Paramètres de lecture

Afficher les numéros de versets
Mode dyslexique
Police d'écriture
Taille de texte

Merci à Bibles et Publications Chrétiennes pour la conception du processus d’affichage DYS.

Un outil révolutionnaire de lecture et d'étude de la Bible en ligne. Démarrez dès aujourd'hui le plan de lecture offert dont vous avez besoin.

PLANTE

Généralités.

On désigne sous ce nom tous les êtres vivants qui tirent leur subsistance de la matière inorganique. C'est en effet la principale caractéristique des plantes de former des produits organiques à partir de la matière brute. L'élaboration de ces produits est due à la fixation du carbone par l'activité des parties vertes des plantes : c'est la synthèse chlorophyllienne qui se fait sous l'action des radiations solaires (voir Lumière). La plante nous apparaît donc dans l'économie naturelle comme un organisme unique, destiné à assurer la subsistance du règne animal (voir Animal). Le même être ne pouvait à la fois assurer les fonctions élémentaires de l'assimilation et devenir indépendant du milieu ; les longues expositions au soleil d'une grande surface chlorophyllienne sont le propre de la plante ; l'animal trouve, en la substance même du végétal, les matériaux organiquement élaborés et assimilables par lui.

Les plantes appartiennent au règne végétal dont elles constituent la plus grande partie. L'autre partie est composée des végétaux saprophytes (bactéries, ferments), qui s'alimentent de la décomposition de produits organiques et dont le rôle est fort différent de celui des plantes (voir Levain). Ces végétaux président à certaines transformations chimiques indispensables dans l'économie organique ; par exemple, certaines bactéries fixent l'azote atmosphérique dans le sol où les plantes l'utilisent pour leur croissance ; d'autres assurent la formation de terreau en désagrégeant la cellulose végétale.

On doit en outre reconnaître aux plantes un rôle assainissant, car elles sont de véritables épurateurs de l'atmosphère. Tandis que l'animal absorbe l'oxygène par la respiration et restitue de l'acide carbonique, la plante s'empare de cet acide carbonique et restitue de l'oxygène. On voit l'importance du règne végétal qui se présente à nous comme le producteur unique de la nourriture assimilable et de l'air respirable dont les animaux et l'homme ne peuvent se passer.. Les plantes se classent en plantes à fleurs (phanérogames) et plantes sans fleurs (cryptogames). Elles sont herbacées, buissonneuses ou arborescentes (voir Herbe, Arbrisseau, Arbre). Toutes les plantes comportent une ou plusieurs racines, une tige plus ou moins distincte, portant ou non des branches ou rameaux et des feuilles. Les phanérogames présentent des fleurs et des fruits contenant des graines (semence) ; les cryptogames présentent des spores.

Bible. Il n'existe pas en hébreu d'équivalent de notre mot plante. Les mots des racines nâta (Esa 60:21 61:3, Ps 144:12, Mich, 1:6) et châthal (Ps 128:3) peuvent se traduire par : plante, plant, plantation, rejeton, etc. (cf. 1Ch 4:23, Job 14:9, Ps 144:12, Esa 5:7 17:10 60:21 61:3 etc.)

Le récit de la création dans la Genèse (Ge 1:12-29) distingue les plantes herbacées et les arbres, les unes portant la semence en elles, les autres la portant dans un fruit. Les herbes sont données par le Créateur en nourriture à l'homme et aux animaux (Ge 1:29 et suivant). La semence de l'herbe c'est le grain, et spécialement le grain des graminées : blé (Ge 27, Ps 72:16), froment (De 8:3,2Sa 17:28, Ps 65:13, Jer 12:13), orge (De 8:8,2Sa 17:28, Jer 41:8), dont la valeur alimentaire est grande. Ni l'avoine ni le seigle ne sont mentionnés. Le blé et le moût (pain et vin) sont la base de la nourriture (Ge 27:37, De 7:13 11:14, Os 2:22, Ne 2:15) ; le pain et l'eau sont d'ailleurs l'essentiel (Ex 23:25, No 21:5, Job 22:7, Esa 33:16, etc.).

Les herbes servent au vêtement, par exemple le lin (Ge 41:42), qui se tisse (Ex 35:25) et se brode (Ex 35:35) ; mais il ne doit pas être tissé avec la laine (De 22:11). Le coton et le chanvre sont inconnus. Voir Lin.

