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PHILIPPE

Nom grec (=amateur de chevaux) très répandu dans toute l'antiquité.

I DANS LES APOCRYPHES.

1. Père d'Alexandre le Grand (1Ma 1:1 6:2), connu dans l'histoire sous le nom de Philippe II de Macédoine.

2. Avant-dernier roi de Macédoine, qui régna sous le nom de Philippe V et qui fut défait par le consul romain Quintius Flamininus à Cynocéphales, en 197 av. J. -C (1Ma 8:5),. Son fils Persée lui succéda en 178.

3. Conseiller d'Antiochus Épiphane ; peut-être son frère de lait ou son compagnon d'enfance (pour le sens du terme gr. suntrophos oui lui est appliqué dans 2Ma 9:29, voir Manahem). D'après 1Ma 6:14,16, Antiochus, sur le point de mourir, en Perse, l'aurait fait appeler, comme ami de confiance, pour lui remettre l'empire et le soin de diriger son jeune fils, Antiochus Eupator, jusqu'à sa majorité. Mais un autre des généraux d'Antiochus Épiphane, Lysias, à qui la même charge avait été donnée auparavant, s'empressa, à la mort du roi, de faire monter sur le trône Antiochus Eupator (1Ma 6:17), âgé seulement de neuf ans selon les uns, de quatorze ans selon les autres. Philippe, après avoir ramené le corps de son maître, se heurta à l'hostilité de Lysias et d'Antiochus Eupator, se réfugia en Egypte (2Ma 9:29) et fut finalement vaincu par son rival à Antioche et mis à mort. Ce Philippe est sans doute le même que le Phrygien dont il est question dans 2Ma 5:22 et 6:11, qu'Antiochus Épiphane

nomma gouverneur de Jérusalem et qui se distingua par sa cruauté.

II DANS LE NOUVEAU TESTAMENT.

1.

Frère d'Hérode Antipas, premier époux d'Hérodias ; voir (Mr 6:17, Mt 14:3) Hérodes (les), parag. 9.

2.

Autre frère d'Hérode Antipas, tétrarque de la Trachonite et de l'Iturée ; voir (Lu 3:1, Mr 8:27, Mt 16:13) Hérodes (les), parag. 10. --Pour ces deux personnages, voir aussi Palestine au siècle de J. -C.

3.

L'apôtre Philippe.

L'un des Douze (Mr 3:18 parallèle Mt 10:3 parallèle Lu 6:11), que Jésus appela lui-même et personnellement. Clément d'Alexandrie pense que c'est lui qui aurait dit à Jésus : « Laisse-moi d'abord ensevelir mon père » (Lu 9:59 parallèle Mt 8:21), hypothèse qui ne cadre pas avec la place de cet incident dans le ministère du Maître, mais qui s'explique par une certaine analogie de situation avec le caractère de Philippe. En dehors des listes des Douze, c'est le 4 e évang, seul qui nous renseigne à son sujet, comme c'est aussi le cas pour André (voir ce mot). Dans les 4 listes, André est nommé le quatrième du premier groupe de quatre, et Philippe le suit comme le premier du deuxième groupe de quatre. Comme André et Pierre, il est de Bethsaïda en Galilée (Jn 14:4), et deux fois André se trouve nommé, au moment d'agir, à côté de Philippe (Jn 6:8 12:21 et suivant). De même qu'André appelé par Jésus va porter à Pierre la nouvelle qu'il a trouvé le Messie attendu, de même Philippe appelé à son tour va l'annoncer à Nathanaël ; mais au lieu d'un bref cri du coeur comme celui d'André : « Nous avons trouvé le Messie ! » le témoignage de Philippe est un exposé documenté, plutôt pesant, et dont tous les mots portent : « Celui dont Moïse a parlé dans la loi et dont les prophètes aussi ont parlé, nous l'avons trouvé : c'est Jésus de Nazareth, le fils de Joseph » (Jn 1:41,45). La réponse étourdie de Nathanaël (voir ce mot) : « Peut-il venir quelque chose de bon de Nazareth ? » provoque la réplique calme et positive d'un esprit qui s'attache aux faits : « Viens et vois ! » (Jn 14:6). Ce tour d'esprit précis, méticuleux, se manifeste encore dans sa réponse à Jésus sur l'endroit où acheter des pains pour la foule : il calcule instantanément la quantité nécessaire, dont il connaît le prix, et doute que 200 deniers soient « suffisants » (Jn 6:7). De même, dans la chambre haute, sur les assurances spirituelles de Jésus il est préoccupé des conditions positives suffisantes : « Montre-nous le Père, et cela nous suffit » (Jn 14:8). C'est une nature religieuse lente à se donner, par besoin de preuves décisives, mais à l'abri des ardeurs irréfléchies, présomptueuses et inconstantes. Le fait que Jésus l'ait pris à partie parmi les Douze, pour le problème de la foule à nourrir, permet de penser qu'il devait avoir des qualités pratiques d'organisateur, et qu'il pouvait même être chargé du ravitaillement de la petite troupe. Il est à remarquer aussi que c'est lui qu'abordent les Grecs désireux de voir Jésus (Jn 12:21), et qu'André et Philippe, de nouveau cités ensemble ici, sont les deux seuls apôtres porteurs de noms grecs. Encore une fois mentionné, dans la liste des Onze réunis après l'ascension du Seigneur (Ac 1:13), Philippe ne reparaît plus dans le N.T.

