PIERRE

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On appelle ainsi les corps naturels, durs et solides qui entrent dans la composition de l'écorce terrestre, par opposition aux parties meubles, terre et sable. Les pierres sont des fragments de cette matière, tandis que les gros amas sont appelés rocs ou rochers (voir art.). Les petites pierres sont des cailloux. Les pierres sont plus ou moins dures selon leur nature : on distingue les pierres siliceuses (grès, silex, granit) et les pierres calcaires (craie, marbre, pierre ordinaire).

Les pierres ont des applications multiples : on les choisit d'après la facilité de leur travail et d'après leur dureté. Indépendamment de sa dureté, la pierre est plus ou moins résistante aux agents atmosphériques : certaines pierres craignent la gelée qui les effrite et sont dites gélives ; on doit les rejeter pour la construction.

Bible. La Palestine est une région essentiellement pierreuse (1Ro 10:27). Le silex, qui se trouve sous forme de nodules dans beaucoup de ses calcaires (voir Palestine, VIII), doit à sa grande dureté d'avoir servi dès l'époque préhistorique à des usages auxquels plus tard les métaux ont mieux convenu : taillé en éclats, il donnait des pointes de flèches, des haches, des couteaux (Ex 4:25, Jos 5:2) ; il s'employa longtemps comme pierre à feu (2Ma 10:3).

La pierre joua un grand rôle dans la vie des Israélites. Elle servait à la construction (Ge 11:3, De 27:6) ; elle était taillée suivant les besoins (Ex 20:25, De 27:5,1Ro 5:17 6:7-36 7:2,2Ro 12:12, Esd 5:8 6:4,2Sa 5:11,1Ch 22:2, Am 5:11, Esa 9:9, Eze 40:42). Des pierres marquaient des frontières (voir Borne) et servaient de repères topographiques (Jos 15:6 18:17,1Sa 7:12 20:19,1 Ro 1:9) ; elles constituaient des monuments (Ge 28:18-22 31:46, De 27:4, Jos 4:5 24:26,1Sa 6:18). Des tas de pierres ont couvert des cadavres (voir Revenant), d'autres ont constitué des autels primitifs (Ex 20:25, De 27:5 et suivant, Jos 8:31).

Les pierres ont pu être utilisées comme oreiller (Ge 28:11), comme siège (Ex 17:12), même pour les accouchements (voir Sage-femme), comme fermeture des puits (Ge 20,2,8) ou des sépulcres (Jos 10:18, Mr 15:46, Mt 27:60 28:2, Jn 11:38). La pierre recevait des inscriptions (Ex 28:9 39:6, De 27:8), et c'est sur des tables de pierre que fut écrite la loi (Ex 24:12 31:18 32:15, De 27:2 9:9, Jos 8:32). La pierre fut la matière la plus souvent employée pour la fabrication des idoles (De 4:28 29:17,2Ro 19:18, Jer 2:27 3:9, Eze 20:32, Da 5:4, Ac 17:29, Ap 9:20). Semer des pierres dans un champ est un acte d'hostilité (2Ro 3:19-25), ainsi que jeter des pierres contre quelqu'un ou l'en frapper (2Sa 16:6, Jn 8:59 10:31 Ex 21:18). Les pierres servaient de projectiles, soit pour des frondes (1Sa 17:49, Jug 20:16, Job 41:19, Pr 26:8), soit pour des machines (2Ch 26:15, 1Ma 6:51). Certains crimes étaient punis à coups de pierres, par la lapidation (voir Crimes, délits et peines).

Par analogie, les grêlons sont en hébreu des pierres de grêle (voir ce mot), et le fil à plomb une pierre d'étain (voir Métaux).

