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PERSE

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Au sens restreint la Perse est la région située au Sud de l'Elam et à l'Ouest du golfe Persique ; au sens large, ce mot désigne l'Iran ou même l'empire perse. Dans l'A.T., il s'applique en général à l'empire, sauf dans deux passages douteux (Eze 27:10 38:5). Parsua (dans les inscr, assyriennes à partir de Salmanasar III en 835) est un pays situé au Nord de l'Élam et au Sud du lac d'Ourmia et n'a apparemment aucune relation avec la Perse proprement dite. Les Perses sont des Iraniens (Aryens), comme les Mèdes ; nous ne savons rien de leur histoire avant la fondation de leur empire (pour cette période ancienne, voir Médie), à part les légendes et les mythes iraniens transmis dans l'Avesta et dans l'épopée de Firdousi (poète dont le millénaire a été célébré en 1934).

Cyrus, fils de Cambyse et descendant d'Achéménès, devint roi d'Anzan (dans l'Élam) en 559 ; en 550 il déposa son suzerain Astyage roi de Médie ; en 546, il s'empara du royaume de Lydie ; et, en 538, il entra en triomphateur dans Babylone. Son fils Cambyse (528-522) étendit sa domination sur l'Egypte (525). Après la défaite de l'usurpateur Smerdis (Gaumata, 522-521), Darius I er (521-485) rétablit l'ordre et la paix dans l'empire, qu'il réorganisa admirablement, d'après Hérodote, en 20 satrapies (120 provinces d'après Da 6:1, ou 127 d'après Est 1:1) ; il construisit des routes et établit des courriers, fixa les taxes, battit monnaie (darique), encouragea la navigation et le commerce : bref il fut l'Auguste de l'empire dont Cyrus avait été le César. Xerxès I er (485-465), ou Assuérus (Est 1:1, etc.), fut battu par les Grecs à Salamine (480).

La décadence qui commence avec Xerxès s'accentue sous ses successeurs : Artaxerxès I er (465-424) ; Voir Atlas 9

Xerxès II, Sogdianus ; Darius II (424-405), Artaxerxès II (405-358), Artaxerxès III (358-337), Arsès (337-336), Darius III (336-331). Après une série de campagnes célèbres, Alexandre le G d prit possession de l'empire perse en 331.

L'A. T, ne connaît que quatre rois de Perse (Da 11:2 7:6, à moins que Ne 12:22 ne nomme Darius III) : Cyrus (Esa 44:28 45:1, Esd 1:1 et suivants, 2Ch 36:22, Da 10:1), Darius I er (Ag 1:1,15 2:10, Zach, 1:1,7 7:1, Esd 4:5-24 5:5,7 6:1 etc.), Xerxès I er, (Assuérus, Esd 4:6, Est 1:1-10) Artaxerxès I er ; voir (Ne 2:1 5:14 13:6, Esd 4:7,23 6:14 7:1-21 8:1) art. à chacun de ces noms. Les seuls textes absolument contemporains des rois en question sont ceux d'Agée et Zacharie, (sous Darius I er) et de Ne (sous Artaxerxès I er) ; faisant contraste avec ces sources historiques de premier ordre, Esther, et Daniel sont des récits plus ou moins imaginaires. Le compilateur du livre d'Esdras, (vivant vers 250) ne connaît plus la succession chronologique des rois perses, qu'il nomme dans l'ordre suivant : Cyrus, Xerxès I er, Artaxerxès I er, Darius I er (Esd 6:14 semble présenter l'ordre correct, mais le verset suivant montre bien que l'auteur place en réalité Darius après Artaxerxès).

La religion des Perses, depuis Cyrus en tout cas, est le mazdéisme, système dualiste de Zoroastre (VII e siècle) qui semble avoir influencé le développement du judaïsme, notamment dans la doctrine des anges, de Satan, du paradis et de l'enfer, de la résurrection et du jugement final. R.H. Pf.

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      2 Chroniques 36

      20 He carried those who had escaped from the sword away to Babylon; and they were servants to him and his sons until the reign of the kingdom of Persia:
      22 Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of Yahweh by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, Yahweh stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, so that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying,
      23 "Thus says Cyrus king of Persia, 'Yahweh, the God of heaven, has given all the kingdoms of the earth to me; and he has commanded me to build him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whoever there is among you of all his people, Yahweh his God be with him, and let him go up.'"

      Esdras 1

      1 Now in the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, that the word of Yahweh by the mouth of Jeremiah might be accomplished, Yahweh stirred up the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, so that he made a proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and put it also in writing, saying,
      2 "Thus says Cyrus king of Persia, 'Yahweh, the God of heaven, has given me all the kingdoms of the earth; and he has commanded me to build him a house in Jerusalem, which is in Judah.
      8 even those, Cyrus king of Persia brought out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, and numbered them to Sheshbazzar, the prince of Judah.

