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PROVIDENCE

Nous distinguerons la Providence de la Prescience, celle-ci attribuant à Dieu la faculté de prévoir l'avenir, celle-là le pouvoir de le produire.

I Providence dans l'A.T.

La Providence joue un grand rôle dans l'A.T. Certains textes la rendent même responsable du mal physique (La 3:33, Am 3:6 et suivants) ou moral (Jug 9:2 et suivant, 1Sa 16:14 et suivants). Cependant le but principal de la Providence, c'est la création et non la destruction (que Dieu n'opère qu'exceptionnellement, pour châtier ou amender les coupables : Ge 6 Ge 19, etc.).

Dans les textes les plus anciens, c'est le peuple élu en tant que collectivité oui est l'objet de la Providence (voir surtout les récits de la sortie d'Egypte et de l'entrée en Palestine) ; mais les prophètes élargissent son champ d'action, qui désormais s'étendra d'une part sur tous les peuples (Mic 6:8, Jer 26:4,6, Mal 1:10), d'autre part sur les individus (Eze 18, Ps 1 etc.). Quant à l'idée d'une Providence compensatrice dans l'au-delà, elle n'apparaît que tardivement (Da 12:1,3. Sag 3:1,7 2Ma 7:9-14, Hén. 51 et 52), mais elle était admise par les pharisiens du temps de Jésus. Par contre, l'idée du sacrifice volontaire en vue de la réalisation des plans de Dieu (Esa 53 Esa 54) n'a guère été comprise que par les chrétiens.

II Providence dans le N.T.

1.

ENSEIGNEMENT DE JESUS D'APRES LES EVANGILES SYNOPTIQUES.

Comme les prophètes et les psalmistes, Jésus croit à la Toute-Puissance de Dieu (Lu 18:25). Aucun miracle ne lui est impossible. Il peut susciter du règne minéral des descendants à Abraham (Mt 3:8 et parallèle) ; il aurait pu envoyer des légions d'anges pour faire échec à la puissance romaine (Mt 26:53). Cependant, ces exemples mêmes démontrent qu'un usage complet de son omnipotence, qui réduirait au néant le rôle de la créature, ne serait conforme ni aux vues de sa Providence ni à sa manière d'agir. Il était en effet dans la volonté de Dieu que les puissances du mal exécutassent leur dessein de crucifier Jésus ; d'autre part Dieu n'a nullement imposé cette volonté au Messie, lequel au contraire a librement accepté ce sacrifice (Mr 14:35 et suivant et parallèle).

D'une manière générale, l'homme est supposé avoir la liberté de se décider pour Dieu ou pour « Mammon », de se convertir ou de s'endurcir (Mt 6:24 10:13 etc.). C'est précisément le mauvais usage de la liberté qui l'empêche de jouir de tous les bienfaits de Dieu. Car encore que Jésus connaisse une providence générale et moralement neutre, dont l'homme bénéficie en tant que rattachée à la nature, et indépendamment de son attitude spirituelle (Mt 5:45), il n'en est pas moins vrai qu'il annonce à ceux qui ont la foi en Dieu et qui recherchent avant tout son Royaume, le privilège spécial d'être délivrés de tous les soucis matériels (voir surtout Mt 6:25-34). Ces promesses doivent cependant être interprétées à la lumière des textes qui envisagent la vie des disciples sous l'angle du sacrifice, parfois même du martyre (Mt 5:10,12, Mr 8:34 10:21,38).

De fait, Jésus n'a jamais garanti aux élus une vie de bonheur terrestre au sens habituel ; mais la Providence--à condition qu'ils se fient à elle--se chargera de pourvoir à leur nécessaire pour leur permettre de concentrer leurs efforts sur l'accomplissement de leur mission essentielle : leur travail en vue de la venue du Royaume. C'est à cette collaboration de l'homme par l'action et par la prière que Dieu fait appel « afin que sa Volonté soit faite sur la terre comme au ciel ». L'homme qui vivra ainsi avec Dieu reçoit l'assurance que rien ne lui sera impossible (Mr 10:27 et parallèle, cf. Ro 8:31, Mt 17:20, Lu 17:6, Mr 16:18). Jésus lui-même a donné une démonstration de cette puissance par son combat victorieux contre Satan, qui torture les hommes par les démons et les maladies.