L'herbe est la plus humble des plantes ; elle est éphémère (Ps 90:5) comme la vie de l'homme ; (Ps 37:2 72:16 103:15, Esa 40:6 51:12) elle sèche l'été (Ps 102:5, Jas 1:11,1Pi 1:24) et brûle (Esa 5:24).

La racine (voir ce mot) puise dans le sol l'aliment et l'eau nécessaires à la plante (Job 14:8 29:19, Esa 40:24, Mt 13:6). C'est elle qui assure sa prospérité, d'où les comparaisons de Pr 12:3,12 et de Ro 11:16 et suivants, Os 9:16, Mt 13:21, Lu 8:13,1Ti 6:10, Heb 12:15. La racine pousse de la tige et peut donner une plante nouvelle par bouture (Ps 80:10) ; la propriété de prendre racine est mentionnée au figuré dans Job 5:3, Esa 27:6. Réciproquement, elle peut pousser une tige et donner une plante nouvelle par rejet (Esa 11:1 60:21, Ro 15:12).

La tige est la partie centrale de la plante : chez les plantes herbacées, elle est souvent peu distincte ; les tiges de lin sont mentionnées (Jos 2:6). Chez les grands végétaux elle porte le nom de tronc : c'est le tronc qui porte les racines (Esa 40:24). Les troncs ou les restes de troncs d'arbres abattus peuvent donner des rejetons (Esa 11:1, Ge 49:22, Job 14:7).

Des rameaux partent du tronc (Ne 8:15, Ps 80:11). Ce sont eux qui portent les feuilles. Les bourgeons ou boutons sont peu remarqués (No 17:8). Les rameaux abritent les oiseaux du ciel. Les plantes buissonnantes qui n'ont pas de tronc principal sont formées de rameaux touffus (Le 23:40). Au contraire, les rameaux des grands arbres sont portés par des branches ou rameaux principaux (Eze 17:23 31:6, Da 4:14). Mais dans la Bible le mot branche est le plus souvent synonyme de rameau (Ge 30:37, Le 23:40, Esa 9:13 : branches de palmier ; No 13:23, Eze 17:6 : de vigne ; Jer 1:11 : d'amandier ; Esa 27:10, etc.). Lors de l'entrée de Jésus à Jérusalem, on étendit sur son passage des branches qui sont des rameaux (Mt 21:8, Mr 11:8) ; selon saint Jean on agitait des palmes (Jn 12:13). Les palmes sont les rameaux de certains arbres de la famille des palmiers (voir ce mot) : c'est un rameau décoratif et honorifique (1Ro 6:29,32,35,2Ch 3:5, Eze 41:18, Ap 7:9).

La feuille est la partie verte par excellence de la plante (Pr 11:28, Jer 17:8). Adam et Eve firent de la feuille de figuier leur premier vêtement (Ge 3:7). La colombe rapporta à Noé une feuille d'olivier, gage de l'abaissement des eaux du déluge. (Ge 8:11) La feuille flétrie qui tombe est une fréquente comparaison (Esa 64:6, Jer 8:13). La feuille nouvelle marque le printemps (Mr 13:28, Mt 24:32). Certaines feuilles servaient de remède (Eze 47:12, Ap 22:2).

La fleur (voir ce mot) vient en son temps sur la plante (Ge 40:10) ; comme les feuilles elle est portée par le rameau (No 17:8). Comme l'herbe la fleur est éphémère (Job 14:2, Ps 90:6, Esa 40:6, Jas 1:11,1Pi 1:24). La fleur est un signe de prospérité (Ps 72:7, Pr 14:11) ; c'est elle qui donne le fruit (Esa 18:5).

Le fruit (voir ce mot) a une grande importance en raison de sa valeur alimentaire. Dans Ge 1:29, l'Éternel donne à l'homme pour nourriture l'herbe portant semence et l'arbre portant du fruit. Le fruit doit mûrir (Mr 4:29, Lu 8:14) ; les plus importants sont ceux de la vigne et de l'olivier.

