second siècle. Plusieurs synodes en furent saisis, qui s'efforcèrent en vain d'établir une règle uniforme pour toute la chrétienté. Le pape Victor essaya bien d'imposer la pratique latine aux Églises d'Orient, mais elles résistèrent, très attachées à une tradition qui, pour elles, était apostolique. Victor les menaça d'excommunication. C'est alors qu'Irénée, évêque de Lyon, écrivit à Victor, au nom de l'Église des Gaules, une lettre restée célèbre et souvent citée pour montrer combien était encore limitée l'autorité de l'évêque de Rome. Dans cette lettre Irénée reprochait vivement à son collègue romain d'avoir manqué de charité chrétienne et lui rappelait la rencontre de Polycarpe et d'Anicet qui s'étaient séparés dans la paix, bien que chacun restât sur ses positions. Irénée terminait en insistant sur le devoir pour tous les disciples du Christ de rester unis, en dépit de divergences de vues tout à fait secondaires pour la piété. Plus tard, en 325, le concile de Nicée imposa la pratique occidentale à toute la chrétienté ; toutefois la tradition pascale des Églises d'Orient continua d'être observée par certaines sectes (en particulier celles des Montanistes et des Novatiens), ainsi que dans quelques communautés isolées, considérées comme hérétiques.

Il peut être intéressant de rappeler ici la décision du concile de Nicée relative à la fixation de la date de Pâques, puisque cette décision est encore en vigueur aujourd'hui : la grande Pâques--ainsi désignée pour distinguer la fête de la Résurrection des autres fêtes secondaires qui portaient aussi le nom de Pâques dans l'Église primitive (par ex. Pâques de la Nativité =Noël) --doit toujours être célébrée un dimanche pour éviter sa coïncidence avec la Pâque juive. Elle est fixée au premier dimanche après la pleine lune qui suit le jour de l'équinoxe du printemps. L'équinoxe du printemps étant fixé au 21 mars, s'il y a pleine lune ce jour-là et si le lendemain est un dimanche, la fête de Pâques est célébrée le 22 mars. C'est le plus tôt qu'elle puisse avoir lieu. Si, au contraire, il y a pleine lune le 20 mars, veille de l'équinoxe, la pleine lune suivante n'aura lieu que le 19 avril. Et si ce jour-là est un lundi, il faut attendre au dimanche suivant, c'est-à-dire encore six jours, pour célébrer la fête de Pâques le 25 avril. C'est le plus tard qu'elle puisse être. M. M.

Vous avez aimé ? Partagez autour de vous !


Ce texte est la propriété du TopChrétien. Autorisation de diffusion autorisée en précisant la source. © 2022 - www.topchretien.com
  • versets sélectionnés
  • Vidéos et messages relatifs
  • Commentaires bibliques
  • Hébreu / Grec
  • Dictionnaire
  • Versets relatifs
  • Carte
  • Favoris
  • Partager

Pour ajouter un favori, merci de vous connecter : Se connecter

Générer un verset illustré
Logo TopChrétien carré

Télécharger l'image

Choisissez une image

Personnalisez le verset

Alignement : | | | Haut | Milieu | Bas

Taille :

Couleur :

Police :

Personnalisez la référence

Couleur :

Police :

Taille :

De légères variations de mise en page peuvent apparaitre sur l'image téléchargée.

Vous avez aimé ? Partagez autour de vous !