C'est pourquoi le règne du diable malgré les apparences contraires touche à sa fin (Lu 10:18, cf. Mt 11:4,6 et parallèle, Mt 12:25-29 et parallèle). Les persécutions qu'endureront les disciples ne sont que les derniers soubresauts de sa puissance, que Dieu anéantira définitivement par un bouleversement cosmique ; celui-ci, comme dans les apocalypses juives, est mis en rapport avec le jugement dernier. Il nous paraît également certain, encore que ce point soit contesté, que Jésus a fait à quelques initiés des allusions (peu comprises) sur un lien mystérieux qui unirait sa propre mort à la venue du Royaume (Mr 4:11 et parallèle, Mr 8:31 et parallèle, Mr 14:25 et parallèle).

--Mais c'est surtout dans l'ordre du salut que la conception de la Providence chez Jésus est la plus originale. C'est pour sauver son peuple que Dieu a envoyé Moïse et les prophètes (Mt 23:37 et parallèle, Lu 16:29-31), et qu'il lui offre le pardon par le Fils de l'homme, posant comme unique condition le repentir sincère. L'enseignement des paraboles abonde dans ce sens. Jésus a-t-il prévu une mission en terre païenne ?

On peut citer des textes pour et contre cette supposition. Ce qui nous paraît sûr, c'est que l'idée d'une conversion finale au moins partielle des « peuples », déjà annoncée par certains prophètes, est absolument dans la ligne de sa conception de Dieu, qui n'a rien de particulariste.

2.

LITTERATURE JOHANNIQUE ET EPITRE AUX HEBREUX

L'étroitesse des rapports entre Dieu et le monde semble un peu relâchée dans l'évangile de Jean (et dans l'épître aux Héb.). C'est par l'intermédiaire du Logos (du Fils) que Dieu crée et gouverne le monde (voir Prologue de Jean et Heb 1:3) ; c'est lui qui, en quelque sorte, personnifie la Providence ; c'est lui aussi qui, après sa mort, est chargé d'attirer « tous » (c-à-d, tous les croyants) à lui (Jn 12:32). C'est cependant Dieu qui reste l'auteur des plans providentiels (Jn 3:16) et jamais le Fils n'oublie de souligner combien toute son activité est subordonnée à la volonté du Père (Jn 4:34 7:16 etc.). Celle-ci désire la rédemption du monde entier (Jn 3:16). Cependant le monde a rejeté le Messie (Jn 1:11 8:42,47 etc.) et persécuté ses disciples ; mais que ceux-ci soient sans crainte : le Christ est plus fort que le monde, il l'a même déjà vaincu (Jn 14:1 16:33, cf. 1Jn 5:4 et suivant). C'est également la certitude de la victoire finale de « l'Agneau » sur les puissances néfastes déchaînées contre les Églises, ainsi que de la récompense glorieuse des fidèles, qui forme le nerf religieux de l'Apocalypse de Jean (Ap 2:10 17:14 etc.).

3.

EPITRES DE PAUL.