Au figuré, la pierre est une image de dureté (Job 41:15), d'impassibilité (Hab 2:19), d'insensibilité (1Sa 25:37), de saisissement qui « pétrifie » (Ex 15:16). Un coeur de pierre s'oppose à un coeur de chair, comme les tables de pierre aux tables de chair, aux coeurs vivants capables de sentir (Eze 11:19 36:26,2Co 3:3) ; la pierre a peu de valeur (Mt 7:9) ; elle est commune : (1Ro 10:27,2Ch 1:15 9:27) d'où la comparaison de Jésus entre les pierres (hébreu abânim) et les fils (hébreu bânim) d'Abraham (Mt 3:9, Lu 3:8), et sa remarque que même les pierres inertes crieraient (Lu 19:40, cf. Hab 2:11). La pierre de la vision de Daniel (Da 2:34,44 et suivant), qui tombe sur la statue et devient une montagne, symbolise le royaume du Dieu Tout-Puissant. Les pierres font obstacle à la marche (Ps 91:12 parallèle Mt 4:6, Esa 62:10, Eze 28:14) ; elles font broncher et deviennent des « pierres d'achoppement » ; voir (Esa 8:14, Jer 6:21, Ro 9:32 14:13,1Pi 2:7) Scandale. Par opposition à la pierre méprisée et rejetée, et à la pierre qui fait tomber, Jésus s'est comparé (Mt 21:42,44) à la pierre de l'angle (voir ce mot). Il a donné le surnom de Pierre à son apôtre Simon (voir ce mot), et plus tard a fait allusion à cette comparaison ; voir (Mt 16:18) Église, parag. 2.

A quoi fait allusion le « caillou blanc » de Ap 2:17 ? C'est très discuté : on a pensé au niveus lapillus par lequel les Jurés romains exprimaient leurs votes d'acquittement (Ovide), au candissimus calculus qui marquait un jour heureux (Pline le Jeune), aux jetons d'admission gratuite pour les fêtes royales, aux pierres précieuses censées tombées du ciel avec la manne (tradition juive), à l' « urim et thummim » où le nom divin était inscrit (voir Éphod), à la croyance populaire aux amulettes portant un nom magique ; quoi qu'il en soit, ce caillou blanc est avec la manne le symbole de l'entrée libre du fidèle dans le Royaume de Dieu dont il est citoyen.

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  Genèse 2
  
  1 The heavens and the earth were finished, and all their vast array.
  
  Genèse 8
  
  1 God remembered Noah, all the animals, and all the livestock that were with him in the ship; and God made a wind to pass over the earth. The waters subsided.
  
  Genèse 11
  
  3 They said one to another, "Come, let's make bricks, and burn them thoroughly." They had brick for stone, and they used tar for mortar.
  
  Genèse 20
  
  1 Abraham traveled from there toward the land of the South, and lived between Kadesh and Shur. He lived as a foreigner in Gerar.
  
  2 Abraham said about Sarah his wife, "She is my sister." Abimelech king of Gerar sent, and took Sarah.
  
  3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream of the night, and said to him, "Behold, you are a dead man, because of the woman whom you have taken. For she is a man's wife."
  
  4 Now Abimelech had not come near her. He said, "Lord, will you kill even a righteous nation?
  
  5 Didn't he tell me, 'She is my sister?' She, even she herself, said, 'He is my brother.' In the integrity of my heart and the innocence of my hands have I done this."
  
  6 God said to him in the dream, "Yes, I know that in the integrity of your heart you have done this, and I also withheld you from sinning against me. Therefore I didn't allow you to touch her.
  
  7 Now therefore, restore the man's wife. For he is a prophet, and he will pray for you, and you will live. If you don't restore her, know for sure that you will die, you, and all who are yours."
  
  8 Abimelech rose early in the morning, and called all his servants, and told all these things in their ear. The men were very scared.
  
  9 Then Abimelech called Abraham, and said to him, "What have you done to us? How have I sinned against you, that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin? You have done deeds to me that ought not to be done!"
  
  10 Abimelech said to Abraham, "What did you see, that you have done this thing?"
  
  11 Abraham said, "Because I thought, 'Surely the fear of God is not in this place. They will kill me for my wife's sake.'
  
  12 Besides, she is indeed my sister, the daughter of my father, but not the daughter of my mother; and she became my wife.
  
  13 It happened, when God caused me to wander from my father's house, that I said to her, 'This is your kindness which you shall show to me. Everywhere that we go, say of me, "He is my brother."'"
  
  14 Abimelech took sheep and cattle, male servants and female servants, and gave them to Abraham, and restored Sarah, his wife, to him.
  
