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PHILIPPES (Ville)

Ville de la Macédoine orientale et jadis de la Thrace (dont il ne reste que des ruines près d'un pauvre village appelé en turc Filibedjik), située sur un promontoire de la chaîne du Pangée, dominant une plaine marécageuse qui s'étend au Nord et à l'Ouest, entourée de montagnes et sillonnée par de nombreux ruisseaux (d'où le premier nom donné à la localité : Crénides =Petites Fontaines). Le cours d'eau principal, nommé Gangas ou Gangitès, ou bien encore Angitès (aujourd'hui A ngista), va se décharger dans le fleuve Strymon, à quelques km. plus à l'ouest. La ville de Crénides, dont le port, Néapolis (aujourd'hui Cavalla), se trouvait à une douzaine de km. au Sud, sur la mer Egée, avait été fondée par des habitants de l'île de Thasos accourus dans cette région pour y exploiter des mines d'or. Vers la moitié du IV e siècle av. J. -C, le roi Philippe II, père d'Alexandre le Grand, ayant annexé à la Macédoine cette contrée jusqu'au fleuve Nestus, rebâtit et fortifia l'ancienne Crénides (qui dès lors prit le nom de Philippes) pour en faire un rempart contre la Thrace et un centre d'exploitation minière. En l'an 168 av. J. -C, Philippes passa, avec toute la Macédoine, sous la domination romaine. C'est aux portes de cette ville que fut livrée une des batailles les plus importantes de l'histoire du monde : les légions d'Octave et d'Antoine triomphèrent de celles des derniers défenseurs de la république, Brutus et Cassius (42 av. J. -C). Ce fut la cause d'une splendeur nouvelle pour la ville, car plusieurs vétérans des cohortes prétoriennes du triumvirat s'y établirent (d'où l'inscr. : Cohor. Proe. Phil., trouvée sur des monnaies de Philippes) ; et quelques années plus tard, après la bataille d'Actium (31 av. J. -C), Octave devenu l'empereur César Auguste (27 av. J. -C.) y cantonna les débris du parti d'Antoine et fit de Philippes une colonie romaine des plus considérables : Colonia Augusta Julia Victrix Philippensium. Chaque colonie romaine était une Rome en miniature. Elle ne dépendait point du gouverneur de la province, étant administrée par des magistrats (duumvirs, préteurs) élus par le sénat de la colonie elle-même et, comme les consuls à Rome, escortés par les licteurs portant le faisceau de verges et la hache (Ac 16:35). Philippes jouissait en outre du droit de cité italienne (jus italicum), qui lui conférait plusieurs privilèges, comme des exemptions d'impôts. Le latin y était la langue commune. --Les religions du Latium y avaient été transportées de toutes pièces ; le polythéisme y était moins compliqué et plus moral qu'ailleurs ; les mystères du Bacchus de Thrace recelaient des idées élevées sur l'immortalité, et le culte de Sabazius renfermait des germes de monothéisme : tout cela préparait les voies à la religion chrétienne. Quant aux Juifs, ils étaient si peu nombreux à Philippes qu'ils ne possédaient pas une synagogue proprement dite ; le jour du sabbat ils se réunissaient hors des portes de la ville, sur les bords du Gangitès, pour y faire leurs ablutions rituelles et leurs prières (Ac 16:13) ; peut-être y avaient-ils un oratoire à ciel ouvert (une proseuque ; du gr. proseukhè)