Mais c'est surtout l'apôtre Paul qui, dans sa théologie, a accordé une large place à l'idée de la Providence divine dans l'ordre sotériologique. Ce n'est pas qu'il ignore la Providence matérielle se manifestant dans la nature comme dans l'histoire (Ro 1:20 et suivant, Ac 14:15,18, Ro 13:1,7), ni le rôle du Christ dans la création des mondes visibles et invisibles (Col 1:15,18,1Co 8:6). Mais c'est sur l'oeuvre de la Rédemption accomplie par Jésus que se concentre son attention. Dès les plus anciens temps et par divers moyens, Dieu a préparé la venue du Messie (Ro 4, Ga 3). Un grand nombre de textes de l'A. T, contiennent, selon saint Paul, des allusions plus ou moins cachées à la rédemption des hommes « spirituellement circoncis » ; parfois les événements eux-mêmes réalisent comme de mystérieuses apparitions anticipées de Christ (Ro 3 et Ro 4,9-11,15, Ga 3 et 4,1Co 10:1-7). Mais le sens spirituel des textes n'est compris que par ceux qui ont la « connaissance chrétienne ». En tout cas la place centrale occupée dans le grand drame providentiel par la mort et la résurrection du Christ est un mystère révélé aux seuls chrétiens comme une doctrine ésotérique, et restée cachée aux « princes de ce monde » (les archontes et les stoïkheïa, c-à-d, les puissances astrales soumises au « Dieu de ce monde ») ; ce sont eux qui ont crucifié Jésus, mais sans se rendre compte de la portée de leur action (1Co 2:6,9, Col 2:15, cf. 2Co 4:4, Ga 4:3,11). Leur responsabilité reste donc entière, et cependant ils ont servi les desseins mystérieux de la Providence divine arrêtés dès avant la création (1Co 2:9, Col 1:26). En effet, la croix a été voulue par Dieu pour soustraire les « élus » à la perdition vers laquelle se précipite le monde à cause du péché qui est le principe de sa vie et le germe de sa mort.

--Mais l'expérience missionnaire de l'apôtre posait des problèmes d'ordre plus pratique : la venue du Seigneur étant proche, comment pouvait-on avoir la certitude que les âmes intérieurement préparées à recevoir l'Évangile et disséminées dans le monde entier seraient appelées à temps par une prédication effective et efficace, et résisteraient, une fois converties, à toutes les épreuves ? C'est à cette double question que répond une doctrine qu'on aurait tort d'envisager d'un point de vue purement théorique : celle de la prédestination. Ceux qui sont disposés à se convertir y sont préparés par la Providence. C'est Elle qui les a choisis, c'est Elle qui les appelle, de sorte que rien ne saurait les séparer de l'amour de Dieu ni les priver de la gloire future (Ro 8:28,39).

D'autre part, l'endurcissement des Juifs, qui cependant semblaient élus par la Providence, posait d'autres questions troublantes ; Paul en esquisse différentes solutions (voir d'une part Ro 11, surtout v. 25 et suivant ; d'autre part Ga 3:7,22). Il faut retenir que ce n'est pas seulement sur le monde humain que s'étend l'oeuvre de la rédemption. Toute la création soupire après la délivrance de la servitude de la corruption (Ro 8:19,23). C'est pourquoi, et malgré l'opposition marquée entre le monde actuel et le monde futur, ce dernier comportera une certaine corporéité, faite à l'image du corps du Ressuscité, qui n'est autre que le second Adam (1Co 15) ; mais ce n'est qu'après l'extermination par le Christ des puissances mauvaises, et notamment de la mort, que pourra se réaliser cette réintégration du monde, qui est le but suprême de la Providence.

4.

AUTRES EPITRES.

Quant aux épîtres 1Pi et Jacq., elles nous ramènent de ces spéculations sur le terrain pratique. Elles recommandent aux fidèles de se défaire et de leurs soucis, et de leur confiance en eux-mêmes, en se soumettant et se confiant en Dieu (1Pi 5:6 et suivant, Jas 4:13,16). C'est surtout en vue des persécutions qu'elles veulent fortifier la confiance en la Providence divine, qui désire éprouver leur foi et éduquer leur caractère, mais qui leur donnera aussi la force de résister à la tentation (1Pi 4:12,19, Jas 1:2,18, cf. Heb 12:5-11). Même le grand nombre d'hérésies qui menacent les Églises, et dont se préoccupent surtout les épîtres pastorales ainsi que 2Pi et Jude, sont autant d'épreuves pour le jugement et la persévérance des vrais chrétiens ; elles sont prévues par Dieu et prédites par les Écritures ainsi que par Jésus (2Pi 2, Jude 1:17,23,1Ti 4:1 et suivant, 2Ti 3:1 et suivant, cf. 1Co 11:19, Mr 13:21-23 et parallèle). De toute manière--et cette pensée commune au christianisme primitif a été formulée d'une manière classique par Paul (Ro 8:18) --, les joies spirituelles du monde à venir seront incomparablement supérieures aux misères d'ici-bas. Jn H.