  15 Abimelech said, "Behold, my land is before you. Dwell where it pleases you."
  
  16 To Sarah he said, "Behold, I have given your brother a thousand pieces of silver. Behold, it is for you a covering of the eyes to all that are with you. In front of all you are vindicated."
  
  17 Abraham prayed to God. God healed Abimelech, and his wife, and his female servants, and they bore children.
  
  18 For Yahweh had closed up tight all the wombs of the house of Abimelech, because of Sarah, Abraham's wife.
  
  Genèse 28
  
  11 He came to a certain place, and stayed there all night, because the sun had set. He took one of the stones of the place, and put it under his head, and lay down in that place to sleep.
  
  18 Jacob rose up early in the morning, and took the stone that he had put under his head, and set it up for a pillar, and poured oil on its top.
  
  19 He called the name of that place Bethel, but the name of the city was Luz at the first.
  
  20 Jacob vowed a vow, saying, "If God will be with me, and will keep me in this way that I go, and will give me bread to eat, and clothing to put on,
  
  21 so that I come again to my father's house in peace, and Yahweh will be my God,
  
  22 then this stone, which I have set up for a pillar, will be God's house. Of all that you will give me I will surely give the tenth to you."
  
  Genèse 31
  
  46 Jacob said to his relatives, "Gather stones." They took stones, and made a heap. They ate there by the heap.
  
  Exode 4
  
  25 Then Zipporah took a flint, and cut off the foreskin of her son, and cast it at his feet; and she said, "Surely you are a bridegroom of blood to me."
  
  Exode 15
  
  16 Terror and dread falls on them. By the greatness of your arm they are as still as a stone-- until your people pass over, Yahweh, until the people pass over who you have purchased.
  
  Exode 17
  
  12 But Moses' hands were heavy; and they took a stone, and put it under him, and he sat on it. Aaron and Hur held up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other side. His hands were steady until sunset.
  
  Exode 20
  
  25 If you make me an altar of stone, you shall not build it of cut stones; for if you lift up your tool on it, you have polluted it.
  
  Exode 21
  
  18 "If men quarrel and one strikes the other with a stone, or with his fist, and he doesn't die, but is confined to bed;
  
  Exode 24
  
  12 Yahweh said to Moses, "Come up to me on the mountain, and stay here, and I will give you the tables of stone with the law and the commands that I have written, that you may teach them."
  
  Exode 28
  
  9 You shall take two onyx stones, and engrave on them the names of the children of Israel:
  
  Exode 31
  
  18 He gave to Moses, when he finished speaking with him on Mount Sinai, the two tablets of the testimony, stone tablets, written with God's finger.
  
  Exode 32
  
  15 Moses turned, and went down from the mountain, with the two tablets of the testimony in his hand; tablets that were written on both their sides; on the one side and on the other they were written.
  
  Exode 39
  
  6 They worked the onyx stones, enclosed in settings of gold, engraved with the engravings of a signet, according to the names of the children of Israel.
  
  Josué 4
  
  5 Joshua said to them, "Pass over before the ark of Yahweh your God into the middle of the Jordan, and each of you pick up a stone and put it on your shoulder, according to the number of the tribes of the children of Israel;
  
  Josué 5
  
  2 At that time, Yahweh said to Joshua, "Make flint knives, and circumcise again the children of Israel the second time."
  
  Josué 8
  
  31 as Moses the servant of Yahweh commanded the children of Israel, as it is written in the book of the law of Moses, an altar of uncut stones, on which no man had lifted up any iron. They offered burnt offerings on it to Yahweh, and sacrificed peace offerings.
  
  32 He wrote there on the stones a copy of the law of Moses, which he wrote in the presence of the children of Israel.
  
  Josué 10
  
  18 Joshua said, "Roll large stones to the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to guard them;
  
  Josué 15
  
  6 The border went up to Beth Hoglah, and passed along by the north of Beth Arabah; and the border went up to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben.
  
  Josué 18
  
  17 It extended northward, went out at En Shemesh, and went out to Geliloth, which is over against the ascent of Adummim. It went down to the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben.
  
  Josué 24
  
  26 Joshua wrote these words in the book of the law of God; and he took a great stone, and set it up there under the oak that was by the sanctuary of Yahweh.
  