Ce fut pendant le second voyage missionnaire de Paul que l'Évangile pénétra pour la première fois en Europe. L'apôtre, obéissant à la vision du Macédonien qui l'appelait au secours (Ac 16:9), allait arriver. Il n'avait cependant pas le sentiment d'aborder un nouveau continent, car la distinction entre Asie et Europe n'existait pas encore : l'Asie, la Macédoine, l'Achaïe n'étaient que des provinces d'un seul immense empire. Pour passer de celle d'Asie à celle de Macédoine, il s'embarqua à Troas, accompagné de Silas, Timothée et Luc ; ce dernier n'est pas nommé explicitement dans le récit des Actes (Ac 16:10 et suivants), mais c'est lui qui s'exprime à la première personne du pluriel (voir Luc, 3 et 4). Débarqués à Néapolis, les missionnaires gagnèrent aussitôt par la voie Egnatienne Philippes, qui, d'après le livre des Actes, était « la ville la plus importante de cette partie de la Macédoine » ; voir (Ac 16:12) Paul (ses voyages), III

La fondation de l'Église est racontée dans le livre des Actes (Ac 16:13,40 ; voir Philippiens). L'apôtre ne retourna à Philippes que quelques années plus tard : vers la fin de son séjour à Éphèse, il se rendit en Macédoine à diverses reprises. Sa dernière visite aux chers Philippiens, qu'il appelait « sa joie et sa couronne » (Php 4:1), eut lieu quelques mois avant son arrestation : il passa la semaine de Pâques avec eux (Ac 20:6). Si sa captivité romaine a abouti à la libération (Phi 1:25 2:24), la supposition qu'il ait encore une fois (en 65) visité la Macédoine et Philippes n'est pas invraisemblable (1Ti 1:3). Une quarantaine d'années plus tard, sous le règne de Trajan (98-117), Ignace d'Antioche passa par Philippes, lors de son voyage à Rome où il allait être livré aux bêtes ; les Philippiens entourèrent le vaillant évêque de leurs soins affectueux, et ensuite ils écrivirent, sur sa demande, à l'Église d'Antioche pour la féliciter de la paix recouvrée, et à Polycarpe, évêque de Smyrne, le priant de leur envoyer une copie de toutes les lettres d'Ignace. Polycarpe s'empressa de répondre à leur désir : son épître aux Philippiens a été heureusement conservée, ainsi que sept lettres d'Ignace. Ern. C.