Versets relatifs

    • Lévitique 14

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "This shall be the law of the leper in the day of his cleansing. He shall be brought to the priest,
      3 and the priest shall go forth out of the camp. The priest shall examine him, and behold, if the plague of leprosy is healed in the leper,
      4 then the priest shall command them to take for him who is to be cleansed two living clean birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop.
      5 The priest shall command them to kill one of the birds in an earthen vessel over running water.
      6 As for the living bird, he shall take it, and the cedar wood, and the scarlet, and the hyssop, and shall dip them and the living bird in the blood of the bird that was killed over the running water.
      7 He shall sprinkle on him who is to be cleansed from the leprosy seven times, and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the living bird go into the open field.
      8 "He who is to be cleansed shall wash his clothes, and shave off all his hair, and bathe himself in water; and he shall be clean. After that he shall come into the camp, but shall dwell outside his tent seven days.
      9 It shall be on the seventh day, that he shall shave all his hair off his head and his beard and his eyebrows, even all his hair he shall shave off. He shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his body in water, then he shall be clean.
      10 "On the eighth day he shall take two male lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb a year old without blemish, and three tenths of an ephah of fine flour for a meal offering, mingled with oil, and one log of oil.
      11 The priest who cleanses him shall set the man who is to be cleansed, and those things, before Yahweh, at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      12 "The priest shall take one of the male lambs, and offer him for a trespass offering, with the log of oil, and wave them for a wave offering before Yahweh.
      13 He shall kill the male lamb in the place where they kill the sin offering and the burnt offering, in the place of the sanctuary; for as the sin offering is the priest's, so is the trespass offering. It is most holy.
      14 The priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering, and the priest shall put it on the tip of the right ear of him who is to be cleansed, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot.
      15 The priest shall take some of the log of oil, and pour it into the palm of his own left hand.
      16 The priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is in his left hand, and shall sprinkle some of the oil with his finger seven times before Yahweh.
      17 The priest shall put some of the rest of the oil that is in his hand on the tip of the right ear of him who is to be cleansed, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot, upon the blood of the trespass offering.
      18 The rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall put on the head of him who is to be cleansed, and the priest shall make atonement for him before Yahweh.
      19 "The priest shall offer the sin offering, and make atonement for him who is to be cleansed because of his uncleanness: and afterward he shall kill the burnt offering;
      20 and the priest shall offer the burnt offering and the meal offering on the altar. The priest shall make atonement for him, and he shall be clean.
      21 "If he is poor, and can't afford so much, then he shall take one male lamb for a trespass offering to be waved, to make atonement for him, and one tenth of an ephah of fine flour mingled with oil for a meal offering, and a log of oil;
      22 and two turtledoves, or two young pigeons, such as he is able to afford; and the one shall be a sin offering, and the other a burnt offering.
      23 "On the eighth day he shall bring them for his cleansing to the priest, to the door of the Tent of Meeting, before Yahweh.
      24 The priest shall take the lamb of the trespass offering, and the log of oil, and the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before Yahweh.
      25 He shall kill the lamb of the trespass offering. The priest shall take some of the blood of the trespass offering and put it on the tip of the right ear of him who is to be cleansed, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot.
      26 The priest shall pour some of the oil into the palm of his own left hand;
      27 and the priest shall sprinkle with his right finger some of the oil that is in his left hand seven times before Yahweh.
      28 Then the priest shall put some of the oil that is in his hand on the tip of the right ear of him who is to be cleansed, and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the big toe of his right foot, on the place of the blood of the trespass offering.
      29 The rest of the oil that is in the priest's hand he shall put on the head of him who is to be cleansed, to make atonement for him before Yahweh.
      30 He shall offer one of the turtledoves, or of the young pigeons, such as he is able to afford,
      31 even such as he is able to afford, the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, with the meal offering. The priest shall make atonement for him who is to be cleansed before Yahweh."
      32 This is the law for him in whom is the plague of leprosy, who is not able to afford the sacrifice for his cleansing.
      33 Yahweh spoke to Moses and to Aaron, saying,
      34 "When you have come into the land of Canaan, which I give to you for a possession, and I put a spreading mildew in a house in the land of your possession,
      35 then he who owns the house shall come and tell the priest, saying, 'There seems to me to be some sort of plague in the house.'
      36 The priest shall command that they empty the house, before the priest goes in to examine the plague, that all that is in the house not be made unclean: and afterward the priest shall go in to inspect the house.
      37 He shall examine the plague; and behold, if the plague is in the walls of the house with hollow streaks, greenish or reddish, and it appears to be deeper than the wall;
      38 then the priest shall go out of the house to the door of the house, and shut up the house seven days.
      39 The priest shall come again on the seventh day, and look. If the plague has spread in the walls of the house,
      40 then the priest shall command that they take out the stones in which is the plague, and cast them into an unclean place outside of the city:
      41 and he shall cause the inside of the house to be scraped all over, and they shall pour out the mortar, that they scraped off, outside of the city into an unclean place.
      42 They shall take other stones, and put them in the place of those stones; and he shall take other mortar, and shall plaster the house.
      43 "If the plague comes again, and breaks out in the house, after he has taken out the stones, and after he has scraped the house, and after it was plastered;
      44 then the priest shall come in and look; and behold, if the plague has spread in the house, it is a destructive mildew in the house. It is unclean.
      45 He shall break down the house, its stones, and its timber, and all the house's mortar. He shall carry them out of the city into an unclean place.
      46 "Moreover he who goes into the house while it is shut up shall be unclean until the evening.
      47 He who lies down in the house shall wash his clothes; and he who eats in the house shall wash his clothes.
      48 "If the priest shall come in, and examine it, and behold, the plague hasn't spread in the house, after the house was plastered, then the priest shall pronounce the house clean, because the plague is healed.
      49 To cleanse the house he shall take two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and hyssop.
      50 He shall kill one of the birds in an earthen vessel over running water.
      51 He shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and the scarlet, and the living bird, and dip them in the blood of the slain bird, and in the running water, and sprinkle the house seven times.
      52 He shall cleanse the house with the blood of the bird, and with the running water, with the living bird, with the cedar wood, with the hyssop, and with the scarlet;
      53 but he shall let the living bird go out of the city into the open field. So shall he make atonement for the house; and it shall be clean."
      54 This is the law for any plague of leprosy, and for an itch,
      55 and for the destructive mildew of a garment, and for a house,
      56 and for a rising, and for a scab, and for a bright spot;
      57 to teach when it is unclean, and when it is clean. This is the law of leprosy.