Voir Prédestination, Repentir, Rétribution.

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      Genèse 6

      1 It happened, when men began to multiply on the surface of the ground, and daughters were born to them,
      2 that God's sons saw that men's daughters were beautiful, and they took for themselves wives of all that they chose.
      3 Yahweh said, "My Spirit will not strive with man forever, because he also is flesh; yet will his days be one hundred twenty years."
      4 The Nephilim were in the earth in those days, and also after that, when God's sons came in to men's daughters. They bore children to them. Those were the mighty men who were of old, men of renown.
      5 Yahweh saw that the wickedness of man was great in the earth, and that every imagination of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.
      6 Yahweh was sorry that he had made man on the earth, and it grieved him in his heart.
      7 Yahweh said, "I will destroy man whom I have created from the surface of the ground; man, along with animals, creeping things, and birds of the sky; for I am sorry that I have made them."
      8 But Noah found favor in Yahweh's eyes.
      9 This is the history of the generations of Noah. Noah was a righteous man, blameless among the people of his time. Noah walked with God.
      10 Noah became the father of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
      11 The earth was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence.
      12 God saw the earth, and saw that it was corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth.
      13 God said to Noah, "The end of all flesh has come before me, for the earth is filled with violence through them. Behold, I will destroy them with the earth.
      14 Make a ship of gopher wood. You shall make rooms in the ship, and shall seal it inside and outside with pitch.
      15 This is how you shall make it. The length of the ship will be three hundred cubits, its breadth fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits.
      16 You shall make a roof in the ship, and you shall finish it to a cubit upward. You shall set the door of the ship in its side. You shall make it with lower, second, and third levels.
      17 I, even I, do bring the flood of waters on this earth, to destroy all flesh having the breath of life from under the sky. Everything that is in the earth will die.
      18 But I will establish my covenant with you. You shall come into the ship, you, your sons, your wife, and your sons' wives with you.
      19 Of every living thing of all flesh, you shall bring two of every sort into the ship, to keep them alive with you. They shall be male and female.
      20 Of the birds after their kind, of the livestock after their kind, of every creeping thing of the ground after its kind, two of every sort shall come to you, to keep them alive.
      21 Take with you of all food that is eaten, and gather it to yourself; and it will be for food for you, and for them."
      22 Thus Noah did. According to all that God commanded him, so he did.