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      Luc 3

      1 Now in the fifteenth year of the reign of Tiberius Caesar, Pontius Pilate being governor of Judea, and Herod being tetrarch of Galilee, and his brother Philip tetrarch of the region of Ituraea and Trachonitis, and Lysanias tetrarch of Abilene,
      2 in the high priesthood of Annas and Caiaphas, the word of God came to John, the son of Zacharias, in the wilderness.
      3 He came into all the region around the Jordan, preaching the baptism of repentance for remission of sins.
      4 As it is written in the book of the words of Isaiah the prophet, "The voice of one crying in the wilderness, 'Make ready the way of the Lord. Make his paths straight.
      5 Every valley will be filled. Every mountain and hill will be brought low. The crooked will become straight, and the rough ways smooth.
      6 All flesh will see God's salvation.'"
      7 He said therefore to the multitudes who went out to be baptized by him, "You offspring of vipers, who warned you to flee from the wrath to come?
      8 Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and don't begin to say among yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father;' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones!
      9 Even now the axe also lies at the root of the trees. Every tree therefore that doesn't bring forth good fruit is cut down, and thrown into the fire."
      10 The multitudes asked him, "What then must we do?"
      11 He answered them, "He who has two coats, let him give to him who has none. He who has food, let him do likewise."
      12 Tax collectors also came to be baptized, and they said to him, "Teacher, what must we do?"
      13 He said to them, "Collect no more than that which is appointed to you."
      14 Soldiers also asked him, saying, "What about us? What must we do?" He said to them, "Extort from no one by violence, neither accuse anyone wrongfully. Be content with your wages."
      15 As the people were in expectation, and all men reasoned in their hearts concerning John, whether perhaps he was the Christ,
      16 John answered them all, "I indeed baptize you with water, but he comes who is mightier than I, the latchet of whose sandals I am not worthy to loosen. He will baptize you in the Holy Spirit and fire,
      17 whose fan is in his hand, and he will thoroughly cleanse his threshing floor, and will gather the wheat into his barn; but he will burn up the chaff with unquenchable fire."
      18 Then with many other exhortations he preached good news to the people,
      19 but Herod the tetrarch, being reproved by him for Herodias, his brother's wife, and for all the evil things which Herod had done,
      20 added this also to them all, that he shut up John in prison.
      21 Now it happened, when all the people were baptized, Jesus also had been baptized, and was praying. The sky was opened,
      22 and the Holy Spirit descended in a bodily form as a dove on him; and a voice came out of the sky, saying "You are my beloved Son. In you I am well pleased."
      23 Jesus himself, when he began to teach, was about thirty years old, being the son (as was supposed) of Joseph, the son of Heli,
      24 the son of Matthat, the son of Levi, the son of Melchi, the son of Jannai, the son of Joseph,
      25 the son of Mattathias, the son of Amos, the son of Nahum, the son of Esli, the son of Naggai,
      26 the son of Maath, the son of Mattathias, the son of Semein, the son of Joseph, the son of Judah,
      27 the son of Joanan, the son of Rhesa, the son of Zerubbabel, the son of Shealtiel, the son of Neri,
      28 the son of Melchi, the son of Addi, the son of Cosam, the son of Elmodam, the son of Er,
      29 the son of Jose, the son of Eliezer, the son of Jorim, the son of Matthat, the son of Levi,
      30 the son of Simeon, the son of Judah, the son of Joseph, the son of Jonan, the son of Eliakim,
      31 the son of Melea, the son of Menan, the son of Mattatha, the son of Nathan, the son of David,
      32 the son of Jesse, the son of Obed, the son of Boaz, the son of Salmon, the son of Nahshon,
      33 the son of Amminadab, the son of Aram, the son of Hezron, the son of Perez, the son of Judah,
      34 the son of Jacob, the son of Isaac, the son of Abraham, the son of Terah, the son of Nahor,
      35 the son of Serug, the son of Reu, the son of Peleg, the son of Eber, the son of Shelah,
      36 the son of Cainan, the son of Arphaxad, the son of Shem, the son of Noah, the son of Lamech,
      37 the son of Methuselah, the son of Enoch, the son of Jared, the son of Mahalaleel, the son of Cainan,
      38 the son of Enos, the son of Seth, the son of Adam, the son of God.

