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PTOLÉMÉES

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La dynastie des Ptolémées régna sur l'Egypte de 305 à 31 av. J. -C, date à laquelle, après la victoire d'Auguste à Actium, l'Egypte perdit son indépendance et devint province romaine. C'est à l'époque de Ptolémée II Philadelphe (284-247) que fut entreprise en Egypte la célèbre Version des LXX (voir Pseudépigraphes ; Texte de l'A.T., II, 4, (a).

Dans Da 2:43 11:17 on voit généralement une allusion au mariage de Ptolémée V (règne : 204-182) avec Cléopâtre, fille d'Antiochus III le Gd, de la dynastie des Séleucides. Le chap. 2 de Da abonde en allusions aux rivalités et aux guerres qui marquèrent les relations entre les Ptolémées (Egypte) et les Séleucides (Syrie). Dans Da 11:2 - 30 et 1Ma 1:18 10:51,60 11:1,18 15:16, il est plus particulièrement question de Ptolémée VI Philométor et de son frère Ptolémée VIII Evergète II ou Physcon, qui régnèrent conjointement à partir de 170 av. J. -C. Le 3e livre des Macchabées (voir Apocryphes) met en scène Ptolémée IV Philopator (règne : 221-204) ; s'il en fait un portrait assez conforme aux renseignements de l'histoire, il lui attribue en même temps toute une activité complètement imaginaire, par exemple des persécutions contre les Juifs (3Ma 2-4) et l'épisode des éléphants ivres (3Ma 5) qui appartient à une légende relative à Ptolémée Physcon et racontée par Fl. Josèphe.

--Les Apocryphes citent encore un gouverneur de Jérico, Ptolémée fils d'Aboub (1Ma 16 : et suivants), et un gouverneur de Chypre, Ptolémée surnommé Macron (voir ce mot).

Utilisé avec autorisation de Yves PETRAKIAN

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      Lévitique 2

      1 "'When anyone offers an offering of a meal offering to Yahweh, his offering shall be of fine flour; and he shall pour oil on it, and put frankincense on it.
      2 He shall bring it to Aaron's sons, the priests; and he shall take his handful of its fine flour, and of its oil, with all its frankincense; and the priest shall burn its memorial on the altar, an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      3 That which is left of the meal offering shall be Aaron's and his sons'. It is a most holy thing of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire.
      4 "'When you offer an offering of a meal offering baked in the oven, it shall be unleavened cakes of fine flour mixed with oil, or unleavened wafers anointed with oil.
      5 If your offering is a meal offering of the griddle, it shall be of unleavened fine flour, mixed with oil.
      6 You shall cut it in pieces, and pour oil on it. It is a meal offering.
      7 If your offering is a meal offering of the pan, it shall be made of fine flour with oil.
      8 You shall bring the meal offering that is made of these things to Yahweh: and it shall be presented to the priest, and he shall bring it to the altar.
      9 The priest shall take from the meal offering its memorial, and shall burn it on the altar, an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      10 That which is left of the meal offering shall be Aaron's and his sons'. It is a thing most holy of the offerings of Yahweh made by fire.
      11 "'No meal offering, which you shall offer to Yahweh, shall be made with yeast; for you shall burn no yeast, nor any honey, as an offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      12 As an offering of firstfruits you shall offer them to Yahweh: but they shall not ascend for a pleasant aroma on the altar.
      13 Every offering of your meal offering you shall season with salt; neither shall you allow the salt of the covenant of your God to be lacking from your meal offering. With all your offerings you shall offer salt.
      14 "'If you offer a meal offering of first fruits to Yahweh, you shall offer for the meal offering of your first fruits grain in the ear parched with fire, bruised grain of the fresh ear.
      15 You shall put oil on it, and lay frankincense on it: it is a meal offering.
      16 The priest shall burn as its memorial, part of its bruised grain, and part of its oil, along with all its frankincense: it is an offering made by fire to Yahweh.

      Lévitique 3

      1 "'If his offering is a sacrifice of peace offerings; if he offers it from the herd, whether male or female, he shall offer it without blemish before Yahweh.
      2 He shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and kill it at the door of the Tent of Meeting: and Aaron's sons, the priests shall sprinkle the blood around on the altar.
      3 He shall offer of the sacrifice of peace offerings an offering made by fire to Yahweh; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      4 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away.
      5 Aaron's sons shall burn it on the altar on the burnt offering, which is on the wood that is on the fire: it is an offering made by fire, of a pleasant aroma to Yahweh.
      6 "'If his offering for a sacrifice of peace offerings to Yahweh is from the flock; male or female, he shall offer it without blemish.
      7 If he offers a lamb for his offering, then he shall offer it before Yahweh;
      8 and he shall lay his hand on the head of his offering, and kill it before the Tent of Meeting: and Aaron's sons shall sprinkle its blood around on the altar.
      9 He shall offer from the sacrifice of peace offerings an offering made by fire to Yahweh; its fat, the entire tail fat, he shall take away close to the backbone; and the fat that covers the inwards, and all the fat that is on the inwards,
      10 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away.
      11 The priest shall burn it on the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire to Yahweh.
      12 "'If his offering is a goat, then he shall offer it before Yahweh:
      13 and he shall lay his hand on its head, and kill it before the Tent of Meeting; and the sons of Aaron shall sprinkle its blood around on the altar.
      14 He shall offer from it as his offering, an offering made by fire to Yahweh; the fat that covers the innards, and all the fat that is on the innards,
      15 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them, which is by the loins, and the cover on the liver, with the kidneys, he shall take away.
      16 The priest shall burn them on the altar: it is the food of the offering made by fire, for a pleasant aroma; all the fat is Yahweh's.
      17 "'It shall be a perpetual statute throughout your generations in all your dwellings, that you shall eat neither fat nor blood.'"