      Genèse 19

      1 The two angels came to Sodom at evening. Lot sat in the gate of Sodom. Lot saw them, and rose up to meet them. He bowed himself with his face to the earth,
      2 and he said, "See now, my lords, please turn aside into your servant's house, stay all night, wash your feet, and you can rise up early, and go on your way." They said, "No, but we will stay in the street all night."
      3 He urged them greatly, and they came in with him, and entered into his house. He made them a feast, and baked unleavened bread, and they ate.
      4 But before they lay down, the men of the city, the men of Sodom, surrounded the house, both young and old, all the people from every quarter.
      5 They called to Lot, and said to him, "Where are the men who came in to you this night? Bring them out to us, that we may have sex with them."
      6 Lot went out to them to the door, and shut the door after him.
      7 He said, "Please, my brothers, don't act so wickedly.
      8 See now, I have two virgin daughters. Please let me bring them out to you, and you may do to them what seems good to you. Only don't do anything to these men, because they have come under the shadow of my roof."
      9 They said, "Stand back!" Then they said, "This one fellow came in to live as a foreigner, and he appoints himself a judge. Now will we deal worse with you, than with them!" They pressed hard on the man Lot, and drew near to break the door.
      10 But the men reached out their hand, and brought Lot into the house to them, and shut the door.
      11 They struck the men who were at the door of the house with blindness, both small and great, so that they wearied themselves to find the door.
      12 The men said to Lot, "Do you have anybody else here? Sons-in-law, your sons, your daughters, and whoever you have in the city, bring them out of the place:
      13 for we will destroy this place, because the outcry against them has grown great before Yahweh that Yahweh has sent us to destroy it."
      14 Lot went out, and spoke to his sons-in-law, who were pledged to marry his daughters, and said, "Get up! Get out of this place, for Yahweh will destroy the city." But he seemed to his sons-in-law to be joking.
      15 When the morning came, then the angels hurried Lot, saying, "Get up! Take your wife, and your two daughters who are here, lest you be consumed in the iniquity of the city."
      16 But he lingered; and the men grabbed his hand, his wife's hand, and his two daughters' hands, Yahweh being merciful to him; and they took him out, and set him outside of the city.
      17 It came to pass, when they had taken them out, that he said, "Escape for your life! Don't look behind you, and don't stay anywhere in the plain. Escape to the mountains, lest you be consumed!"
      18 Lot said to them, "Oh, not so, my lord.
      19 See now, your servant has found favor in your sight, and you have magnified your loving kindness, which you have shown to me in saving my life. I can't escape to the mountain, lest evil overtake me, and I die.
      20 See now, this city is near to flee to, and it is a little one. Oh let me escape there (isn't it a little one?), and my soul will live."
      21 He said to him, "Behold, I have granted your request concerning this thing also, that I will not overthrow the city of which you have spoken.
      22 Hurry, escape there, for I can't do anything until you get there." Therefore the name of the city was called Zoar.
      23 The sun had risen on the earth when Lot came to Zoar.
      24 Then Yahweh rained on Sodom and on Gomorrah sulfur and fire from Yahweh out of the sky.
      25 He overthrew those cities, all the plain, all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew on the ground.
      26 But his wife looked back from behind him, and she became a pillar of salt.
      27 Abraham got up early in the morning to the place where he had stood before Yahweh.
      28 He looked toward Sodom and Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the plain, and looked, and saw that the smoke of the land went up as the smoke of a furnace.
      29 It happened, when God destroyed the cities of the plain, that God remembered Abraham, and sent Lot out of the middle of the overthrow, when he overthrew the cities in which Lot lived.
      30 Lot went up out of Zoar, and lived in the mountain, and his two daughters with him; for he was afraid to live in Zoar. He lived in a cave with his two daughters.
      31 The firstborn said to the younger, "Our father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to come in to us in the way of all the earth.
      32 Come, let's make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve our father's seed."
      33 They made their father drink wine that night: and the firstborn went in, and lay with her father. He didn't know when she lay down, nor when she arose.
      34 It came to pass on the next day, that the firstborn said to the younger, "Behold, I lay last night with my father. Let us make him drink wine again, tonight. You go in, and lie with him, that we may preserve our father's seed."
      35 They made their father drink wine that night also. The younger went and lay with him. He didn't know when she lay down, nor when she got up.
      36 Thus both of Lot's daughters were with child by their father.
      37 The firstborn bore a son, and named him Moab. He is the father of the Moabites to this day.
      38 The younger also bore a son, and called his name Ben Ammi. He is the father of the children of Ammon to this day.

      Juges 9

      2 "Please speak in the ears of all the men of Shechem, 'Is it better for you that all the sons of Jerubbaal, who are seventy persons, rule over you, or that one rule over you?' Remember also that I am your bone and your flesh."

      1 Samuel 16

      14 Now the Spirit of Yahweh departed from Saul, and an evil spirit from Yahweh troubled him.

      Psaumes 1

      1 Blessed is the man who doesn't walk in the counsel of the wicked, nor stand in the way of sinners, nor sit in the seat of scoffers;
      2 but his delight is in Yahweh's law. On his law he meditates day and night.
      3 He will be like a tree planted by the streams of water, that brings forth its fruit in its season, whose leaf also does not wither. Whatever he does shall prosper.
      4 The wicked are not so, but are like the chaff which the wind drives away.
      5 Therefore the wicked shall not stand in the judgment, nor sinners in the congregation of the righteous.
      6 For Yahweh knows the way of the righteous, but the way of the wicked shall perish.