Pour l'apocryphe « évangile de Philippe », voir Évang, apocr. La seule tradition vraisemblable qu'on puisse conserver des extravagants « Voyages de Philippe » (III° siècle) est sa mission en Phrygie, où d'après Polycrate il fut enterré, à Hiérapolis. On y a découvert une inscription prouvant que l'église de cet endroit était dédiée à la mémoire « du saint et glorieux apôtre et théologien Philippe ».

4.

L'évangéliste Philippe.

L'un des sept diacres (voir ce mot) mis à part à la demande des Hellénistes de l'Église primitive pour s'occuper du problème des aumônes et de l'aide aux veuves. Comme cinq de ses compagnons, c'était un Juif de langue grecque, le septième, Nicolas, étant le seul prosélyte, c'est- à-dire ancien païen devenu juif (Ac 6:5). Après la dispersion qui suivit le martyre d'Etienne, ses missions parmi les païens en Samarie (Ac 8:4,8) contribuèrent fortement à préparer la victoire de l'Église sur les préjugés judaïques. Il fut aussi l'instrument de la conversion de l'officier d'Ethiopie, qu'il baptisa après l'avoir instruit (8:26 et suivants). Nous le retrouvons à Azot, d'où il gagna Césarée en prêchant dans les villes du littoral (8:40). C'est là qu'il résida et travailla sans doute, avec ses quatre filles qui étaient prophétesses, pendant tout le temps qui sépare ces faits de l'arrivée de Paul. Celui-ci, au retour de son dernier voyage vers Jérusalem (Ac 21:8 et suivant), séjourna en effet dans la maison du vieil évangéliste qui avait tant fait lui aussi pour combler l'abîme entre les Juifs et les païens. Peu après, Paul fait prisonnier à Jérusalem était amené à Césarée pour une captivité de plus de deux ans (Ac 23:33-26:31) ; le pronom « nous » dans le récit de son départ pour Rome (Ac 27:1 et suivants) montre que Luc s'y était trouvé avec lui au moins un certain temps : d'où l'hypothèse souvent faite que Luc, en train de recueillir les témoignages les plus sûrs pour la composition de son évangile, dut en recevoir de l'évangéliste Philippe, peut-être en particulier quelques éléments spéciaux à son évangile dans le long récit (Lu 9:51-18:14) des voyages de Jésus se dirigeant vers Jérusalem (voir Évang, syn., IV, 2, B). On ne sait rien des circonstances de sa mort : des traditions provenant des Montanistes indiquent que la tombe des prophétesses et celle de leur père seraient à Hiérapolis ; il semble y avoir là quelque confusion avec l'apôtre du même nom (parag. 3).

