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PHARAON

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Nom donné dans la Bible aux souverains d'Égypte. Il nous vient, à travers le gr. Pharaô et l'hébreu par'ôh, de l'égypt, per'ho signifiant « grande maison ». Ce terme, qui se trouve déjà dans les inscriptions hiéroglyphiques de la IV° dynastie pour désigner le pouvoir royal (cf. « Sublime Porte » pour le gouvernement turc), devint par la suite un titre honorifique donné aux rois d'Egypte jusqu'à l'époque perse. Dans le langage populaire et dans les contes, si le nom du roi était inconnu ou n'avait guère d'importance, on disait simplement le pharaon ou Pharaon. C'est cet usage qui est suivi généralement dans les récits bibliques. Exemples :

1° Le pharaon qui enleva la femme d'Abraham (Ge 12:10-20) et qu'il est inutile de chercher à identifier.

2° Le pharaon de l'histoire de Joseph (Ge 39 à 50).

3° Le pharaon « qui n'avait pas connu Joseph » et opprima les enfants d'Israël (Ex 1 et 2). On l'identifie ordinairement avec Ramsès II (1300-1234 av. J. -C), le grand constructeur.

4° Le pharaon de l'Exode (Ex 5-14), volontiers identifié avec Mernephta, le successeur de Ramsès II (1233-1224 av. J. -C), mais sans preuve décisive jusqu'ici. Sur une stèle où Mernephta célèbre ses victoires figure pour la première fois dans un texte égyptien le nom d'Israël, mais comme celui d'un peuple qu'il a battu : « Israïlou est dévasté, il n'a plus de semence » (voir Exode).

5° Le pharaon qui donna sa fille en mariage au roi Salomon (1Ro 3:1), avec la ville de Guézer comme dot (1Ro 9:16). L'égyptologue Maspéro l'identifie avec Psioukhanou II (ou Psousennès), dernier roi taïnite de la XXI e dynastie (Hist. anc. des Peuples de l'Or., pp. 391, 416). Le même pharaon avait accueilli et marié à sa belle-soeur le fils du roi d'Édom, qui fut un adversaire de Salomon (1Ro 11:14,22).

Pour les rois dont les noms propres étaient connus, ces noms sont précédés du titre de Pharaon, comme dans les textes égyptiens officiels. Exemples :

1° « Pharaon Néco, roi d'Egypte », (2Ro 23:29-35,2Ch 35:20-36:4) le célèbre conquérant Néchao II qui battit et tua le roi Josias à Méguiddo (608 av. J. -C.) et fut lui-même vaincu à Carkémis par Nébucadnetsar, le roi de Babylone (Jer 46:2).

2° « Pharaon Hophra, roi d'Egypte » (Jer 44:30), l'Apriès des textes égyptiens, qui succéda à Psammétique II et régna de 589 à 564. Il vint au secours de Sédécias, le dernier roi de Juda, assiégé par Nébucadnetsar, mais se retira sans avoir osé livrer bataille (Jer 37:4,7,11). Jérémie prophétisa sa mort violente : il mourut en effet assassiné. D'autres rois égyptiens sont nommés sans le titre de pharaon : Sisak (1Ro 11:40 14:25 et suivant) ou Sheshonq I er, qui pilla Jérusalem du temps de Roboam ; et So (2Ro 17:4) ou Shabaka, dont le roi de Samarie, Osée, avait sollicité l'alliance.

Dans le langage prophétique et poétique, Pharaon est souvent le nom personnifiant l'Egypte (Esa 19:11 Eze 29:2 30:21,25 31:2,18 32:2,31, Ps 135:9, Ca 1:9 etc.).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Genèse 12

      10 There was a famine in the land. Abram went down into Egypt to live as a foreigner there, for the famine was severe in the land.
      11 It happened, when he had come near to enter Egypt, that he said to Sarai his wife, "See now, I know that you are a beautiful woman to look at.
      12 It will happen, when the Egyptians will see you, that they will say, 'This is his wife.' They will kill me, but they will save you alive.
      13 Please say that you are my sister, that it may be well with me for your sake, and that my soul may live because of you."
      14 It happened that when Abram had come into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was very beautiful.
      15 The princes of Pharaoh saw her, and praised her to Pharaoh; and the woman was taken into Pharaoh's house.
      16 He dealt well with Abram for her sake. He had sheep, cattle, male donkeys, male servants, female servants, female donkeys, and camels.
      17 Yahweh plagued Pharaoh and his house with great plagues because of Sarai, Abram's wife.
      18 Pharaoh called Abram and said, "What is this that you have done to me? Why didn't you tell me that she was your wife?
      19 Why did you say, 'She is my sister,' so that I took her to be my wife? Now therefore, see your wife, take her, and go your way."
      20 Pharaoh commanded men concerning him, and they brought him on the way with his wife and all that he had.

