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PREMIER-NÉ

1. L'immolation des premiers-nés en offrande à la divinité était en usage chez les anciens Hébreux nomades aussi bien que chez les Cananéens : il est difficile de déterminer la signification exacte de cette coutume : il s'y attachait sans doute, à l'origine, l'idée que ce qui a une valeur particulière pour l'homme n'en a pas une moins importante pour le dieu protecteur et, par conséquent, mérite, au premier chef, de lui être consacré, soit pour se concilier sa faveur, soit pour écarter sa colère, ou encore pour lui témoigner de la reconnaissance.

Aux temps les plus reculés de l'histoire d'Israël, les premiers-nés de l'homme étaient immolés à la divinité au même titre que les premiers-nés des troupeaux : l'épisode de Morija constitue la preuve classique que, à l'époque et dans le milieu d'Abraham, le sacrifice des enfants premiers-nés faisait partie du culte (Ge 22). Cet usage fut, de bonne heure, réprouvé par la conscience israélite qui y substitua l'obligation du rachat : celle-ci, qui apparaît déjà dans le Livre de l'Alliance (Ex 22:29 et suivant, cf. Ex 13:12 34:19 et suivant), se trouve précisée dans le code deutéronomique (De 15:19,23) et dans le document sacerdotal qui fixe exactement le prix de rachat (Ex 13:1 Le 27:26 et suivant, No 18 15-18).

Cependant, sous l'influence des Cananéens, qui pratiquaient couramment les immolations d'enfants, ainsi que l'établissent les fouilles effectuées en Palestine et le témoignage des auteurs sacrés (De 12:31 18:9 et suivant), cette sinistre coutume reparut à différentes reprises, à l'époque sédentaire, malgré les protestations indignées des serviteurs de l'Éternel ; il y eut même quelque temps, dans la vallée de Hinnom, au Sud de Jérusalem, un haut-lieu, celui de Tophet, réservé à ce rite barbare (1Ro 16:34,2Ro 16:3 17:17 21:6 23:10, Jer 7:31 19:5 32:35, Eze 20:36).

Pour ce qui est des premiers-nés du bétail, tandis que la législation la plus ancienne se borne à en prescrire l'offrande à l'Éternel sans indiquer sous quelle forme celle-ci doit se faire, le Deutéronome les destine à servir de victimes pour des repas, de caractère à la fois sacrificiel et familial, organisés dans le sanctuaire, et, à une date plus récente, le Code de Sainteté, achevant l'évolution rituelle, en réserve la chair exclusivement aux prêtres (voir les mêmes textes que pour le rachat). Voir Sacrifices ; Prémices, II

2.

La mort soudaine des premiers-nés fut, selon les traditions hébraïques, le dernier des dix fléaux déchaînés sur l'Egypte, celui qui détermina le monarque égyptien à rendre la liberté aux tribus israélites opprimées ; il y a des raisons de penser que le Pharaon de l'Exode (voir ce mot) fut le successeur du grand bâtisseur Ramsès II : Ménephtah, dont le règne fut troublé par la mort de son fils aîné, déjà associé à lui dans l'exercice du pouvoir royal.

3.

Le peuple d'Israël dans son ensemble est parfois appelé dans l'A. T, le premier-né de Jéhovah (Ex 4:22, Jer 31:9). La même épithète de premier-né est appliquée à Jésus, au sens propre, dans Lu 2:7, et au Christ, au sens spirituel, dans les épîtres (Ro 8:29, Col 1:15-18, Heb 1:6, Ap 1:5).

4.

Pour la situation du premier-né à l'égard de ses frères, voir Aînesse, Famille. Ch. K.