      Esaïe 53

      1 Who has believed our message? To whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed?
      2 For he grew up before him as a tender plant, and as a root out of dry ground. He has no good looks or majesty. When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.
      3 He was despised, and rejected by men; a man of suffering, and acquainted with disease. He was despised as one from whom men hide their face; and we didn't respect him.
      4 Surely he has borne our sickness, and carried our suffering; yet we considered him plagued, struck by God, and afflicted.
      5 But he was pierced for our transgressions. He was crushed for our iniquities. The punishment that brought our peace was on him; and by his wounds we are healed.
      6 All we like sheep have gone astray. Everyone has turned to his own way; and Yahweh has laid on him the iniquity of us all.
      7 He was oppressed, yet when he was afflicted he didn't open his mouth. As a lamb that is led to the slaughter, and as a sheep that before its shearers is mute, so he didn't open his mouth.
      8 He was taken away by oppression and judgment; and as for his generation, who considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living and stricken for the disobedience of my people?
      9 They made his grave with the wicked, and with a rich man in his death; although he had done no violence, neither was any deceit in his mouth.
      10 Yet it pleased Yahweh to bruise him. He has caused him to suffer. When you make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed. He shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of Yahweh shall prosper in his hand.
      11 After the suffering of his soul, he will see the light and be satisfied. My righteous servant will justify many by the knowledge of himself; and he will bear their iniquities.
      12 Therefore will I divide him a portion with the great, and he shall divide the spoil with the strong; because he poured out his soul to death, and was numbered with the transgressors; yet he bore the sin of many, and made intercession for the transgressors.

      Esaïe 54

      1 "Sing, barren, you who didn't bear; break forth into singing, and cry aloud, you who did not travail with child: for more are the children of the desolate than the children of the married wife," says Yahweh.
      2 "Enlarge the place of your tent, and let them stretch forth the curtains of your habitations; don't spare: lengthen your cords, and strengthen your stakes.
      3 For you shall spread out on the right hand and on the left; and your seed shall possess the nations, and make the desolate cities to be inhabited.
      4 "Don't be afraid; for you shall not be ashamed: neither be confounded; for you shall not be disappointed: for you shall forget the shame of your youth; and the reproach of your widowhood you shall remember no more.
      5 For your Maker is your husband; Yahweh of Armies is his name: and the Holy One of Israel is your Redeemer; the God of the whole earth shall he be called.
      6 For Yahweh has called you as a wife forsaken and grieved in spirit, even a wife of youth, when she is cast off," says your God.
      7 "For a small moment have I forsaken you; but with great mercies will I gather you.
      8 In overflowing wrath I hid my face from you for a moment; but with everlasting loving kindness will I have mercy on you," says Yahweh your Redeemer.
      9 "For this is like the waters of Noah to me; for as I have sworn that the waters of Noah shall no more go over the earth, so have I sworn that I will not be angry with you, nor rebuke you.
      10 For the mountains may depart, and the hills be removed; but my loving kindness shall not depart from you, neither shall my covenant of peace be removed," says Yahweh who has mercy on you.
      11 "You afflicted, tossed with storms, and not comforted, behold, I will set your stones in beautiful colors, and lay your foundations with sapphires.
      12 I will make your pinnacles of rubies, and your gates of sparkling jewels, and all your walls of precious stones.
      13 All your children shall be taught of Yahweh; and great shall be the peace of your children.
      14 In righteousness you shall be established: you shall be far from oppression, for you shall not be afraid; and from terror, for it shall not come near you.
      15 Behold, they may gather together, but not by me: whoever shall gather together against you shall fall because of you.
      16 "Behold, I have created the smith who blows the fire of coals, and brings forth a weapon for his work; and I have created the waster to destroy.
      17 No weapon that is formed against you will prevail; and you will condemn every tongue that rises against you in judgment. This is the heritage of the servants of Yahweh, and their righteousness which is of me," says Yahweh.

      Jérémie 26

      4 You shall tell them, Thus says Yahweh: If you will not listen to me, to walk in my law, which I have set before you,
      6 then will I make this house like Shiloh, and will make this city a curse to all the nations of the earth.

      Lamentations 3

      33 For he does not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of men.
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