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PROCHAIN (le)

Hébr. qârôb =proche ; âkh =frère ; âtnîth =semblable ; châkén =voisin, concitoyen ; réa =ami, compagnon (ce dernier terme plus fréquent que tous les autres). Grec plésios, de pelas =près.

La notion du prochain--celui qui est proche--plonge ses racines dans la vie de l'humanité primitive où, pour les nécessités de la défense, on vivait en agglomérations, on voyageait en caravanes. Le prochain, c'était celui qui, vivant près, ayant les mêmes attaches, les mêmes intérêts, pouvait prêter secours ou appeler à l'aide. Plus tard, le prochain devint un membre de la tribu, puis le compatriote. Comme on se groupait pour se défendre, tout individu qui n'était pas du groupe, l'étranger (voir ce mot), fut bientôt considéré, par définition, comme un ennemi.

C'est ainsi que le mot grec allotrios, qui désignait d'abord l'habitant d'un autre pays, signifia l'homme hostile. En latin, hostis =ennemi était encore au temps des Douze Tables le synonyme de non-concitoyen : « Adversus hostem oeterna auctoritas », d'où ces paroles de Didon : « I, soror, atque hostem supplex affare superbum » (Virgile, En., IV, 424), le gothique gast (ï) s, ail. Gast, les mots français hôte (anc. hoste) et... hostile l (cf. Bréal et Bailly, Dict. étym, latin, art. Hostis et Hospes).

Quant au sentiment qui, à travers tous les siècles, a transformé l'étranger en ennemi, les moeurs de la politique avec l'orgueil national, la psychose du prestige, et l'empressement que mettent les peuples à étendre leurs frontières ou à accroître leurs richesses au détriment de leurs voisins, ne l'expliquent que trop sans toutefois le justifier.

Dans l'A. T, la distinction entre le prochain et l'étranger est radicale. Sans doute rencontre-t-on en Israël la loi de l'hospitalité (voir ce mot) poussée assez loin (Ge 18:4,7 19:2 et suivant, Jug 19:20 et suivant, etc., cf. Jug 4:17 et suivants), mais l'étranger n'y est point couvert par la loi protectrice (Ge 31:15, cf. Job 19:15). En suite de la guerre les traitements infligés aux populations étrangères n'avaient point ici la cruauté effroyable pratiquée par les Assyriens, mais tout de même les ordonnances promulguées par De 20:16 ne laissent guère d'illusions sur l'humanité d'Israël. On est soulagé, après avoir lu cette page, de rencontrer des épisodes comme 1Ro 20:31,2Ro 6:22 et suivant, et une recommandation comme celle de Pr 25:21 (cf. Pr 24:1 et Job 31:30) ; peut-être s'agit-il dans ces textes de compatriotes animés de sentiments hostiles.

Le Décalogue (Ex 20), la loi d'amour (Le 19:18) ne concernent que le prochain, c'est-à-dire l'Israélite. Et c'est pourquoi le commandement : « Tu ne tueras point » ne peut, en droit, être invoqué contre la guerre entre nations. La Loi interdit tout sentiment fraternel envers les Moabites, les Amalécites, les Madianites, etc. (De 23:3 et suivants, Ex, 17:16, No 25:17). Jéhovah promet à Israël d'être « l'ennemi de ses ennemis ». (Ex 23:22) Il ne faut pas oublier ici que la grande affaire durant l'époque de la formation religieuse d'Israël était de le protéger contre toute contamination idolâtrique.

La législation mosaïque, en établissant les devoirs envers le prochain =concitoyen, et en faisant de l'accomplissement de ces devoirs une condition de la faveur divine, créait une première cellule d'obligation sociale, et jetait ainsi les fondements d'une universelle fraternité. L'Israélite doit respecter la vie de son prochain (Ex 20:13), ses biens (Ex 20:13, 22:9), son honneur familial (Ex 20:17), ne pas l'accuser faussement (Ex 20:16, cf. Le 19:16), ne pas l'opprimer, (Le 19:13) ne pas se venger de lui (Le 19:18), mais lui faire justice (Le 19:15) et respecter les bornes de son champ. (De 19:14) Tous les devoirs envers le prochain sont résumés dans la formule de Le 19:17 et suivant : « Tu aimeras ton prochain comme toi-même. » On sait par les prophètes combien ces règles de conduite étaient violées en Israël.