      Genèse 39

      1 Joseph was brought down to Egypt. Potiphar, an officer of Pharaoh's, the captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him from the hand of the Ishmaelites that had brought him down there.
      2 Yahweh was with Joseph, and he was a prosperous man. He was in the house of his master the Egyptian.
      3 His master saw that Yahweh was with him, and that Yahweh made all that he did prosper in his hand.
      4 Joseph found favor in his sight. He ministered to him, and he made him overseer over his house, and all that he had he put into his hand.
      5 It happened from the time that he made him overseer in his house, and over all that he had, that Yahweh blessed the Egyptian's house for Joseph's sake; and the blessing of Yahweh was on all that he had, in the house and in the field.
      6 He left all that he had in Joseph's hand. He didn't concern himself with anything, except for the food which he ate. Joseph was well-built and handsome.
      7 It happened after these things, that his master's wife cast her eyes on Joseph; and she said, "Lie with me."
      8 But he refused, and said to his master's wife, "Behold, my master doesn't know what is with me in the house, and he has put all that he has into my hand.
      9 He isn't greater in this house than I, neither has he kept back anything from me but you, because you are his wife. How then can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God?"
      10 As she spoke to Joseph day by day, he didn't listen to her, to lie by her, or to be with her.
      11 About this time, he went into the house to do his work, and there were none of the men of the house inside.
      12 She caught him by his garment, saying, "Lie with me!" He left his garment in her hand, and ran outside.
      13 When she saw that he had left his garment in her hand, and had run outside,
      14 she called to the men of her house, and spoke to them, saying, "Behold, he has brought in a Hebrew to us to mock us. He came in to me to lie with me, and I cried with a loud voice.
      15 It happened, when he heard that I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment by me, and ran outside."
      16 She laid up his garment by her, until his master came home.
      17 She spoke to him according to these words, saying, "The Hebrew servant, whom you have brought to us, came in to me to mock me,
      18 and it happened, as I lifted up my voice and cried, that he left his garment by me, and ran outside."
      19 It happened, when his master heard the words of his wife, which she spoke to him, saying, "This is what your servant did to me," that his wrath was kindled.
      20 Joseph's master took him, and put him into the prison, the place where the king's prisoners were bound, and he was there in custody.
      21 But Yahweh was with Joseph, and showed kindness to him, and gave him favor in the sight of the keeper of the prison.
      22 The keeper of the prison committed to Joseph's hand all the prisoners who were in the prison. Whatever they did there, he was responsible for it.
      23 The keeper of the prison didn't look after anything that was under his hand, because Yahweh was with him; and that which he did, Yahweh made it prosper.

      Exode 1

      1 Now these are the names of the sons of Israel, who came into Egypt (every man and his household came with Jacob):
      2 Reuben, Simeon, Levi, and Judah,
      3 Issachar, Zebulun, and Benjamin,
      4 Dan and Naphtali, Gad and Asher.
      5 All the souls who came out of Jacob's body were seventy souls, and Joseph was in Egypt already.
      6 Joseph died, as did all his brothers, and all that generation.
      7 The children of Israel were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and multiplied, and grew exceedingly mighty; and the land was filled with them.
      8 Now there arose a new king over Egypt, who didn't know Joseph.
      9 He said to his people, "Behold, the people of the children of Israel are more and mightier than we.
      10 Come, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply, and it happen that when any war breaks out, they also join themselves to our enemies, and fight against us, and escape out of the land."
      11 Therefore they set taskmasters over them to afflict them with their burdens. They built storage cities for Pharaoh: Pithom and Raamses.
      12 But the more they afflicted them, the more they multiplied and the more they spread out. They were grieved because of the children of Israel.
      13 The Egyptians ruthlessly made the children of Israel serve,
      14 and they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all kinds of service in the field, all their service, in which they ruthlessly made them serve.
      15 The king of Egypt spoke to the Hebrew midwives, of whom the name of the one was Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah,
      16 and he said, "When you perform the duty of a midwife to the Hebrew women, and see them on the birth stool; if it is a son, then you shall kill him; but if it is a daughter, then she shall live."
      17 But the midwives feared God, and didn't do what the king of Egypt commanded them, but saved the baby boys alive.
      18 The king of Egypt called for the midwives, and said to them, "Why have you done this thing, and have saved the boys alive?"
      19 The midwives said to Pharaoh, "Because the Hebrew women aren't like the Egyptian women; for they are vigorous, and give birth before the midwife comes to them."
      20 God dealt well with the midwives, and the people multiplied, and grew very mighty.
      21 It happened, because the midwives feared God, that he gave them families.
      22 Pharaoh commanded all his people, saying, "You shall cast every son who is born into the river, and every daughter you shall save alive."

