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PÉKAH

Roi d'Israël. Occupait d'abord un grade élevé dans l'armée du roi Pékahia (1l était son adjudant ou son général en chef). Profitant du mécontentement qu'entretenait dans le royaume le paiement du tribut auquel les Assyriens avaient soumis Ménahem, Pékah, à la tête d'une bande de 50 Galaadites, assassina le roi et occupa le trône à sa place. 2Ro 15:27 lui attribue 20 ans de règne, chiffre qui s'accorde difficilement avec d'autres données chronologiques, et qui paraît devoir être abaissé à 5 ans environ (736-730). Ésaïe l'appelle plusieurs fois, d'une façon un peu méprisante, « le fils de Remalia » (on dirait aujourd'hui : « le fils Remalia » ou « Remalia fils »), ce qui ferait supposer qu'il était de basse extraction (Esa 7:4-9 8:6).

Pékah conçut le plan d'une vaste coalition dirigée contre la puissance grandissante de l'Assyrie, coalition dans laquelle devaient entrer les principaux rois des régions palestiniennes et syriennes. Il s'allia d'abord avec le roi Retsin de Damas, faisant ainsi cesser l'hostilité séculaire entre Israël et la Syrie. Ils groupèrent autour d'eux les rois d'Arvad, de Gaza, d'Askalon, de Moab, d'Ammon et d'Édom, ainsi que la reine arabe Schams (voir les inscriptions assyriennes de Tiglath-Piléser).

Le royaume de Juda refusa d'entrer dans la coalition. C'est alors que les deux rois d'Israël et de Damas constituèrent entre eux une alliance séparée, dirigée contre Juda. Il en résulta la guerre qu'on a appelée syro-éphraïmite, du nom des deux pays alliés. Cette guerre, qui commença dans les derniers temps du règne de Jotham, se poursuivit dans les débuts de celui d'Achaz. D'après 2Ch 28, le territoire de Juda aurait eu beaucoup à en souffrir ; il y est question d'une grande défaite dans laquelle 100.000 Judéens auraient péri, tandis que 200.000 captifs et captives auraient été emmenés en Israël. 2Ro 15 ne confirme ni les gros chiffres, ni la bataille en question ; il est probable que l'on a encore ici un exemple de la tendance habituelle du rédacteur des Chroniques. Mais le siège fut réellement mis devant Jérusalem (Esa 7:1 et suivants), le danger couru par Juda et la dynastie royale fut très grand ; les deux rois alliés préparaient déjà un successeur à Achaz sur le trône de David en la personne d'un certain « fils de Tabéel », mentionné par Esa 7:6. La terreur s'empara des populations et de la cour (verset 2S). C'est alors que, malgré les avertissements solennels d'Ésaïe (Esa 7,8:9), le roi Achaz fit appel à l'aide de Tilgath-Piléser IV d'Assyrie. Les inscriptions de ce monarque viennent confirmer les données de 2Ro 15:29 et fournissent des détails intéressants sur les opérations militaires qui se poursuivirent dans le pays. L'entrée en campagne de Tilgath-Piléser obligea les rois alliés à lever le siège de Jérusalem pour aller défendre leurs territoires respectifs. Le roi assyrien dévasta la partie N. du royaume d'Israël et s'empara des villes de Ijjon, Abel-Beth-Maaca, Janoah, Kédès, Hatsor, de la Galilée, du pays de Nephthali, ainsi que de territoires du pays de Galaad ; les populations en furent déportées en Assyrie. La capitale Samarie ne dut son salut qu'au fait que le monarque hostile à l'Assyrie fut détrôné, assassiné et remplacé sur le trône par un personnage nommé Osée, dont les inscriptions assyriennes disent qu'il aurait été élevé à la dignité royale par Tilgath-Piléser, et qui fut le dernier roi d'Israël. Ant. -J. B.