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      Genèse 22

      1 It happened after these things, that God tested Abraham, and said to him, "Abraham!" He said, "Here I am."
      2 He said, "Now take your son, your only son, whom you love, even Isaac, and go into the land of Moriah. Offer him there for a burnt offering on one of the mountains which I will tell you of."
      3 Abraham rose early in the morning, and saddled his donkey, and took two of his young men with him, and Isaac his son. He split the wood for the burnt offering, and rose up, and went to the place of which God had told him.
      4 On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes, and saw the place far off.
      5 Abraham said to his young men, "Stay here with the donkey. The boy and I will go yonder. We will worship, and come back to you."
      6 Abraham took the wood of the burnt offering and laid it on Isaac his son. He took in his hand the fire and the knife. They both went together.
      7 Isaac spoke to Abraham his father, and said, "My father?" He said, "Here I am, my son." He said, "Here is the fire and the wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering?"
      8 Abraham said, "God will provide himself the lamb for a burnt offering, my son." So they both went together.
      9 They came to the place which God had told him of. Abraham built the altar there, and laid the wood in order, bound Isaac his son, and laid him on the altar, on the wood.
      10 Abraham stretched out his hand, and took the knife to kill his son.
      11 The angel of Yahweh called to him out of the sky, and said, "Abraham, Abraham!" He said, "Here I am."
      12 He said, "Don't lay your hand on the boy, neither do anything to him. For now I know that you fear God, since you have not withheld your son, your only son, from me."
      13 Abraham lifted up his eyes, and looked, and saw that behind him was a ram caught in the thicket by his horns. Abraham went and took the ram, and offered him up for a burnt offering instead of his son.
      14 Abraham called the name of that place Yahweh Will Provide . As it is said to this day, "On Yahweh's mountain, it will be provided."
      15 The angel of Yahweh called to Abraham a second time out of the sky,
      16 and said, "I have sworn by myself, says Yahweh, because you have done this thing, and have not withheld your son, your only son,
      17 that I will bless you greatly, and I will multiply your seed greatly like the stars of the heavens, and like the sand which is on the seashore. Your seed will possess the gate of his enemies.
      18 In your seed will all the nations of the earth be blessed, because you have obeyed my voice."
      19 So Abraham returned to his young men, and they rose up and went together to Beersheba. Abraham lived at Beersheba.
      20 It happened after these things, that it was told Abraham, saying, "Behold, Milcah, she also has borne children to your brother Nahor:
      21 Uz his firstborn, Buz his brother, Kemuel the father of Aram,
      22 Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and Bethuel."
      23 Bethuel became the father of Rebekah. These eight Milcah bore to Nahor, Abraham's brother.
      24 His concubine, whose name was Reumah, also bore Tebah, Gaham, Tahash, and Maacah.

      Exode 4

      22 You shall tell Pharaoh, 'Thus says Yahweh, Israel is my son, my firstborn,

      Exode 13

      1 Yahweh spoke to Moses, saying,
      12 that you shall set apart to Yahweh all that opens the womb, and every firstborn which you have that comes from an animal. The males shall be Yahweh's.

      Exode 22

      29 "You shall not delay to offer from your harvest and from the outflow of your presses. "You shall give the firstborn of your sons to me.

      Exode 34

      19 "All that opens the womb is mine; and all your livestock that is male, the firstborn of cow and sheep.

      Lévitique 27

      26 "'Only the firstborn among animals, which is made a firstborn to Yahweh, no man may dedicate it; whether an ox or sheep, it is Yahweh's.

      Nombres 18

      15 Everything that opens the womb, of all flesh which they offer to Yahweh, both of man and animal shall be yours: nevertheless you shall surely redeem the firstborn of man, and you shall redeem the firstborn of unclean animals.
      16 You shall redeem those who are to be redeemed of them from a month old, according to your estimation, for five shekels of money, after the shekel of the sanctuary (the same is twenty gerahs).
      17 "But you shall not redeem the firstborn of a cow, or the firstborn of a sheep, or the firstborn of a goat. They are holy. You shall sprinkle their blood on the altar, and shall burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      18 Their flesh shall be yours, as the wave offering breast and as the right thigh, it shall be yours.

      Jérémie 7

      31 They have built the high places of Topheth, which is in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to burn their sons and their daughters in the fire; which I didn't command, nor did it come into my mind.

      Jérémie 19

      5 and have built the high places of Baal, to burn their sons in the fire for burnt offerings to Baal; which I didn't command, nor spoke it, neither came it into my mind:

      Jérémie 31

      9 They shall come with weeping; and with petitions will I lead them: I will cause them to walk by rivers of waters, in a straight way in which they shall not stumble; for I am a father to Israel, and Ephraim is my firstborn.

      Jérémie 32

      35 They built the high places of Baal, which are in the valley of the son of Hinnom, to cause their sons and their daughters to pass through fire to Molech; which I didn't command them, neither did it come into my mind, that they should do this abomination, to cause Judah to sin.

      Ezéchiel 20

      36 Like as I entered into judgment with your fathers in the wilderness of the land of Egypt, so will I enter into judgment with you, says the Lord Yahweh.

      Luc 2

      7 She brought forth her firstborn son, and she wrapped him in bands of cloth, and laid him in a feeding trough, because there was no room for them in the inn.

      Romains 8

      29 For whom he foreknew, he also predestined to be conformed to the image of his Son, that he might be the firstborn among many brothers.

      Colossiens 1

      15 who is the image of the invisible God, the firstborn of all creation.
      16 For by him all things were created, in the heavens and on the earth, things visible and things invisible, whether thrones or dominions or principalities or powers; all things have been created through him, and for him.
      17 He is before all things, and in him all things are held together.
      18 He is the head of the body, the assembly, who is the beginning, the firstborn from the dead; that in all things he might have the preeminence.

      Hébreux 1

      6 Again, when he brings in the firstborn into the world he says, "Let all the angels of God worship him."

      Apocalypse 1

      5 and from Jesus Christ, the faithful witness, the firstborn of the dead, and the ruler of the kings of the earth. To him who loves us, and washed us from our sins by his blood;
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