      Lévitique 19

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to all the congregation of the children of Israel, and tell them, 'You shall be holy; for I Yahweh your God am holy.
      3 "'Each one of you shall respect his mother and his father. You shall keep my Sabbaths. I am Yahweh your God.
      4 "'Don't turn to idols, nor make molten gods for yourselves. I am Yahweh your God.
      5 "'When you offer a sacrifice of peace offerings to Yahweh, you shall offer it so that you may be accepted.
      6 It shall be eaten the same day you offer it, and on the next day: and if anything remains until the third day, it shall be burned with fire.
      7 If it is eaten at all on the third day, it is an abomination. It will not be accepted;
      8 but everyone who eats it shall bear his iniquity, because he has profaned the holy thing of Yahweh, and that soul shall be cut off from his people.
      9 "'When you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not wholly reap the corners of your field, neither shall you gather the gleanings of your harvest.
      10 You shall not glean your vineyard, neither shall you gather the fallen grapes of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor and for the foreigner. I am Yahweh your God.
      11 "'You shall not steal. "'You shall not lie. "'You shall not deceive one another.
      12 "'You shall not swear by my name falsely, and profane the name of your God. I am Yahweh.
      13 "'You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him. "'The wages of a hired servant shall not remain with you all night until the morning.
      14 "'You shall not curse the deaf, nor put a stumbling block before the blind; but you shall fear your God. I am Yahweh.
      15 "'You shall do no injustice in judgment: you shall not be partial to the poor, nor show favoritism to the great; but you shall judge your neighbor in righteousness.
      16 "'You shall not go up and down as a slanderer among your people. "'You shall not endanger the life of your neighbor. I am Yahweh.
      17 "'You shall not hate your brother in your heart. You shall surely rebuke your neighbor, and not bear sin because of him.
      18 "'You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of your people; but you shall love your neighbor as yourself. I am Yahweh.
      19 "'You shall keep my statutes. "'You shall not crossbreed different kinds of animals. "'you shall not sow your field with two kinds of seed; "'neither shall there come upon on you a garment made of two kinds of material.
      20 "'If a man lies carnally with a woman who is a slave girl, pledged to be married to another man, and not ransomed, or given her freedom; they shall be punished. They shall not be put to death, because she was not free.
      21 He shall bring his trespass offering to Yahweh, to the door of the Tent of Meeting, even a ram for a trespass offering.
      22 The priest shall make atonement for him with the ram of the trespass offering before Yahweh for his sin which he has committed: and the sin which he has committed shall be forgiven him.
      23 "'When you come into the land, and have planted all kinds of trees for food, then you shall count their fruit as forbidden. Three years shall they be forbidden to you. It shall not be eaten.
      24 But in the fourth year all its fruit shall be holy, for giving praise to Yahweh.
      25 In the fifth year you shall eat its fruit, that it may yield its increase to you. I am Yahweh your God.
      26 "'You shall not eat any meat with the blood still in it; neither shall you use enchantments, nor practice sorcery.
      27 "'You shall not cut the hair on the sides of your heads, neither shall you clip off the edge of your beard.
      28 "'You shall not make any cuttings in your flesh for the dead, nor tattoo any marks on you. I am Yahweh.
      29 "'Don't profane your daughter, to make her a prostitute; lest the land fall to prostitution, and the land become full of wickedness.
      30 "'You shall keep my Sabbaths, and reverence my sanctuary; I am Yahweh.
      31 "'Don't turn to those who are mediums, nor to the wizards. Don't seek them out, to be defiled by them. I am Yahweh your God.
      32 "'You shall rise up before the gray head, and honor the face of an old man, and you shall fear your God. I am Yahweh.
      33 "'If a stranger lives as a foreigner with you in your land, you shall not do him wrong.
      34 The stranger who lives as a foreigner with you shall be to you as the native-born among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for you lived as foreigners in the land of Egypt. I am Yahweh your God.
      35 "'You shall do no unrighteousness in judgment, in measures of length, of weight, or of quantity.
      36 You shall have just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a just hin. I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt.
      37 "'You shall observe all my statutes, and all my ordinances, and do them. I am Yahweh.'"

      Lévitique 20

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Moreover, you shall tell the children of Israel, 'Anyone of the children of Israel, or of the strangers who live as foreigners in Israel, who gives any of his seed to Molech; he shall surely be put to death. The people of the land shall stone him with stones.
      3 I also will set my face against that person, and will cut him off from among his people because he has given of his seed to Molech, to defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name.
      4 If the people of the land all hide their eyes from that person, when he gives of his seed to Molech, and don't put him to death;
      5 then I will set my face against that man, and against his family, and will cut him off, and all who play the prostitute after him, to play the prostitute with Molech, from among their people.
      6 "'The person that turns to those who are mediums, and to the wizards, to play the prostitute after them, I will even set my face against that person, and will cut him off from among his people.
Afficher tous les 209 versets relatifs
Update Required To play the media you will need to either update your browser to a recent version or update your Flash plugin pour Firefox & Safari - Flash plugin pour Opera & Chrome.