Au temps des Juifs, les rapports entre frères s'améliorent ; mais par contre, le mépris et la haine pour tout ce qui est étranger s'accentuent. Josèphe raconte que, déjà à Suse, Aman accusait le peuple juif d'être « un peuple ennemi de tous les autres et odieux à tous les hommes » (Ant., XI, 6:5) ; on connaît le jugement de Tacite sur les Juifs « adversus omnes alios hostile odiutn » (Hist., V, 5). Juvénal prétend qu'un Juif ne veut montrer le chemin et indiquer les sources qu'à ses coreligionnaires (Sat., XIV, 103s). On voit bien que saint Paul était fondé à caractériser ainsi ses compatriotes : « déplaisant à Dieu, ennemis de tous les hommes » (1Th 2:15). « Il a été dit aux anciens, rappelle Jésus : tu aimeras ton prochain et tu haïras ton ennemi » (Mt 5:43). La loi hébraïque n'allait pas jusqu'à généraliser ce commandement de haine (voir ce mot). Jésus dans son Évangile commande l'amour même des ennemis. Il répudie l'opposition établie par ses compatriotes entre le prochain et l'étranger, et cela parce que le Père qui est dans les cieux veut que tous les hommes, ses créatures, soient frères sur la terre. Les hommes, qu'ils soient méchants ou bons, reçoivent ses bienfaits paternels ; ils doivent, en conséquence, qu'ils soient amis ou ennemis, être traités comme des frères par quiconque se reconnaît enfant de Dieu (Mt 5:45 23:8 et suivants).

Deux enseignements de Jésus nous donnent la notion évangélique du prochain : l'Oraison dominicale (voir art.), qui doit unir dans une même prière fraternelle toutes les nations (Mt 6:5 et suivants, Mt 28:19 et suivant) ; et la parabole du bon Samaritain, où le voisin exécré, l'ennemi héréditaire, est présenté comme celui qui, ayant exercé la miséricorde, s'est manifesté le prochain du Juif que des brigands avaient laissé pour mort sur le bord de la route (Lu 10:30 et suivants). S'en référant au texte de la loi de Moïse : (Le 19:18) « tu témoigneras de l'amour à ton prochain comme à toi-même », quelques exégètes estiment que le grec a mal rendu ici un hébraïsme : le-réa = « à ton prochain », et que la parole de Jésus a dû être : « lequel de ces trois a manifesté de l'amour au prochain qui était tombé entre les mains des brigands ? » Dans ce cas le prochain aurait été, non le Samaritain secourable, mais le Juif blessé.

La remarque relative à la particule hébraïque le est judicieuse, mais elle ne nous paraît pas devoir être retenue dans le cas présent :

parce que le texte grec de Lu 11 est pas une traduction de l'hébreu ;

parce que d'après les moeurs du temps le Samaritain ne devait nullement se sentir obligé par le texte du Lévitique de tenir un Juif pour son prochain.

Pour un Juif, le prochain c'était le Juif ; pour un Samaritain, le Samaritain. Ici c'est en dehors de tout légalisme et, si j'ose dire, au-dessus de la loi nationale que le bon coeur du Samaritain découvre la loi universelle et l'applique généreusement. Quoi qu'il en soit, le docteur d'Israël reçoit dans cette parabole une leçon qui ne pourrait être dépassée.

Jésus met l'amour pour le prochain si haut qu'il l'égale en valeur à l'amour pour Dieu (Mr 12:31) et fait dépendre de ces deux commandements toute la loi et les prophètes (Mt 22:40,19:19). Il va plus loin : après avoir rappelé la loi d'aimer son prochain comme soi-même, il pose « un commandement nouveau » : (Jn 13:34) « Aimez-vous comme je vous ai aimés.  » Ce qui suppose, non pas seulement que l'on doit traiter les autres comme on se traite soi-même, ou comme on désire être traité, mais que l'on doit s'oublier soi-même, et au besoin se sacrifier soi-même pour assurer le salut du prochain. « Il n'est pas de plus grand amour que de donner sa vie pour ses amis » (Jn 15:12 et suivant, rappr. Jn 3:16 et 1Jn 3:16). Voir Amour.