      Esdras 3

      7 They also gave money to the masons, and to the carpenters. They also gave food, drink, and oil to the people of Sidon and Tyre, to bring cedar trees from Lebanon to the sea, to Joppa, according to the grant that they had from Cyrus King of Persia.

      Esdras 4

      3 But Zerubbabel, and Jeshua, and the rest of the heads of fathers' households of Israel, said to them, "You have nothing to do with us in building a house to our God; but we ourselves together will build to Yahweh, the God of Israel, as king Cyrus the king of Persia has commanded us."
      5 and hired counselors against them, to frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king of Persia, even until the reign of Darius king of Persia.
      6 In the reign of Ahasuerus, in the beginning of his reign, wrote they an accusation against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem.
      7 In the days of Artaxerxes wrote Bishlam, Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of his companions, to Artaxerxes king of Persia; and the writing of the letter was written in Syrian, and set forth in the Syrian language.
      8 Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the king in this sort:
      9 then Rehum the chancellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their companions, the Dinaites, and the Apharsathchites, the Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the Babylonians, the Shushanchites, the Dehaites, the Elamites,
      10 and the rest of the nations whom the great and noble Osnappar brought over, and set in the city of Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River, and so forth, wrote.
      11 This is the copy of the letter that they sent to Artaxerxes the king: Your servants the men beyond the River, and so forth.
      12 Be it known to the king, that the Jews who came up from you have come to us to Jerusalem; they are building the rebellious and the bad city, and have finished the walls, and repaired the foundations.
      13 Be it known now to the king that if this city is built, and the walls finished, they will not pay tribute, custom, or toll, and in the end it will be hurtful to the kings.
      14 Now because we eat the salt of the palace, and it is not appropriate for us to see the king's dishonor, therefore have we sent and informed the king;
      15 that search may be made in the book of the records of your fathers: so you shall find in the book of the records, and know that this city is a rebellious city, and hurtful to kings and provinces, and that they have moved sedition within the same of old time; for which cause was this city laid waste.
      16 We inform the king that, if this city be built, and the walls finished, by this means you shall have no portion beyond the River.
      17 Then the king sent an answer to Rehum the chancellor, and to Shimshai the scribe, and to the rest of their companions who dwell in Samaria, and in the rest of the country beyond the River: Peace, and so forth.
      18 The letter which you sent to us has been plainly read before me.
      19 I decreed, and search has been made, and it is found that this city of old time has made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein.
      20 There have been mighty kings also over Jerusalem, who have ruled over all the country beyond the River; and tribute, custom, and toll, was paid to them.
      21 Make a decree now to cause these men to cease, and that this city not be built, until a decree shall be made by me.
      22 Take heed that you not be slack herein: why should damage grow to the hurt of the kings?
      23 Then when the copy of king Artaxerxes' letter was read before Rehum, and Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they went in haste to Jerusalem to the Jews, and made them to cease by force and power.
      24 Then ceased the work of God's house which is at Jerusalem; and it ceased until the second year of the reign of Darius king of Persia.

      Esdras 5

      5 But the eye of their God was on the elders of the Jews, and they did not make them cease, until the matter should come to Darius, and then answer should be returned by letter concerning it.
      7 they sent a letter to him, in which was written thus: To Darius the king, all peace.

      Esdras 6

      1 Then Darius the king made a decree, and search was made in the house of the archives, where the treasures were laid up in Babylon.
      14 The elders of the Jews built and prospered, through the prophesying of Haggai the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. They built and finished it, according to the commandment of the God of Israel, and according to the decree of Cyrus, and Darius, and Artaxerxes king of Persia.

      Esdras 7

      1 Now after these things, in the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia, Ezra the son of Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah,

      Esdras 8

      1 Now these are the heads of their fathers' households, and this is the genealogy of those who went up with me from Babylon, in the reign of Artaxerxes the king:

      Esdras 9

      9 For we are bondservants; yet our God has not forsaken us in our bondage, but has extended loving kindness to us in the sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to set up the house of our God, and to repair its ruins, and to give us a wall in Judah and in Jerusalem.

      Néhémie 2

      1 It happened in the month Nisan, in the twentieth year of Artaxerxes the king, when wine was before him, that I took up the wine, and gave it to the king. Now I had not been sad before in his presence.

      Néhémie 5

      14 Moreover from the time that I was appointed to be their governor in the land of Judah, from the twentieth year even to the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that is, twelve years, I and my brothers have not eaten the bread of the governor.