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      Lévitique 4

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      2 "Speak to the children of Israel, saying, 'If anyone sins unintentionally, in any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and does any one of them:
      3 if the anointed priest sins so as to bring guilt on the people, then let him offer for his sin, which he has sinned, a young bull without blemish to Yahweh for a sin offering.
      4 He shall bring the bull to the door of the Tent of Meeting before Yahweh; and he shall lay his hand on the head of the bull, and kill the bull before Yahweh.
      5 The anointed priest shall take some of the blood of the bull, and bring it to the Tent of Meeting.
      6 The priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the blood seven times before Yahweh, before the veil of the sanctuary.
      7 The priest shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar of sweet incense before Yahweh, which is in the Tent of Meeting; and he shall pour out all of rest of the blood of the bull at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      8 He shall take all the fat of the bull of the sin offering off of it; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      9 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away,
      10 as it is taken off of the bull of the sacrifice of peace offerings. The priest shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
      11 The bull's skin, all its flesh, with its head, and with its legs, its innards, and its dung,
      12 even the whole bull shall he carry forth outside the camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn it on wood with fire. Where the ashes are poured out it shall be burned.
      13 "'If the whole congregation of Israel sins, and the thing is hidden from the eyes of the assembly, and they have done any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and are guilty;
      14 when the sin in which they have sinned is known, then the assembly shall offer a young bull for a sin offering, and bring it before the Tent of Meeting.
      15 The elders of the congregation shall lay their hands on the head of the bull before Yahweh; and the bull shall be killed before Yahweh.
      16 The anointed priest shall bring of the blood of the bull to the Tent of Meeting:
      17 and the priest shall dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle it seven times before Yahweh, before the veil.
      18 He shall put some of the blood on the horns of the altar which is before Yahweh, that is in the Tent of Meeting; and the rest of the blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the Tent of Meeting.
      19 All its fat he shall take from it, and burn it on the altar.
      20 Thus shall he do with the bull; as he did with the bull of the sin offering, so shall he do with this; and the priest shall make atonement for them, and they shall be forgiven.
      21 He shall carry forth the bull outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the first bull. It is the sin offering for the assembly.
      22 "'When a ruler sins, and unwittingly does any one of all the things which Yahweh his God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      23 if his sin, in which he has sinned, is made known to him, he shall bring as his offering a goat, a male without blemish.
      24 He shall lay his hand on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place where they kill the burnt offering before Yahweh. It is a sin offering.
      25 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering. He shall pour out the rest of its blood at the base of the altar of burnt offering.
      26 All its fat he shall burn on the altar, like the fat of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin, and he will be forgiven.
      27 "'If anyone of the common people sins unwittingly, in doing any of the things which Yahweh has commanded not to be done, and is guilty;
      28 if his sin, which he has sinned, is made known to him, then he shall bring for his offering a goat, a female without blemish, for his sin which he has sinned.
      29 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering in the place of burnt offering.
      30 The priest shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      31 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat is taken away from off of the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn it on the altar for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh; and the priest shall make atonement for him, and he will be forgiven.
      32 "'If he brings a lamb as his offering for a sin offering, he shall bring a female without blemish.
      33 He shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering, and kill it for a sin offering in the place where they kill the burnt offering.
      34 The priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering; and all the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar.
      35 All its fat he shall take away, like the fat of the lamb is taken away from the sacrifice of peace offerings; and the priest shall burn them on the altar, on the offerings of Yahweh made by fire; and the priest shall make atonement for him concerning his sin that he has sinned, and he will be forgiven.

      Matthieu 8

      21 Another of his disciples said to him, "Lord, allow me first to go and bury my father."

      Matthieu 10

      3 Philip; Bartholomew; Thomas; Matthew the tax collector; James the son of Alphaeus; Lebbaeus, whose surname was Thaddaeus;

      Matthieu 14

      3 For Herod had laid hold of John, and bound him, and put him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife.

      Matthieu 16

      13 Now when Jesus came into the parts of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, saying, "Who do men say that I, the Son of Man, am?"

      Marc 3

      18 Andrew; Philip; Bartholomew; Matthew; Thomas; James, the son of Alphaeus; Thaddaeus; Simon the Zealot;

      Marc 6

      17 For Herod himself had sent out and arrested John, and bound him in prison for the sake of Herodias, his brother Philip's wife, for he had married her.

      Marc 8

      27 Jesus went out, with his disciples, into the villages of Caesarea Philippi. On the way he asked his disciples, "Who do men say that I am?"

      Luc 3

      1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,

      Luc 6

      11 But they were filled with rage, and talked with one another about what they might do to Jesus.

      Luc 9

      51 It came to pass, when the days were near that he should be taken up, he intently set his face to go to Jerusalem,
      52 and sent messengers before his face. They went, and entered into a village of the Samaritans, so as to prepare for him.
      53 They didn't receive him, because he was traveling with his face set towards Jerusalem.
      54 When his disciples, James and John, saw this, they said, "Lord, do you want us to command fire to come down from the sky, and destroy them, just as Elijah did?"
      55 But he turned and rebuked them, "You don't know of what kind of spirit you are.
      56 For the Son of Man didn't come to destroy men's lives, but to save them." They went to another village.
      57 As they went on the way, a certain man said to him, "I want to follow you wherever you go, Lord."
      58 Jesus said to him, "The foxes have holes, and the birds of the sky have nests, but the Son of Man has no place to lay his head."
      59 He said to another, "Follow me!" But he said, "Lord, allow me first to go and bury my father."
      60 But Jesus said to him, "Leave the dead to bury their own dead, but you go and announce the Kingdom of God."
      61 Another also said, "I want to follow you, Lord, but first allow me to say good-bye to those who are at my house."
      62 But Jesus said to him, "No one, having put his hand to the plow, and looking back, is fit for the Kingdom of God."