      Exode 2

      1 A man of the house of Levi went and took a daughter of Levi as his wife.
      2 The woman conceived, and bore a son. When she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him three months.
      3 When she could no longer hide him, she took a papyrus basket for him, and coated it with tar and with pitch. She put the child in it, and laid it in the reeds by the river's bank.
      4 His sister stood far off, to see what would be done to him.
      5 Pharaoh's daughter came down to bathe at the river. Her maidens walked along by the riverside. She saw the basket among the reeds, and sent her handmaid to get it.
      6 She opened it, and saw the child, and behold, the baby cried. She had compassion on him, and said, "This is one of the Hebrews' children."
      7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh's daughter, "Should I go and call a nurse for you from the Hebrew women, that she may nurse the child for you?"
      8 Pharaoh's daughter said to her, "Go." The maiden went and called the child's mother.
      9 Pharaoh's daughter said to her, "Take this child away, and nurse him for me, and I will give you your wages." The woman took the child, and nursed it.
      10 The child grew, and she brought him to Pharaoh's daughter, and he became her son. She named him Moses, and said, "Because I drew him out of the water."
      11 It happened in those days, when Moses had grown up, that he went out to his brothers, and looked at their burdens. He saw an Egyptian striking a Hebrew, one of his brothers.
      12 He looked this way and that way, and when he saw that there was no one, he killed the Egyptian, and hid him in the sand.
      13 He went out the second day, and behold, two men of the Hebrews were fighting with each other. He said to him who did the wrong, "Why do you strike your fellow?"
      14 He said, "Who made you a prince and a judge over us? Do you plan to kill me, as you killed the Egyptian?" Moses was afraid, and said, "Surely this thing is known."
      15 Now when Pharaoh heard this thing, he sought to kill Moses. But Moses fled from the face of Pharaoh, and lived in the land of Midian, and he sat down by a well.
      16 Now the priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came and drew water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock.
      17 The shepherds came and drove them away; but Moses stood up and helped them, and watered their flock.
      18 When they came to Reuel, their father, he said, "How is it that you have returned so early today?"
      19 They said, "An Egyptian delivered us out of the hand of the shepherds, and moreover he drew water for us, and watered the flock."
      20 He said to his daughters, "Where is he? Why is it that you have left the man? Call him, that he may eat bread."
      21 Moses was content to dwell with the man. He gave Moses Zipporah, his daughter.
      22 She bore a son, and he named him Gershom, for he said, "I have lived as a foreigner in a foreign land."
      23 It happened in the course of those many days, that the king of Egypt died, and the children of Israel sighed because of the bondage, and they cried, and their cry came up to God because of the bondage.
      24 God heard their groaning, and God remembered his covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with Jacob.
      25 God saw the children of Israel, and God was concerned about them.

      Exode 5

      1 Afterward Moses and Aaron came, and said to Pharaoh, "This is what Yahweh, the God of Israel, says, 'Let my people go, that they may hold a feast to me in the wilderness.'"
      2 Pharaoh said, "Who is Yahweh, that I should listen to his voice to let Israel go? I don't know Yahweh, and moreover I will not let Israel go."
      3 They said, "The God of the Hebrews has met with us. Please let us go three days' journey into the wilderness, and sacrifice to Yahweh, our God, lest he fall on us with pestilence, or with the sword."
      4 The king of Egypt said to them, "Why do you, Moses and Aaron, take the people from their work? Get back to your burdens!"
      5 Pharaoh said, "Behold, the people of the land are now many, and you make them rest from their burdens."
      6 The same day Pharaoh commanded the taskmasters of the people, and their officers, saying,
      7 "You shall no longer give the people straw to make brick, as before. Let them go and gather straw for themselves.
      8 The number of the bricks, which they made before, you require from them. You shall not diminish anything of it, for they are idle; therefore they cry, saying, 'Let us go and sacrifice to our God.'
      9 Let heavier work be laid on the men, that they may labor therein; and don't let them pay any attention to lying words."
      10 The taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers, and they spoke to the people, saying, "This is what Pharaoh says: 'I will not give you straw.
      11 Go yourselves, get straw where you can find it, for nothing of your work shall be diminished.'"
      12 So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather stubble for straw.
      13 The taskmasters were urgent saying, "Fulfill your work quota daily, as when there was straw!"
      14 The officers of the children of Israel, whom Pharaoh's taskmasters had set over them, were beaten, and demanded, "Why haven't you fulfilled your quota both yesterday and today, in making brick as before?"
      15 Then the officers of the children of Israel came and cried to Pharaoh, saying, "Why do you deal this way with your servants?
      16 No straw is given to your servants, and they tell us, 'Make brick!' and behold, your servants are beaten; but the fault is in your own people."
      17 But he said, "You are idle! You are idle! Therefore you say, 'Let us go and sacrifice to Yahweh.'
      18 Go therefore now, and work, for no straw shall be given to you, yet you shall deliver the same number of bricks!"
      19 The officers of the children of Israel saw that they were in trouble, when it was said, "You shall not diminish anything from your daily quota of bricks!"
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