      Néhémie 12

      22 As for the Levites, in the days of Eliashib, Joiada, and Johanan, and Jaddua, there were recorded the heads of fathers' households; also the priests, in the reign of Darius the Persian.

      Néhémie 13

      6 But in all this, I was not at Jerusalem; for in the two and thirtieth year of Artaxerxes king of Babylon I went to the king: and after certain days asked I leave of the king,

      Esther 1

      1 Now it happened in the days of Ahasuerus (this is Ahasuerus who reigned from India even to Ethiopia, over one hundred twenty-seven provinces),
      2 that in those days, when the King Ahasuerus sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Shushan the palace,
      3 in the third year of his reign, he made a feast for all his princes and his servants; the power of Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the provinces, being before him.
      4 He displayed the riches of his glorious kingdom and the honor of his excellent majesty many days, even one hundred eighty days.
      5 When these days were fulfilled, the king made a seven day feast for all the people who were present in Shushan the palace, both great and small, in the court of the garden of the king's palace.
      6 There were hangings of white, green, and blue material, fastened with cords of fine linen and purple to silver rings and marble pillars. The couches were of gold and silver, on a pavement of red, white, yellow, and black marble.
      7 They gave them drinks in golden vessels of various kinds, including royal wine in abundance, according to the bounty of the king.
      8 In accordance with the law, the drinking was not compulsory; for so the king had instructed all the officials of his house, that they should do according to every man's pleasure.
      9 Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the women in the royal house which belonged to King Ahasuerus.
      10 On the seventh day, when the heart of the king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha, and Abagtha, Zethar, and Carcass, the seven eunuchs who served in the presence of Ahasuerus the king,
      14 and the next to him were Carshena, Shethar, Admatha, Tarshish, Meres, Marsena, and Memucan, the seven princes of Persia and Media, who saw the king's face, and sat first in the kingdom),
      18 Today, the princesses of Persia and Media who have heard of the queen's deed will tell all the king's princes. This will cause much contempt and wrath.

      Esther 10

      2 All the acts of his power and of his might, and the full account of the greatness of Mordecai, to which the king advanced him, aren't they written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Media and Persia?

      Esaïe 44

      28 Who says of Cyrus, 'He is my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure,' even saying of Jerusalem, 'She will be built;' and of the temple, 'Your foundation will be laid.'"

      Esaïe 45

      1 Thus says Yahweh to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose right hand I have held, to subdue nations before him, and strip kings of their armor; to open the doors before him, and the gates shall not be shut:

      Ezéchiel 27

      10 Persia and Lud and Put were in your army, your men of war: they hanged the shield and helmet in you; they set forth your comeliness.

      Ezéchiel 38

      5 Persia, Cush, and Put with them, all of them with shield and helmet;

      Daniel 6

      1 It pleased Darius to set over the kingdom one hundred twenty satraps, who should be throughout the whole kingdom;

      Daniel 7

      6 After this I saw, and behold, another, like a leopard, which had on its back four wings of a bird; the animal had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.

      Daniel 8

      20 The ram which you saw, that had the two horns, they are the kings of Media and Persia.

      Daniel 10

      1 In the third year of Cyrus king of Persia a thing was revealed to Daniel, whose name was called Belteshazzar; and the thing was true, even a great warfare: and he understood the thing, and had understanding of the vision.
      13 But the prince of the kingdom of Persia withstood me twenty-one days; but, behold, Michael, one of the chief princes, came to help me: and I remained there with the kings of Persia.
      20 Then he said, "Do you know why I have come to you? Now I will return to fight with the prince of Persia. When I go forth, behold, the prince of Greece shall come.

      Daniel 11

      2 Now will I show you the truth. Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than they all: and when he has grown strong through his riches, he shall stir up all against the realm of Greece.

      Aggée 1

      1 In the second year of Darius the king, in the sixth month, in the first day of the month, the Word of Yahweh came by Haggai, the prophet, to Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, governor of Judah, and to Joshua, the son of Jehozadak, the high priest, saying,
      15 in the twenty-fourth day of the month, in the sixth month, in the second year of Darius the king.

      Aggée 2

      10 In the twenty-fourth day of the ninth month, in the second year of Darius, the Word of Yahweh came by Haggai the prophet, saying,

      Zacharie 1

      1 In the eighth month, in the second year of Darius, the word of Yahweh came to Zechariah the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo, the prophet, saying,
      7 On the twenty-fourth day of the eleventh month, which is the month Shebat, in the second year of Darius, the word of Yahweh came to Zechariah the son of Berechiah, the son of Iddo, the prophet, saying,

      Zacharie 7

      1 It happened in the fourth year of king Darius that the word of Yahweh came to Zechariah in the fourth day of the ninth month, the month of Chislev.
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