  Juges 20
  
  16 Among all this people there were seven hundred chosen men left-handed; everyone could sling stones at a hair-breadth, and not miss.
  
  1 Samuel 6
  
  18 and the golden mice, according to the number of all the cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, both of fortified cities and of country villages, even to the great stone, whereon they set down the ark of Yahweh. That stone remains to this day in the field of Joshua of Beth Shemesh.
  
  1 Samuel 7
  
  12 Then Samuel took a stone, and set it between Mizpah and Shen, and called its name Ebenezer, saying, "Yahweh helped us until now."
  
  1 Samuel 17
  
  49 David put his hand in his bag, took a stone, and slung it, and struck the Philistine in his forehead; and the stone sank into his forehead, and he fell on his face to the earth.
  
  1 Samuel 25
  
  37 It happened in the morning, when the wine was gone out of Nabal, that his wife told him these things, and his heart died within him, and he became as a stone.
  
  2 Samuel 5
  
  11 Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to David, and cedar trees, and carpenters, and masons; and they built David a house.
  
  2 Samuel 16
  
  6 He cast stones at David, and at all the servants of king David, and all the people and all the mighty men were on his right hand and on his left.
  
  1 Chroniques 22
  
  2 David gave orders to gather together the foreigners who were in the land of Israel; and he set masons to cut worked stones to build God's house.
  
  2 Chroniques 1
  
  15 The king made silver and gold to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars made he to be as the sycamore trees that are in the lowland, for abundance.
  
  2 Chroniques 26
  
  15 He made in Jerusalem engines, invented by skillful men, to be on the towers and on the battlements, with which to shoot arrows and great stones. His name spread far abroad; for he was marvelously helped, until he was strong.
  
  Esdras 5
  
  8 Be it known to the king, that we went into the province of Judah, to the house of the great God, which is built with great stones, and timber is laid in the walls; and this work goes on with diligence and prospers in their hands.
  
  Esdras 6
  
  4 with three courses of great stones, and a course of new timber: and let the expenses be given out of the king's house.
  
  Job 41
  
  15 Strong scales are his pride, shut up together with a close seal.
  
  19 Out of his mouth go burning torches. Sparks of fire leap forth.
  
  Psaumes 91
  
  12 They will bear you up in their hands, so that you won't dash your foot against a stone.
  
  Proverbes 26
  
  8 As one who binds a stone in a sling, so is he who gives honor to a fool.
  
  Esaïe 8
  
  14 He will be a sanctuary, but for both houses of Israel, he will be a trap and a snare for the inhabitants of Jerusalem.
  
  Esaïe 9
  
  9 All the people will know, including Ephraim and the inhabitants of Samaria, who say in pride and in arrogance of heart,
  
  Esaïe 62
  
  10 Go through, go through the gates! Prepare the way of the people! Cast up, cast up the highway! Gather out the stones! Lift up a banner for the peoples.
  
  Jérémie 2
  
  27 who tell wood, 'You are my father;' and a stone, 'You have brought me out:' for they have turned their back to me, and not their face; but in the time of their trouble they will say, 'Arise, and save us.'
  
  Jérémie 3
  
  9 It happened through the lightness of her prostitution, that the land was polluted, and she committed adultery with stones and with stocks.
  
  Jérémie 6
  
  21 Therefore thus says Yahweh, "Behold, I will lay stumbling blocks before this people. The fathers and the sons together shall stumble against them. The neighbor and his friend shall perish."
  
  Ezéchiel 11
  
  19 I will give them one heart, and I will put a new spirit within you; and I will take the stony heart out of their flesh, and will give them a heart of flesh;
  
  Ezéchiel 20
  
  32 and that which comes into your mind shall not be at all, in that you say, We will be as the nations, as the families of the countries, to serve wood and stone.
  
  Ezéchiel 28
  
  14 You were the anointed cherub who covers: and I set you, [so that] you were on the holy mountain of God; you have walked up and down in the midst of the stones of fire.
  
  Ezéchiel 36
  
  26 I will also give you a new heart, and I will put a new spirit within you; and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you a heart of flesh.
  
  Ezéchiel 40
  
  42 There were four tables for the burnt offering, of cut stone, a cubit and a half long, and a cubit and a half broad, and one cubit high; whereupon they laid the instruments with which they killed the burnt offering and the sacrifice.
  