      Luc 4

      1 Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan, and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness
      2 for forty days, being tempted by the devil. He ate nothing in those days. Afterward, when they were completed, he was hungry.
      3 The devil said to him, "If you are the Son of God, command this stone to become bread."
      4 Jesus answered him, saying, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word of God.'"
      5 The devil, leading him up on a high mountain, showed him all the kingdoms of the world in a moment of time.
      6 The devil said to him, "I will give you all this authority, and their glory, for it has been delivered to me; and I give it to whomever I want.
      7 If you therefore will worship before me, it will all be yours."
      8 Jesus answered him, "Get behind me Satan! For it is written, 'You shall worship the Lord your God, and you shall serve him only.'"
      9 He led him to Jerusalem, and set him on the pinnacle of the temple, and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, cast yourself down from here,
      10 for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you, to guard you;'
      11 and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, lest perhaps you dash your foot against a stone.'"
      12 Jesus answering, said to him, "It has been said, 'You shall not tempt the Lord your God.'"
      13 When the devil had completed every temptation, he departed from him until another time.
      14 Jesus returned in the power of the Spirit into Galilee, and news about him spread through all the surrounding area.
      15 He taught in their synagogues, being glorified by all.
      16 He came to Nazareth, where he had been brought up. He entered, as was his custom, into the synagogue on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read.
      17 The book of the prophet Isaiah was handed to him. He opened the book, and found the place where it was written,
      18 "The Spirit of the Lord is on me, because he has anointed me to preach good news to the poor. He has sent me to heal the brokenhearted, to proclaim release to the captives, recovering of sight to the blind, to deliver those who are crushed,
      19 and to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord."
      20 He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant, and sat down. The eyes of all in the synagogue were fastened on him.
      21 He began to tell them, "Today, this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing."
      22 All testified about him, and wondered at the gracious words which proceeded out of his mouth, and they said, "Isn't this Joseph's son?"
      23 He said to them, "Doubtless you will tell me this parable, 'Physician, heal yourself! Whatever we have heard done at Capernaum, do also here in your hometown.'"
      24 He said, "Most certainly I tell you, no prophet is acceptable in his hometown.
      25 But truly I tell you, there were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah, when the sky was shut up three years and six months, when a great famine came over all the land.
      26 Elijah was sent to none of them, except to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow.
      27 There were many lepers in Israel in the time of Elisha the prophet, yet not one of them was cleansed, except Naaman, the Syrian."
      28 They were all filled with wrath in the synagogue, as they heard these things.
      29 They rose up, threw him out of the city, and led him to the brow of the hill that their city was built on, that they might throw him off the cliff.
      30 But he, passing through their midst, went his way.
      31 He came down to Capernaum, a city of Galilee. He was teaching them on the Sabbath day,
      32 and they were astonished at his teaching, for his word was with authority.
      33 In the synagogue there was a man who had a spirit of an unclean demon, and he cried out with a loud voice,
      34 saying, "Ah! what have we to do with you, Jesus of Nazareth? Have you come to destroy us? I know you who you are: the Holy One of God!"
      35 Jesus rebuked him, saying, "Be silent, and come out of him!" When the demon had thrown him down in their midst, he came out of him, having done him no harm.
      36 Amazement came on all, and they spoke together, one with another, saying, "What is this word? For with authority and power he commands the unclean spirits, and they come out!"
      37 News about him went out into every place of the surrounding region.
      38 He rose up from the synagogue, and entered into Simon's house. Simon's mother-in-law was afflicted with a great fever, and they begged him for her.
      39 He stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her. Immediately she rose up and served them.
      40 When the sun was setting, all those who had any sick with various diseases brought them to him; and he laid his hands on every one of them, and healed them.
      41 Demons also came out from many, crying out, and saying, "You are the Christ, the Son of God!" Rebuking them, he didn't allow them to speak, because they knew that he was the Christ.
      42 When it was day, he departed and went into an uninhabited place, and the multitudes looked for him, and came to him, and held on to him, so that he wouldn't go away from them.
      43 But he said to them, "I must preach the good news of the Kingdom of God to the other cities also. For this reason I have been sent."
      44 He was preaching in the synagogues of Galilee.

      Actes 16

      9 A vision appeared to Paul in the night. There was a man of Macedonia standing, begging him, and saying, "Come over into Macedonia and help us."
      10 When he had seen the vision, immediately we sought to go out to Macedonia, concluding that the Lord had called us to preach the Good News to them.
      12 and from there to Philippi, which is a city of Macedonia, the foremost of the district, a Roman colony. We were staying some days in this city.
      13 On the Sabbath day we went forth outside of the city by a riverside, where we supposed there was a place of prayer, and we sat down, and spoke to the women who had come together.
      35 But when it was day, the magistrates sent the sergeants, saying, "Let those men go."
      40 They went out of the prison, and entered into Lydia's house. When they had seen the brothers, they encouraged them, and departed.

      Actes 20

      6 We sailed away from Philippi after the days of Unleavened Bread, and came to them at Troas in five days, where we stayed seven days.

      Philippiens 1

      1 Paul and Timothy, servants of Jesus Christ; To all the saints in Christ Jesus who are at Philippi, with the overseers and servants :

      1 Thessaloniciens 2

      2 but having suffered before and been shamefully treated, as you know, at Philippi, we grew bold in our God to tell you the Good News of God in much conflict.

      1 Timothée 1

      3 As I urged you when I was going into Macedonia, stay at Ephesus that you might command certain men not to teach a different doctrine,
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