      Daniel 2

      43 Whereas you saw the iron mixed with miry clay, they shall mingle themselves with the seed of men; but they shall not cling to one another, even as iron does not mingle with clay.

      Daniel 11

      2 Now will I show you the truth. Behold, there shall stand up yet three kings in Persia; and the fourth shall be far richer than they all: and when he has grown strong through his riches, he shall stir up all against the realm of Greece.
      3 A mighty king shall stand up, who shall rule with great dominion, and do according to his will.
      4 When he shall stand up, his kingdom shall be broken, and shall be divided toward the four winds of the sky, but not to his posterity, nor according to his dominion with which he ruled; for his kingdom shall be plucked up, even for others besides these.
      5 The king of the south shall be strong, and [one] of his princes; and he shall be strong above him, and have dominion; his dominion shall be a great dominion.
      6 At the end of years they shall join themselves together; and the daughter of the king of the south shall come to the king of the north to make an agreement: but she shall not retain the strength of her arm; neither shall he stand, nor his arm; but she shall be given up, and those who brought her, and he who became the father of her, and he who strengthened her in those times.
      7 But out of a shoot from her roots shall one stand up in his place, who shall come to the army, and shall enter into the fortress of the king of the north, and shall deal against them, and shall prevail.
      8 Also their gods, with their molten images, [and] with their goodly vessels of silver and of gold, shall he carry captive into Egypt; and he shall refrain some years from the king of the north.
      9 He shall come into the realm of the king of the south, but he shall return into his own land.
      10 His sons shall war, and shall assemble a multitude of great forces, which shall come on, and overflow, and pass through; and they shall return and war, even to his fortress.
      11 The king of the south shall be moved with anger, and shall come forth and fight with him, even with the king of the north; and he shall set forth a great multitude, and the multitude shall be given into his hand.
      12 The multitude shall be lifted up, and his heart shall be exalted; and he shall cast down tens of thousands, but he shall not prevail.
      13 The king of the north shall return, and shall set forth a multitude greater than the former; and he shall come on at the end of the times, [even of] years, with a great army and with much substance.
      14 In those times there shall many stand up against the king of the south: also the children of the violent among your people shall lift themselves up to establish the vision; but they shall fall.
      15 So the king of the north shall come, and cast up a mound, and take a well-fortified city: and the forces of the south shall not stand, neither his chosen people, neither shall there be any strength to stand.
      16 But he who comes against him shall do according to his own will, and none shall stand before him; and he shall stand in the glorious land, and in his hand shall be destruction.
      17 He shall set his face to come with the strength of his whole kingdom, and with him equitable conditions; and he shall perform them: and he shall give him the daughter of women, to corrupt her; but she shall not stand, neither be for him.
      18 After this shall he turn his face to the islands, and shall take many: but a prince shall cause the reproach offered by him to cease; yes, moreover, he shall cause his reproach to turn on him.
      19 Then he shall turn his face toward the fortresses of his own land; but he shall stumble and fall, and shall not be found.
      20 Then shall stand up in his place one who shall cause a tax collector to pass through the kingdom to maintain its glory; but within few days he shall be destroyed, neither in anger, nor in battle.
      21 In his place shall stand up a contemptible person, to whom they had not given the honor of the kingdom: but he shall come in time of security, and shall obtain the kingdom by flatteries.
      22 The overwhelming forces shall be overwhelmed from before him, and shall be broken; yes, also the prince of the covenant.
      23 After the treaty made with him he shall work deceitfully; for he shall come up, and shall become strong, with a small people.
      24 In time of security shall he come even on the fattest places of the province; and he shall do that which his fathers have not done, nor his fathers' fathers; he shall scatter among them prey, and spoil, and substance: yes, he shall devise his devices against the strongholds, even for a time.
      25 He shall stir up his power and his courage against the king of the south with a great army; and the king of the south shall war in battle with an exceeding great and mighty army; but he shall not stand; for they shall devise devices against him.
      26 Yes, they who eat of his dainties shall destroy him, and his army shall overflow; and many shall fall down slain.
      27 As for both these kings, their hearts shall be to do mischief, and they shall speak lies at one table: but it shall not prosper; for yet the end shall be at the time appointed.
      28 Then shall he return into his land with great substance; and his heart [shall be] against the holy covenant; and he shall do [his pleasure], and return to his own land.
      29 At the time appointed he shall return, and come into the south; but it shall not be in the latter time as it was in the former.
      30 For ships of Kittim shall come against him; therefore he shall be grieved, and shall return, and have indignation against the holy covenant, and shall do [his pleasure]: he shall even return, and have regard to those who forsake the holy covenant.
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