  Daniel 2
  
  34 You saw until a stone was cut out without hands, which struck the image on its feet that were of iron and clay, and broke them in pieces.
  
  44 In the days of those kings shall the God of heaven set up a kingdom which shall never be destroyed, nor shall its sovereignty be left to another people; but it shall break in pieces and consume all these kingdoms, and it shall stand forever.
  
  Daniel 5
  
  4 They drank wine, and praised the gods of gold, and of silver, of brass, of iron, of wood, and of stone.
  
  Amos 5
  
  11 Forasmuch therefore as you trample on the poor, and take taxes from him of wheat: You have built houses of cut stone, but you will not dwell in them. You have planted pleasant vineyards, but you shall not drink their wine.
  
  Habacuc 2
  
  11 For the stone will cry out of the wall, and the beam out of the woodwork will answer it.
  
  19 Woe to him who says to the wood, 'Awake!' or to the mute stone, 'Arise!' Shall this teach? Behold, it is overlaid with gold and silver, and there is no breath at all in its midst.
  
  Matthieu 3
  
  9 Don't think to yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father,' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones.
  
  Matthieu 4
  
  6 and said to him, "If you are the Son of God, throw yourself down, for it is written, 'He will put his angels in charge of you.' and, 'On their hands they will bear you up, so that you don't dash your foot against a stone.'"
  
  Matthieu 7
  
  9 Or who is there among you, who, if his son asks him for bread, will give him a stone?
  
  Matthieu 16
  
  18 I also tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my assembly, and the gates of Hades will not prevail against it.
  
  Matthieu 21
  
  42 Jesus said to them, "Did you never read in the Scriptures, 'The stone which the builders rejected, the same was made the head of the corner. This was from the Lord. It is marvelous in our eyes?'
  
  44 He who falls on this stone will be broken to pieces, but on whomever it will fall, it will scatter him as dust."
  
  Matthieu 27
  
  60 and laid it in his own new tomb, which he had cut out in the rock, and he rolled a great stone to the door of the tomb, and departed.
  
  Matthieu 28
  
  2 Behold, there was a great earthquake, for an angel of the Lord descended from the sky, and came and rolled away the stone from the door, and sat on it.
  
  Marc 15
  
  46 He bought a linen cloth, and taking him down, wound him in the linen cloth, and laid him in a tomb which had been cut out of a rock. He rolled a stone against the door of the tomb.
  
  Luc 3
  
  8 Bring forth therefore fruits worthy of repentance, and don't begin to say among yourselves, 'We have Abraham for our father;' for I tell you that God is able to raise up children to Abraham from these stones!
  
  Luc 19
  
  40 He answered them, "I tell you that if these were silent, the stones would cry out."
  
  Jean 8
  
  59 Therefore they took up stones to throw at him, but Jesus was hidden, and went out of the temple, having gone through their midst, and so passed by.
  
  Jean 10
  
  31 Therefore Jews took up stones again to stone him.
  
  Jean 11
  
  38 Jesus therefore, again groaning in himself, came to the tomb. Now it was a cave, and a stone lay against it.
  
  Actes 17
  
  29 Being then the offspring of God, we ought not to think that the Divine Nature is like gold, or silver, or stone, engraved by art and design of man.
  
  Romains 1
  
  9 For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers,
  
  Romains 9
  
  32 Why? Because they didn't seek it by faith, but as it were by works of the law. They stumbled over the stumbling stone;
  
  Romains 14
  
  13 Therefore let's not judge one another any more, but judge this rather, that no man put a stumbling block in his brother's way, or an occasion for falling.
  
  2 Corinthiens 3
  
  3 being revealed that you are a letter of Christ, served by us, written not with ink, but with the Spirit of the living God; not in tablets of stone, but in tablets that are hearts of flesh.
  
  1 Pierre 2
  
  7 For you who believe therefore is the honor, but for those who are disobedient, "The stone which the builders rejected, has become the chief cornerstone,"
  
  Apocalypse 2
  
  17 He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the assemblies. To him who overcomes, to him I will give of the hidden manna, and I will give him a white stone, and on the stone a new name written, which no one knows but he who receives it.

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