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      2 Chroniques 28

      1 Ahaz was twenty years old when he began to reign; and he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem: and he didn't do that which was right in the eyes of Yahweh, like David his father;
      2 but he walked in the ways of the kings of Israel, and made also molten images for the Baals.
      3 Moreover he burnt incense in the valley of the son of Hinnom, and burnt his children in the fire, according to the abominations of the nations whom Yahweh cast out before the children of Israel.
      4 He sacrificed and burnt incense in the high places, and on the hills, and under every green tree.
      5 Therefore Yahweh his God delivered him into the hand of the king of Syria; and they struck him, and carried away of his a great multitude of captives, and brought them to Damascus. He was also delivered into the hand of the king of Israel, who struck him with a great slaughter.
      6 For Pekah the son of Remaliah killed in Judah one hundred twenty thousand in one day, all of them valiant men; because they had forsaken Yahweh, the God of their fathers.
      7 Zichri, a mighty man of Ephraim, killed Maaseiah the king's son, and Azrikam the ruler of the house, and Elkanah who was next to the king.
      8 The children of Israel carried away captive of their brothers two hundred thousand, women, sons, and daughters, and took also away much spoil from them, and brought the spoil to Samaria.
      9 But a prophet of Yahweh was there, whose name was Oded: and he went out to meet the army that came to Samaria, and said to them, "Behold, because Yahweh, the God of your fathers, was angry with Judah, he has delivered them into your hand, and you have slain them in a rage which has reached up to heaven.
      10 Now you purpose to keep under the children of Judah and Jerusalem for bondservants and bondmaids for yourselves. Aren't there even with you trespasses of your own against Yahweh your God?
      11 Now hear me therefore, and send back the captives, that you have taken captive from your brothers; for the fierce wrath of Yahweh is on you."
      12 Then some of the heads of the children of Ephraim, Azariah the son of Johanan, Berechiah the son of Meshillemoth, and Jehizkiah the son of Shallum, and Amasa the son of Hadlai, stood up against those who came from the war,
      13 and said to them, "You shall not bring in the captives here: for you purpose that which will bring on us a trespass against Yahweh, to add to our sins and to our trespass; for our trespass is great, and there is fierce wrath against Israel."
      14 So the armed men left the captives and the spoil before the princes and all the assembly.
      15 The men who have been mentioned by name rose up, and took the captives, and with the spoil clothed all who were naked among them, dressed them, gave them sandals, and gave them something to eat and to drink, anointed them, carried all the feeble of them on donkeys, and brought them to Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brothers. Then they returned to Samaria.
      16 At that time king Ahaz sent to the kings of Assyria to help him.
      17 For again the Edomites had come and struck Judah, and carried away captives.
      18 The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the lowland, and of the South of Judah, and had taken Beth Shemesh, and Aijalon, and Gederoth, and Soco with its towns, and Timnah with its towns, Gimzo also and its towns: and they lived there.
      19 For Yahweh brought Judah low because of Ahaz king of Israel; for he had dealt wantonly in Judah, and trespassed severely against Yahweh.
      20 Tilgath Pilneser king of Assyria came to him, and distressed him, but didn't strengthen him.
      21 For Ahaz took away a portion out of the house of Yahweh, and out of the house of the king and of the princes, and gave it to the king of Assyria: but it didn't help him.
      22 In the time of his distress, he trespassed yet more against Yahweh, this same king Ahaz.
      23 For he sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, which struck him; and he said, "Because the gods of the kings of Syria helped them, so I will sacrifice to them, that they may help me." But they were the ruin of him, and of all Israel.
      24 Ahaz gathered together the vessels of God's house, and cut in pieces the vessels of God's house, and shut up the doors of the house of Yahweh; and he made him altars in every corner of Jerusalem.
      25 In every city of Judah he made high places to burn incense to other gods, and provoked to anger Yahweh, the God of his fathers.
      26 Now the rest of his acts, and all his ways, first and last, behold, they are written in the book of the kings of Judah and Israel.
      27 Ahaz slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city, even in Jerusalem; for they didn't bring him into the tombs of the kings of Israel: and Hezekiah his son reigned in his place.

      Esaïe 7

      1 It happened in the days of Ahaz the son of Jotham, the son of Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah, king of Israel, went up to Jerusalem to war against it, but could not prevail against it.
      2 It was told the house of David, saying, "Syria is allied with Ephraim." His heart trembled, and the heart of his people, as the trees of the forest tremble with the wind.
      3 Then Yahweh said to Isaiah, "Go out now to meet Ahaz, you, and Shearjashub your son, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool, on the highway of the fuller's field.
      4 Tell him, 'Be careful, and keep calm. Don't be afraid, neither let your heart be faint because of these two tails of smoking torches, for the fierce anger of Rezin and Syria, and of the son of Remaliah.
      5 Because Syria, Ephraim, and the son of Remaliah, have plotted evil against you, saying,
      6 "Let's go up against Judah, and tear it apart, and let's divide it among ourselves, and set up a king in its midst, even the son of Tabeel."
      7 This is what the Lord Yahweh says: "It shall not stand, neither shall it happen."
      8 For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin; and within sixty-five years Ephraim shall be broken in pieces, so that it shall not be a people;
      9 and the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is Remaliah's son. If you will not believe, surely you shall not be established.'"
      10 Yahweh spoke again to Ahaz, saying,
      11 "Ask a sign of Yahweh your God; ask it either in the depth, or in the height above."
      12 But Ahaz said, "I will not ask, neither will I tempt Yahweh."
      13 He said, "Listen now, house of David. Is it not enough for you to try the patience of men, that you will try the patience of my God also?
      14 Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. Behold, the virgin will conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel.
      15 He shall eat butter and honey when he knows to refuse the evil, and choose the good.
      16 For before the child knows to refuse the evil, and choose the good, the land whose two kings you abhor shall be forsaken.
      17 Yahweh will bring on you, on your people, and on your father's house, days that have not come, from the day that Ephraim departed from Judah; even the king of Assyria.
      18 It will happen in that day that Yahweh will whistle for the fly that is in the uttermost part of the rivers of Egypt, and for the bee that is in the land of Assyria.
      19 They shall come, and shall all rest in the desolate valleys, in the clefts of the rocks, on all thorn hedges, and on all pastures.
      20 In that day the Lord will shave with a razor that is hired in the parts beyond the River, even with the king of Assyria, the head and the hair of the feet; and it shall also consume the beard.
      21 It shall happen in that day that a man shall keep alive a young cow, and two sheep;
      22 and it shall happen, that because of the abundance of milk which they shall give he shall eat butter: for everyone will eat butter and honey that is left in the midst of the land.
      23 It will happen in that day that every place where there were a thousand vines at a thousand silver shekels, shall be for briers and thorns.
      24 People will go there with arrows and with bow, because all the land will be briers and thorns.
      25 All the hills that were cultivated with the hoe, you shall not come there for fear of briers and thorns; but it shall be for the sending forth of oxen, and for the treading of sheep."

      Esaïe 8

      6 "Because this people have refused the waters of Shiloah that go softly, and rejoice in Rezin and Remaliah's son;
      9 Make an uproar, you peoples, and be broken in pieces! Listen, all you from far countries: dress for battle, and be shattered! Dress for battle, and be shattered!
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