La greffe, pratique consistant à faire croître un rameau d'une espèce sur le tronc d'une autre, ne paraît pas avoir été connue en Israël. D'ailleurs Israël avait en horreur tout ce qui ressemblait à un métissage. Dans Ro 11:17 et suivants, saint Paul fait une comparaison avec la greffe d'olivier (voir ce mot, parag. 2). H. L.

Vous avez aimé ? Partagez autour de vous !


Ce texte est la propriété du TopChrétien. Autorisation de diffusion autorisée en précisant la source. © 2022 - www.topchretien.com
  • Contenus
  • Versions
  • Commentaires
  • Strong
  • Dictionnaire
  • Versets relatifs
  • Carte
  • Versets favoris

Pour ajouter un favori, merci de vous connecter : Se connecter

Vous avez aimé ? Partagez autour de vous !

Créer un verset illustré

Logo TopChrétien carré

Télécharger l'image

Choisissez une image

Personnalisez le verset

Alignement : | | | Haut | Milieu | Bas

Taille :

Couleur :

Police :

Personnalisez la référence

Couleur :

Police :

Taille :

De légères variations de mise en page peuvent apparaitre sur l'image téléchargée.

Versets relatifs

    • Ces vidéos ne sont pas disponibles en colonnes en dehors de la vue Bible.

      Genèse 1

      12 The earth yielded grass, herbs yielding seed after their kind, and trees bearing fruit, with its seed in it, after their kind; and God saw that it was good.
      13 There was evening and there was morning, a third day.
      14 God said, "Let there be lights in the expanse of sky to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs, and for seasons, and for days and years;
      15 and let them be for lights in the expanse of sky to give light on the earth"; and it was so.
      16 God made the two great lights: the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He also made the stars.
      17 God set them in the expanse of sky to give light to the earth,
      18 and to rule over the day and over the night, and to divide the light from the darkness. God saw that it was good.
      19 There was evening and there was morning, a fourth day.
      20 God said, "Let the waters swarm with swarms of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth in the open expanse of sky."
      21 God created the large sea creatures, and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind, and every winged bird after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      22 God blessed them, saying, "Be fruitful, and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth."
      23 There was evening and there was morning, a fifth day.
      24 God said, "Let the earth produce living creatures after their kind, livestock, creeping things, and animals of the earth after their kind"; and it was so.
      25 God made the animals of the earth after their kind, and the livestock after their kind, and everything that creeps on the ground after its kind. God saw that it was good.
      26 God said, "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth."
      27 God created man in his own image. In God's image he created him; male and female he created them.
      28 God blessed them. God said to them, "Be fruitful, multiply, fill the earth, and subdue it. Have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the sky, and over every living thing that moves on the earth."
      29 God said, "Behold, I have given you every herb yielding seed, which is on the surface of all the earth, and every tree, which bears fruit yielding seed. It will be your food.

      Genèse 3

      7 The eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew that they were naked. They sewed fig leaves together, and made themselves aprons.

      Genèse 8

      11 The dove came back to him at evening, and, behold, in her mouth was an olive leaf plucked off. So Noah knew that the waters were abated from the earth.