      Luc 10

      1 Now after these things, the Lord also appointed seventy others, and sent them two by two ahead of him into every city and place, where he was about to come.
      2 Then he said to them, "The harvest is indeed plentiful, but the laborers are few. Pray therefore to the Lord of the harvest, that he may send out laborers into his harvest.
      3 Go your ways. Behold, I send you out as lambs among wolves.
      4 Carry no purse, nor wallet, nor sandals. Greet no one on the way.
      5 Into whatever house you enter, first say, 'Peace be to this house.'
      6 If a son of peace is there, your peace will rest on him; but if not, it will return to you.
      7 Remain in that same house, eating and drinking the things they give, for the laborer is worthy of his wages. Don't go from house to house.
      8 Into whatever city you enter, and they receive you, eat the things that are set before you.
      9 Heal the sick who are therein, and tell them, 'The Kingdom of God has come near to you.'
      10 But into whatever city you enter, and they don't receive you, go out into its streets and say,
      11 'Even the dust from your city that clings to us, we wipe off against you. Nevertheless know this, that the Kingdom of God has come near to you.'
      12 I tell you, it will be more tolerable in that day for Sodom than for that city.
      13 "Woe to you, Chorazin! Woe to you, Bethsaida! For if the mighty works had been done in Tyre and Sidon which were done in you, they would have repented long ago, sitting in sackcloth and ashes.
      14 But it will be more tolerable for Tyre and Sidon in the judgment than for you.
      15 You, Capernaum, who are exalted to heaven, will be brought down to Hades.
      16 Whoever listens to you listens to me, and whoever rejects you rejects me. Whoever rejects me rejects him who sent me."
      17 The seventy returned with joy, saying, "Lord, even the demons are subject to us in your name!"
      18 He said to them, "I saw Satan having fallen like lightning from heaven.
      19 Behold, I give you authority to tread on serpents and scorpions, and over all the power of the enemy. Nothing will in any way hurt you.
      20 Nevertheless, don't rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are written in heaven."
      21 In that same hour Jesus rejoiced in the Holy Spirit, and said, "I thank you, O Father, Lord of heaven and earth, that you have hidden these things from the wise and understanding, and revealed them to little children. Yes, Father, for so it was well-pleasing in your sight."
      22 Turning to the disciples, he said, "All things have been delivered to me by my Father. No one knows who the Son is, except the Father, and who the Father is, except the Son, and he to whomever the Son desires to reveal him."
      23 Turning to the disciples, he said privately, "Blessed are the eyes which see the things that you see,
      24 for I tell you that many prophets and kings desired to see the things which you see, and didn't see them, and to hear the things which you hear, and didn't hear them."
      25 Behold, a certain lawyer stood up and tested him, saying, "Teacher, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?"
      26 He said to him, "What is written in the law? How do you read it?"
      27 He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your strength, and with all your mind; and your neighbor as yourself."
      28 He said to him, "You have answered correctly. Do this, and you will live."
      29 But he, desiring to justify himself, asked Jesus, "Who is my neighbor?"
      30 Jesus answered, "A certain man was going down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and he fell among robbers, who both stripped him and beat him, and departed, leaving him half dead.
      31 By chance a certain priest was going down that way. When he saw him, he passed by on the other side.
      32 In the same way a Levite also, when he came to the place, and saw him, passed by on the other side.
      33 But a certain Samaritan, as he traveled, came where he was. When he saw him, he was moved with compassion,
      34 came to him, and bound up his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. He set him on his own animal, and brought him to an inn, and took care of him.
      35 On the next day, when he departed, he took out two denarii, and gave them to the host, and said to him, 'Take care of him. Whatever you spend beyond that, I will repay you when I return.'
      36 Now which of these three do you think seemed to be a neighbor to him who fell among the robbers?"
      37 He said, "He who showed mercy on him." Then Jesus said to him, "Go and do likewise."
      38 It happened as they went on their way, he entered into a certain village, and a certain woman named Martha received him into her house.
      39 She had a sister called Mary, who also sat at Jesus' feet, and heard his word.
      40 But Martha was distracted with much serving, and she came up to him, and said, "Lord, don't you care that my sister left me to serve alone? Ask her therefore to help me."
      41 Jesus answered her, "Martha, Martha, you are anxious and troubled about many things,
      42 but one thing is needed. Mary has chosen the good part, which will not be taken away from her."

      Luc 11

      1 It happened, that when he finished praying in a certain place, one of his disciples said to him, "Lord, teach us to pray, just as John also taught his disciples."
      2 He said to them, "When you pray, say, 'Our Father in heaven, may your name be kept holy. May your Kingdom come. May your will be done on earth, as it is in heaven.
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