Les épîtres reprennent l'Évangile de Jésus sur l'amour du prochain (Ro 13:10 14:10,1Co 8:13, Eph 4:25,1Jn 5:16, Jas 2:8 4 : et suivant, cf. Mt 5:22 7:3 18:15 et suivants). Pour Paul, « l'amour du prochain est l'accomplissement de la loi » (Ro 13:8 et suivant) ; pour Jean, pratiquer l'amour fraternel, c'est vivre « dans la lumière » (1Jn 2:10,3:10 et suivants) et donner aux autres la seule preuve évidente qu'on « aime Dieu » (Jn 4:20).

Il suffit, disait le « Bayard huguenot » Lanoue, pour que quelqu'un soit notre prochain, qu'il soit homme. Alex. W.

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      Genèse 18

      4 Now let a little water be fetched, wash your feet, and rest yourselves under the tree.
      7 Abraham ran to the herd, and fetched a tender and good calf, and gave it to the servant. He hurried to dress it.

      Genèse 19

      2 and he said, "See now, my lords, please turn aside into your servant's house, stay all night, wash your feet, and you can rise up early, and go on your way." They said, "No, but we will stay in the street all night."

      Genèse 31

      15 Aren't we accounted by him as foreigners? For he has sold us, and has also quite devoured our money.

      Exode 17

      16 He said, "Yah has sworn: 'Yahweh will have war with Amalek from generation to generation.'"

      Exode 20

      1 God spoke all these words, saying,
      2 "I am Yahweh your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage.
      3 "You shall have no other gods before me.
      4 "You shall not make for yourselves an idol, nor any image of anything that is in the heavens above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth:
      5 you shall not bow yourself down to them, nor serve them, for I, Yahweh your God, am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children, on the third and on the fourth generation of those who hate me,
      6 and showing loving kindness to thousands of those who love me and keep my commandments.
      7 "You shall not take the name of Yahweh your God in vain, for Yahweh will not hold him guiltless who takes his name in vain.
      8 "Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
      9 You shall labor six days, and do all your work,
      10 but the seventh day is a Sabbath to Yahweh your God. You shall not do any work in it, you, nor your son, nor your daughter, your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your livestock, nor your stranger who is within your gates;
      11 for in six days Yahweh made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day; therefore Yahweh blessed the Sabbath day, and made it holy.
      12 "Honor your father and your mother, that your days may be long in the land which Yahweh your God gives you.
      13 "You shall not murder.
      14 "You shall not commit adultery.
      15 "You shall not steal.
      16 "You shall not give false testimony against your neighbor.
      17 "You shall not covet your neighbor's house. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife, nor his male servant, nor his female servant, nor his ox, nor his donkey, nor anything that is your neighbor's."
      18 All the people perceived the thunderings, the lightnings, the sound of the trumpet, and the mountain smoking. When the people saw it, they trembled, and stayed at a distance.
      19 They said to Moses, "Speak with us yourself, and we will listen; but don't let God speak with us, lest we die."
      20 Moses said to the people, "Don't be afraid, for God has come to test you, and that his fear may be before you, that you won't sin."
      21 The people stayed at a distance, and Moses drew near to the thick darkness where God was.
      22 Yahweh said to Moses, "This is what you shall tell the children of Israel: 'You yourselves have seen that I have talked with you from heaven.
      23 You shall most certainly not make alongside of me gods of silver, or gods of gold for yourselves.
      24 You shall make an altar of earth for me, and shall sacrifice on it your burnt offerings and your peace offerings, your sheep and your cattle. In every place where I record my name I will come to you and I will bless you.
      25 If you make me an altar of stone, you shall not build it of cut stones; for if you lift up your tool on it, you have polluted it.
      26 Neither shall you go up by steps to my altar, that your nakedness may not be exposed to it.'