      Genèse 27

      1 It happened, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau his elder son, and said to him, "My son?" He said to him, "Here I am."
      2 He said, "See now, I am old. I don't know the day of my death.
      3 Now therefore, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field, and take me venison.
      4 Make me savory food, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat, and that my soul may bless you before I die."
      5 Rebekah heard when Isaac spoke to Esau his son. Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it.
      6 Rebekah spoke to Jacob her son, saying, "Behold, I heard your father speak to Esau your brother, saying,
      7 'Bring me venison, and make me savory food, that I may eat, and bless you before Yahweh before my death.'
      8 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice according to that which I command you.
      9 Go now to the flock, and get me from there two good young goats. I will make them savory food for your father, such as he loves.
      10 You shall bring it to your father, that he may eat, so that he may bless you before his death."
      11 Jacob said to Rebekah his mother, "Behold, Esau my brother is a hairy man, and I am a smooth man.
      12 What if my father touches me? I will seem to him as a deceiver, and I would bring a curse on myself, and not a blessing."
      13 His mother said to him, "Let your curse be on me, my son. Only obey my voice, and go get them for me."
      14 He went, and got them, and brought them to his mother. His mother made savory food, such as his father loved.
      15 Rebekah took the good clothes of Esau, her elder son, which were with her in the house, and put them on Jacob, her younger son.
      16 She put the skins of the young goats on his hands, and on the smooth of his neck.
      17 She gave the savory food and the bread, which she had prepared, into the hand of her son Jacob.
      18 He came to his father, and said, "My father?" He said, "Here I am. Who are you, my son?"
      19 Jacob said to his father, "I am Esau your firstborn. I have done what you asked me to do. Please arise, sit and eat of my venison, that your soul may bless me."
      20 Isaac said to his son, "How is it that you have found it so quickly, my son?" He said, "Because Yahweh your God gave me success."
      21 Isaac said to Jacob, "Please come near, that I may feel you, my son, whether you are really my son Esau or not."
      22 Jacob went near to Isaac his father. He felt him, and said, "The voice is Jacob's voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau."
      23 He didn't recognize him, because his hands were hairy, like his brother, Esau's hands. So he blessed him.
      24 He said, "Are you really my son Esau?" He said, "I am."
      25 He said, "Bring it near to me, and I will eat of my son's venison, that my soul may bless you." He brought it near to him, and he ate. He brought him wine, and he drank.
      26 His father Isaac said to him, "Come near now, and kiss me, my son."
      27 He came near, and kissed him. He smelled the smell of his clothing, and blessed him, and said, "Behold, the smell of my son is as the smell of a field which Yahweh has blessed.
      28 God give you of the dew of the sky, of the fatness of the earth, and plenty of grain and new wine.
      29 Let peoples serve you, and nations bow down to you. Be lord over your brothers. Let your mother's sons bow down to you. Cursed be everyone who curses you. Blessed be everyone who blesses you."
      30 It happened, as soon as Isaac had made an end of blessing Jacob, and Jacob had just gone out from the presence of Isaac his father, that Esau his brother came in from his hunting.
      31 He also made savory food, and brought it to his father. He said to his father, "Let my father arise, and eat of his son's venison, that your soul may bless me."
      32 Isaac his father said to him, "Who are you?" He said, "I am your son, your firstborn, Esau."
      33 Isaac trembled violently, and said, "Who, then, is he who has taken venison, and brought it me, and I have eaten of all before you came, and have blessed him? Yes, he will be blessed."
      34 When Esau heard the words of his father, he cried with an exceeding great and bitter cry, and said to his father, "Bless me, even me also, my father."
      35 He said, "Your brother came with deceit, and has taken away your blessing."
      36 He said, "Isn't he rightly named Jacob? For he has supplanted me these two times. He took away my birthright. See, now he has taken away my blessing." He said, "Haven't you reserved a blessing for me?"
      37 Isaac answered Esau, "Behold, I have made him your lord, and all his brothers have I given to him for servants. With grain and new wine have I sustained him. What then will I do for you, my son?"
      38 Esau said to his father, "Have you but one blessing, my father? Bless me, even me also, my father." Esau lifted up his voice, and wept.
      39 Isaac his father answered him, "Behold, of the fatness of the earth will be your dwelling, and of the dew of the sky from above.
      40 By your sword will you live, and you will serve your brother. It will happen, when you will break loose, that you shall shake his yoke from off your neck."
      41 Esau hated Jacob because of the blessing with which his father blessed him. Esau said in his heart, "The days of mourning for my father are at hand. Then I will kill my brother Jacob."
      42 The words of Esau, her elder son, were told to Rebekah. She sent and called Jacob, her younger son, and said to him, "Behold, your brother Esau comforts himself about you by planning to kill you.
      43 Now therefore, my son, obey my voice. Arise, flee to Laban, my brother, in Haran.
      44 Stay with him a few days, until your brother's fury turns away;
      45 until your brother's anger turn away from you, and he forgets what you have done to him. Then I will send, and get you from there. Why should I be bereaved of you both in one day?"
      46 Rebekah said to Isaac, "I am weary of my life because of the daughters of Heth. If Jacob takes a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as these, of the daughters of the land, what good will my life do me?"

      Genèse 30

      37 Jacob took to himself rods of fresh poplar, almond, plane tree, peeled white streaks in them, and made the white appear which was in the rods.

      Genèse 40

      10 and in the vine were three branches. It was as though it budded, it blossomed, and its clusters produced ripe grapes.