      Exode 22

      9 For every matter of trespass, whether it be for ox, for donkey, for sheep, for clothing, or for any kind of lost thing, about which one says, 'This is mine,' the cause of both parties shall come before God. He whom God condemns shall pay double to his neighbor.

      Exode 23

      22 But if you indeed listen to his voice, and do all that I speak, then I will be an enemy to your enemies, and an adversary to your adversaries.

      Lévitique 19

      13 "'You shall not oppress your neighbor, nor rob him. "'The wages of a hired servant shall not remain with you all night until the morning.
      15 "'You shall do no injustice in judgment: you shall not be partial to the poor, nor show favoritism to the great; but you shall judge your neighbor in righteousness.
      16 "'You shall not go up and down as a slanderer among your people. "'You shall not endanger the life of your neighbor. I am Yahweh.
      17 "'You shall not hate your brother in your heart. You shall surely rebuke your neighbor, and not bear sin because of him.
      18 "'You shall not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of your people; but you shall love your neighbor as yourself. I am Yahweh.

      Nombres 25

      17 "Harass the Midianites, and strike them;

      Juges 4

      17 However Sisera fled away on his feet to the tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite; for there was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and the house of Heber the Kenite.

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      20 The old man said, "Peace be to you; howsoever let all your wants lie on me; only don't lodge in the street."

      Job 19

      15 Those who dwell in my house, and my maids, count me for a stranger. I am an alien in their sight.

      Job 31

      30 (yes, I have not allowed my mouth to sin by asking his life with a curse);

      Proverbes 24

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      Proverbes 25

      21 If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat. If he is thirsty, give him water to drink:

      Matthieu 5

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      43 "You have heard that it was said, 'You shall love your neighbor, and hate your enemy. '
      45 that you may be children of your Father who is in heaven. For he makes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the just and the unjust.

      Matthieu 6

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      Matthieu 7

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      Matthieu 18

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      Matthieu 19

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      Matthieu 28

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      4 Forgive us our sins, for we ourselves also forgive everyone who is indebted to us. Bring us not into temptation, but deliver us from the evil one.'"
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      7 and he from within will answer and say, 'Don't bother me. The door is now shut, and my children are with me in bed. I can't get up and give it to you'?
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      20 But if I by the finger of God cast out demons, then the Kingdom of God has come to you.
      21 "When the strong man, fully armed, guards his own dwelling, his goods are safe.
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      23 "He that is not with me is against me. He who doesn't gather with me scatters.
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      25 When he returns, he finds it swept and put in order.
      26 Then he goes, and takes seven other spirits more evil than himself, and they enter in and dwell there. The last state of that man becomes worse than the first."
      27 It came to pass, as he said these things, a certain woman out of the multitude lifted up her voice, and said to him, "Blessed is the womb that bore you, and the breasts which nursed you!"
      28 But he said, "On the contrary, blessed are those who hear the word of God, and keep it."
      29 When the multitudes were gathering together to him, he began to say, "This is an evil generation. It seeks after a sign. No sign will be given to it but the sign of Jonah, the prophet.
      30 For even as Jonah became a sign to the Ninevites, so will also the Son of Man be to this generation.
      31 The Queen of the South will rise up in the judgment with the men of this generation, and will condemn them: for she came from the ends of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon; and behold, one greater than Solomon is here.
      32 The men of Nineveh will stand up in the judgment with this generation, and will condemn it: for they repented at the preaching of Jonah, and behold, one greater than Jonah is here.
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      35 Therefore see whether the light that is in you isn't darkness.
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      37 Now as he spoke, a certain Pharisee asked him to dine with him. He went in, and sat at the table.
      38 When the Pharisee saw it, he marveled that he had not first washed himself before dinner.
      39 The Lord said to him, "Now you Pharisees cleanse the outside of the cup and of the platter, but your inward part is full of extortion and wickedness.
      40 You foolish ones, didn't he who made the outside make the inside also?
      41 But give for gifts to the needy those things which are within, and behold, all things will be clean to you.
      42 But woe to you Pharisees! For you tithe mint and rue and every herb, but you bypass justice and the love of God. You ought to have done these, and not to have left the other undone.
      43 Woe to you Pharisees! For you love the best seats in the synagogues, and the greetings in the marketplaces.
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