      Genèse 41

      42 Pharaoh took off his signet ring from his hand, and put it on Joseph's hand, and arrayed him in robes of fine linen, and put a gold chain about his neck,

      Genèse 49

      22 "Joseph is a fruitful vine, a fruitful vine by a spring. His branches run over the wall.

      Exode 23

      25 You shall serve Yahweh your God, and he will bless your bread and your water, and I will take sickness away from your midst.

      Exode 35

      25 All the women who were wise-hearted spun with their hands, and brought that which they had spun, the blue, the purple, the scarlet, and the fine linen.
      35 He has filled them with wisdom of heart, to work all kinds of workmanship, of the engraver, of the skillful workman, and of the embroiderer, in blue, in purple, in scarlet, and in fine linen, and of the weaver, even of those who do any workmanship, and of those who make skillful works.

      Lévitique 23

      40 You shall take on the first day the fruit of goodly trees, branches of palm trees, and boughs of thick trees, and willows of the brook; and you shall rejoice before Yahweh your God seven days.

      Nombres 13

      23 They came to the valley of Eshcol, and cut down from there a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they bore it on a staff between two. They also brought some of the pomegranates and figs.

      Nombres 17

      8 It happened on the next day, that Moses went into the tent of the testimony; and behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and put forth buds, and produced blossoms, and bore ripe almonds.

      Nombres 21

      5 The people spoke against God, and against Moses, "Why have you brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread, and there is no water; and our soul loathes this light bread."

      Josué 2

      6 But she had brought them up to the roof, and hid them with the stalks of flax, which she had laid in order on the roof.

      2 Samuel 17

      28 brought beds, basins, earthen vessels, wheat, barley, meal, parched grain, beans, lentils, roasted grain,

      1 Chroniques 4

      23 These were the potters, and the inhabitants of Netaim and Gederah: there they lived with the king for his work.

      2 Chroniques 3

      5 The greater house he made a ceiling with fir wood, which he overlaid with fine gold, and ornamented it with palm trees and chains.

      Néhémie 2

      15 Then went I up in the night by the brook, and viewed the wall; and I turned back, and entered by the valley gate, and so returned.

      Néhémie 8

      15 and that they should publish and proclaim in all their cities, and in Jerusalem, saying, "Go out to the mountain, and get olive branches, and branches of wild olive, and myrtle branches, and palm branches, and branches of thick trees, to make booths, as it is written."

      Job 5

      3 I have seen the foolish taking root, but suddenly I cursed his habitation.

      Job 14

      2 He comes forth like a flower, and is cut down. He also flees like a shadow, and doesn't continue.
      7 "For there is hope for a tree, If it is cut down, that it will sprout again, that the tender branch of it will not cease.
      8 Though its root grows old in the earth, and its stock dies in the ground,
      9 yet through the scent of water it will bud, and put forth boughs like a plant.

      Job 22

      7 You haven't given water to the weary to drink, and you have withheld bread from the hungry.

      Job 29

      19 My root is spread out to the waters. The dew lies all night on my branch.

      Psaumes 37

      2 For they shall soon be cut down like the grass, and wither like the green herb.

      Psaumes 65

      13 The pastures are covered with flocks. The valleys also are clothed with grain. They shout for joy! They also sing.

      Psaumes 72

      7 In his days, the righteous shall flourish, and abundance of peace, until the moon is no more.
      16 Abundance of grain shall be throughout the land. Its fruit sways like Lebanon. Let it flourish, thriving like the grass of the field.

      Psaumes 80

      10 The mountains were covered with its shadow. Its boughs were like God's cedars.
      11 It sent out its branches to the sea, Its shoots to the River.

      Psaumes 90

      5 You sweep them away as they sleep. In the morning they sprout like new grass.
      6 In the morning it sprouts and springs up. By evening, it is withered and dry.

      Psaumes 102

      5 By reason of the voice of my groaning, my bones stick to my skin.

      Psaumes 103

      15 As for man, his days are like grass. As a flower of the field, so he flourishes.
    • Ajouter une colonne
Afficher tous les 154 versets relatifs
Update Required To play the media you will need to either update your browser to a recent version or update your Flash plugin pour Firefox & Safari - Flash plugin pour Opera & Chrome.